Deportation and Detention Living Conditions PDF

Global crimes (border criminology) VALERIA FERRARIS T H U R S D AY A N D F R I D AY 2-4 PM  Deportation machines? There is a wrong assumption that assumes that global north countries have ‘deportation machines’ Migration enforcement practices have gained significant momentu...

Global crimes (border criminology) VALERIA FERRARIS T H U R S D AY A N D F R I D AY 2-4 PM  Deportation machines? There is a wrong assumption that assumes that global north countries have ‘deportation machines’ Migration enforcement practices have gained significant momentum in recent decades → Detention, deportation measures are overshadowing prison system in quantitative terms (with some exception) 2  Deportation machines? Certain jurisdictions have managed to set up particularly wide- ranging, effective deportation systems → US, UK, Mexico Deportations soared in European countries such as Bulgaria, Germany, Poland, and apparently Norway from late 2000s-late 2010s Cyprus, Germany, Poland, Romania, UK, and 3 Baltic nations manage to enforce >3/4 issued removal orders 3  Deportation machines? Various Eastern European jurisdictions (Croatia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia), Finland, the Netherlands have very high deportation rates (>2,000 deportees per 100,000 3rd country national residents per year) à Diverse crimmigration landscape → Deportation machines are rare phenomenon 4  300 277,5 250 201,7 200 146,7 150 129,1 116,5 97,2 100 50 29,9 26,4 23,2 19,6 10,4 7,1 0 -1,4 -9,1 -9,4 -19,4-19,6 -5 0 -36,1-37,6 -58,5-62,8 -1 00 -85,9 -1 50 Czec h R ep. Sweden Italy Romania Norway UK Netherlands Fran ce Denm ark Austria Slovakia Hungary Spain EU28 Germany Belgium Poland Ireland Portugal Finland Bulgaria Greece Changes in the number of deportations enforced per year [%] (2008-2019) Source: Eurostat 5  120 98,3 100 80 60 40 26,3 20 0 -3 -2 0 -10,3 -17 -20,7 -27,5 -27,8 -4 0 -31,7 -32,4 -38,3 -39,6 -39,6 -44,5 -45,2 -6 0 -50,8 -52,3-56,5-57,4 -8 0 -68,3 -74 -1 00 Sweden Czec h Rep. Romania Italy Croatia Netherlands Fran ce Denm ark Austria Hungary Spain Slovakia EU27 Belgium Germany Ireland Poland Portugal Finland Bulgaria Greece Deportation decline in 2020 (annual variation %) Source: Eurostat 6  Enforcement rates (avg. 2008-2019) Source: Eurostat 1 0,922 0,897 0,9 0,871 0,8 0,779 0,749 0,7 0,639 0,609 0,6 0,546 0,497 0,5 0,446 0,427 0,4 0,375 0,363 0,349 0,344 0,332 0,325 0,3 0,207 0,183 0,174 0,2 0,168 0,146 0,129 0,1 0 ia K d ia ny en t ri a and ar k ar y 28 a nd a ti a w a y s e in e p m a ly ia al an U la n a k ma e d s l m g U l o r a nd eec p a an c Re iu I t ga r ug v u E e l g t m Po o S l Ge r Sw A Fi n en H u n Ir r o r r S Fr ec h el ul r Ro D C N he t G z B B Po e C N 12000 10069 10000 9777 8000 6000 5146 3941 4000 2294 2215 2000 1738 1721 1620 1568 1218 1068 887 785 694 521 495 430 341 233 185 155 0 d ki a i a ni a s d and ay en ar y ece K ri a m r ia ar k n ce a ny ai n a nd hi a ly al la n a at a n w d U t iu a c I ta ug a ov C ro o m er l Fi n No l r e g u n Gr e us g e l B ul g m Fr a m Sp I r el ze rt Po Sl w A en er R h S H B D G C Po et N Deportation rates, 2019 (per 100,000 3rd country national residents) Source: Eurostat 8  Deportation machines? Many jurisdictions do not have proper deportation apparatus National immigration enforcement systems adopt peculiar configurations in which deportation goals do not take centre stage → Italian case Wide crimmigration diversity results in variety of bordered penality combinations → EITHER immigration enforcement system OR prison system take the lead in managing unwanted noncitizen populations 9 8 7,42 7,08 7 6 5 4,05 3,86 4 3,74 3,4 3,33 3,25 3,13 3,11 3,11 3 2,84 2,82 2,73 2,49 2,3 2,19 1,94 1,84 2 1,57 1,43 1,19 1,07 1 0 i a ce ly d s i a um g al y e ar k ay nd ai n ar y en a r ia ni a n d R e p a ki a K d at e I ta l an a nd s t r i u a n an c rw l a p g d a la U la n ro re n l u A B el g rt r m Fr m o er S un S w e ul g m Po h ov re C G F i he r P o Ge en N it z H B Ro ec Sl I t D z N e Sw C Over-incarceration of noncitizens, 2019. Rates (percentage of noncitizen prisoners by percentage of noncitizen residents) Sources: Eurostat, SPACE I. Council of Europe (non)Deportation regimes State Liberal democracies) capacity and interest to deport Thick enforcement regimes (Netherlands, Norway) Hampered enforcement regime (Belgium, Denmark) Targeted enforcement regimes (German, Sweden) Thin enforcement regimes (Italy and Spain) Not just deportation, but also non-deportation. Key words: Undeportability and Deportability Deportability refers to the situation of permanent risk of being deported Undeportability as a contingent and possibly changing condition of a structurally extreme unlikelihood of deportation. Detention upon arrival: the HOTSPOTS Images of detention: CPR Torino Living conditions in immigration detention LACK OF HEALTCARE STRESS AND PTSD DETENTION ISOLATION and CREATES ILLNESS UNCERTAINTY (PATHOGENIC) POOR LIVING MEDICALISATION CONDITIONS OF DISSENSE Living conditions in immigration detention Physical and verbal violence of the police Everyday violence Beatings, «maintenance of escalating during punishments, the order» protests humiliations Living conditions in immigration detention Very common practice: most of the deteinees are under drugs Often given coercively and without communicating to the inmates what they are given (no informed consent) “While they are asleep or stunned [because of the use of sedatives], their demands decrease: thus, the people detained in the Centre for Permanence for Repatriation (CPR) do not eat, do not cause troubles. They get repatriated and do not claim their rights. And above all, the management saves money, because psychopharmaceuticals are cheap. Food and an 'active' person, on the other hand, cost much more.” (former employee of a CPR) Video on living conditions https://www.la7.it/piazzapulita/video/linferno-dei-cpr-tra- violenze-e-psicofarmaci-25-05-2023-487174 See you at the exam AULA MAGNA 31 October 5 PM