Digestive Disorders PDF

There are a range of The most common general disorders and diseases that symptoms of a disorder are: affect the digestive system. bleeding, bloating, These can range f...

There are a range of The most common general disorders and diseases that symptoms of a disorder are: affect the digestive system. bleeding, bloating, These can range from mild to constipation, severe. diarrhea, heartburn, pain, nausea & vomiting.  pain or discomfort caused by digestive acid moving into the esophagus. may be caused by a faulty or damaged cardiac sphincter often occurs after eating, while lying down, or bending over frequent heartburn may become a disease when it causes severe symptoms or injury. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) damages the esophagus & pharynx  Strong contractions of the diaphragm & abdominal muscles propel stomach contents back up the esophagus. It eliminates harmful substances from the stomach, or may be a reaction to an irritant or allergen ex: food poisoning ex: gastroenteritis = an infection of the stomach or bowel “itis” = inflammation  Dry mouth, or reduced saliva production. causes include dehydration, stress or anxiety, or certain medications makes you more vulnerable to tooth decay, gum disease & infections may cause bad breath (halitosis), loss of taste, or difficulty swallowing  “rhea” = flowing describes loose and watery stool Intestinal walls become irritated peristalsis increases in frequency water is not reabsorbed. Common causes: nervous stimulation (anxiety), infection of the lower digestive tract, food poisoning. Prolonged diarrhea can lead to dehydration & disturbances in heart contractions.  Dry, hard feces, and infrequent stool (fewer than 3 defecations/week) May be caused by dehydration or lack of dietary fibre. Chronic constipation can lead to haemorrhoids, which are varicose veins in the rectum May be treated with: mineral oil (makes colon slippery), milk of magnesia (osmotically prevents water reabsorption), fibre laxatives (produces a soft mass of fibre in colon to push things along), irritant laxatives (cause powerful peristalsis to expel colon contents)  Type 1: very constipated, separate developed to hard lumps, difficult to pass classify feces Type 2: slightly constipated, lumpy, sausage shaped describes the type Type 3: normal, sausage shaped with and shape of stool cracks on the surface Type 4: normal, smooth and soft used to diagnose Type 5: soft blobs with clear edges, & monitor various easy to pass bowel conditions Type 6: mild diarrhea, mushy consistency with ragged edges Type 7: severe diarrhea, entirely liquid, with no solid pieces An ulcer is an open sore in the walls of the stomach, caused by the gradual disintegration of tissue. Causes: bacterial infection (Heliobacter pylori) impairs the ability of epithelial cells to produce mucus to protect from self-digestion. chronic stress too much alcohol consumption nicotine & tobacco use routine use of aspirin, ibuprofen or other non- steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) radiation therapy  An irritated, inflamed appendix may be filled with mucus, stool, or parasites can lead to bursting, which can cause peritonitis. Peritonitis is an infection of the lining of the abdominal cavity Both are medical emergencies & can be lethal “itis” = inflammation  inflammation and irritation of the colon is accompanied by pain, diarrhea, and bloody stool Temporary colitis may be caused by food poisoning or infection Chronic colitis is more serious, and often related to an inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's left untreated, colitis increased the risk of perforation, peritonitis, colon cancer, and other complications  Polyp = a small growth of the epithelial lining of the large intestine. can invade the colon & cause blockages may cause tears that lead to infection if removed as a polyp, there is a high cure rate. Colon cancer is linked to dietary fats and increased bile secretions excess bile salts are converted into carcinogenic materials by colon bacteria. High fibre diets inhibit colon cancer as fibre absorbs water & adds bulk this dilutes the concentration of bile salts & facilitates movement of substances through the intestine.  a genetic disease, common among Caucasians. 1/20 carry the gene affects cells that produce mucus, sweat, & digestive secretions thick sticky mucus secreted, blocks pancreatic ducts & prevents digestive enzymes from being released into the small intestine. Patients must ingest enzymes with every meal in order to be capable of breaking down their food. Respiratory passages can become obstructed  Diseases of the liver interfere with bile production and secretion. All are potentially lethal  yellowish tint to the whites of eyes, skin, tongue, etc. due to excess bilirubin (from the breakdown of red blood cells) Bilirubin diffuses into skin tissues. There are 2 types of jaundice: ⚬ haemolytic - occurs when red blood cells are broken down in unusually large amounts ⚬ obstructive - bile duct is blocked  inflammation of the liver due to viral “hepa” = liver infection liver cannot function properly. There are different viral strains: ⚬ A – transmitted by sewage or contaminated water ⚬ B – transmitted by sexual contact, blood, needles ⚬ C – transmitted by contact with infected blood  organ becomes fatty liver tissue is replaced with scar tissue. often seen in alcoholics due to malnutrition & toxicity of alcohol (which the liver breaks down)  gallstones form when bile hardens into crystalline masses may be caused by too much cholesterol, bile salts, or saturated bile related to a high fat or low fibre diet stones may block the bile duct and cause cramping pain, fever, or jaundice