Organic Chemistry Notes PDF

## Carbon - Backbone of life - Four valence electrons - Forms diverse molecules - Molecules containing carbon are organic molecules - **Covalent bond:** change hybridized orbitals - C-H - C-C - (hybrid orbital) ### Bond Types - **Single bond:** tetrahedral (allows for free rotation) -...

## Carbon - Backbone of life - Four valence electrons - Forms diverse molecules - Molecules containing carbon are organic molecules - **Covalent bond:** change hybridized orbitals - C-H - C-C - (hybrid orbital) ### Bond Types - **Single bond:** tetrahedral (allows for free rotation) - **Double bond:** 120° (triagonal bond) (doesn't allow free rotation) - **Triple bond:** flat section - **Isomer:** same chemical formula, but different shape ### Shape and Function - **C2H6:** double bonds change angle in molecule - **Structural Isomers:** different in space - **Stereoisomers:** different in space - **Ex:** - CH3-C-CH3 - C2H5-C-C2H5 - C-CH - C=CH - y = anything - **Cis conformation:** H on same side - **Trans conformation:** H on opposite side ### Geometric Isomers - **Enantiomers:** mirror images of each other. - **Central carbon:** asymmetric carbon - **Hydrocarbon:** CH non-polar covalent bonds ### Special Case: Silicon - Silicon = family of carbon, but has weird reaction with silicon and oxygen. ## Functional Groups: - **CHy-tetrahedron** ### Polar Groups - **Hydroxyl:** -OH - Hydrophilic - compound = alcohol - **Carboxyl:** -COOH - Begin-end, H = aldehyde - Middle = ketone - **Amino:** -NH2 - Decrease [H+], increase pH - -N- NH3+ - **Sulfhydryl:** -SH - Thiois protein - -S-S- = disulfide bridge - **Phosphate:** -O-P-O - Reacts with water - Organic phosphate - ATP (energy) ### Non-Polar Groups - **Methyl:** -CH3 - C - H non-polar - CH3 hydrophobic - **Carboxyl:** - brings easily - -C-O- +H+ (release protons) - drops PH