Deck Watch Topic 2 - Keeping a Safe Navigational Watch PDF

DECK WATCH TOPIC 2 – KEEPING A SAFE NAVIGATIONAL WATCH JOEL V. FLORES 2ND MATE LEARNING OUTCOMES  LO 2.4 Describe the following:  Electronic Navigational Aids  The use of radar  Navigation in coastal waters  Conduct of the watch in clear weather  The circumstances in which the Offi...

DECK WATCH TOPIC 2 – KEEPING A SAFE NAVIGATIONAL WATCH JOEL V. FLORES 2ND MATE LEARNING OUTCOMES  LO 2.4 Describe the following:  Electronic Navigational Aids  The use of radar  Navigation in coastal waters  Conduct of the watch in clear weather  The circumstances in which the Officer of the Watch should call the Master  Navigation with a Pilot embarked Briefing of watch keeping personnel  LO 2.5-Describe the duties of the Officer of the Watch while at anchor.  LO 2.6-List the entries which should be made in the logbook. WHAT IS ENA  Electronic Navigational Aids (ENAs) are electronic devices used to determine position, speed, course, and other navigational parameters. They provide essential information for safe and efficient navigation, especially in challenging conditions or remote areas.  WHAT IS ENA  Types of ENAs:  GPS (Global Positioning System):  A satellite-based navigation system that provides precise position, speed, and time information.  Widely used in various applications, including maritime navigation, aviation, and land-based navigation.  Offers high accuracy and reliability, making it an indispensable tool for modern navigation.  AIS (Automatic Identification System):  A collision avoidance system that uses VHF radio to transmit and receive information about ships' position, course, speed, and other relevant data.  Helps prevent collisions and improve maritime safety by providing real-time information about nearby vessels.  Used by commercial ships, fishing vessels, and other marine traffic.  ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System):  A digital navigation system that displays electronic charts and other navigational data.  Provides a comprehensive view of the surrounding area, including hazards, buoys, and other navigational features.  Offers enhanced situational awareness and improves navigation efficiency.  Gyrocompass:  A navigational instrument that provides a stable compass heading, unaffected by magnetic fields.  Used to determine the ship's heading and course.  WHAT IS ENA  Importance of ENAs in Modern Navigation:  Enhanced safety: ENAs help prevent accidents and collisions by providing accurate position information and early warnings of potential hazards.  Improved efficiency: ENAs enable more efficient navigation by optimizing routes and reducing fuel consumption.  Increased situational awareness: ENAs provide real-time information about the surrounding environment, improving navigation decision-making.  Reduced reliance on traditional navigation methods: ENAs have made traditional navigation methods, such as paper charts and sextants, less necessary.  Adaptability to changing conditions: ENAs can be easily updated with new data and adapted to changing circumstances, ensuring safe and reliable navigation. RADAR  Maritime radar operates on the same principles as land-based or airborne radar. It transmits radio waves, which bounce off objects in the surrounding area. By measuring the time it takes for the waves to return, the radar can determine the object's distance, direction, and speed. Key components of a maritime radar system:  Antenna: Emits and receives radio waves.  Transmitter: Generates the radio waves.  Receiver: Detects the reflected waves.  Display: Presents the radar information as a visual display. RADAR IN MARITIME COLLISION AVOIDANCE  Maritime radar is a crucial tool for preventing collisions between ships. It allows ships to:  Detect other vessels: Radar can detect other ships, even in low visibility conditions.  Determine the course and speed: Radar can determine the course and speed of detected vessels.  Assess the risk of collision: Radar information can be used to assess the risk of a collision and take appropriate evasive action.  Monitor traffic: Radar can be used to monitor maritime traffic in a specific area, providing a comprehensive overview of the situation. LIMITATIONS OF RADAR IN MARITIME  While radar is a valuable tool, it has some limitations:  Range: The range of a maritime radar is limited by factors such as the power of the transmitter, the sensitivity of the receiver, and the size and reflectivity of the target.  Weather conditions: Heavy rain, snow, or fog can interfere with radar signals, reducing its effectiveness.  Clutter: Radar can be cluttered with unwanted signals from objects like birds, insects, or buildings, which can make it difficult to detect the target of interest.  Jamming: Radar systems can be jammed by intentional interference, which can disrupt their operation. INTEGRATION OF RADAR WITH OTHER SYSTEMS IN MARITIME  To overcome these limitations and improve its performance, maritime radar is often integrated with other systems:  AIS (Automatic Identification System): AIS provides information about other vessels, such as their identity, position, and course. Combining AIS data with radar information can provide a more comprehensive picture of the maritime environment.  ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System): ECDIS displays electronic charts and navigational information. Integrating radar data with ECDIS can provide a more detailed and accurate understanding of the surrounding area.  GPS (Global Positioning System): GPS provides precise position information, which can be used to improve the accuracy of radar measurements.  VHF radio: VHF radio can be used to communicate with other vessels and coordinate evasive maneuvers.  By integrating radar with these other systems, maritime operators can make more informed decisions and reduce the risk of collisions. NAVIGATION IN COASTAL WATERS  Coastal waters, with their unique characteristics, present specific challenges and require specialized navigation techniques.  CHARACTERISTICS OF COASTAL NAVIGATION Shallow Waters: Coastal waters are generally shallower than deep oceans, requiring careful navigation to avoid grounding. Traffic Density: Coastal areas often experience higher traffic volumes due to commercial shipping, fishing, and recreational boating. Landmarks: Coastal navigation relies heavily on landmarks, such as buoys, lighthouses, and natural features. Tidal Currents: Tides can significantly affect water depth and currents, requiring constant monitoring. Weather Conditions: Coastal weather can be unpredictable, with frequent changes in wind, waves, and visibility.  RISKS AND CHALLENGES Collisions: The high density of traffic in coastal areas increases the risk of collisions. Groundings: Shallow waters can lead to groundings if vessels are not navigated carefully. Navigational Hazards: Coastal waters may contain navigational hazards such as rocks, reefs, and wrecks. Weather-Related Risks: Adverse weather conditions, such as storms and fog, can pose significant risks to navigation. USE OF CHARTS AND NAVIGATIONAL AIDS Nautical Charts: Nautical charts provide detailed information about coastal waters, including depths, hazards, and landmarks. Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS): ECDIS combines electronic charts with other navigational data, offering a comprehensive and interactive navigation tool. Radar: Radar helps in detecting other vessels, obstacles, and weather conditions. GPS: GPS provides accurate positioning information, aiding in navigation and avoiding hazards. Buoys and Lighthouses: Buoys and lighthouses mark specific locations and provide navigational guidance. Compass: A compass is essential for determining direction and maintaining a course. IMPORTANCE OF CONSTANT MONITORING  Situational Awareness: Navigators must maintain constant situational awareness to identify and avoid potential hazards.  Traffic Monitoring: Constant monitoring of traffic helps in avoiding collisions and maintaining a safe course.  Weather Updates: Keeping abreast of weather conditions is crucial for planning and adjusting navigation accordingly.  Chart Consultation: Regular consultation of nautical charts ensures that navigators are aware of any changes or updates.  Navigational Aids: Proper use of navigational aids, such as radar and GPS, is essential for safe and efficient navigation.  By understanding the unique characteristics of coastal navigation, being aware of the risks and challenges, and utilizing appropriate charts and navigational aids, navigators can safely navigate coastal waters and minimize the risk of accidents.  CONDUCT OF WATCH IN CLEAR WEATHER  A safe watch in clear weather requires vigilant attention to various aspects of navigation. Here are the key procedures and focus areas:  Procedures for a Safe Watch  Prepare the Watch:  Ensure all necessary equipment is functioning properly and accessible.  Gather relevant charts, publications, and navigational aids.  Verify the ship's position and course.  Set up the watchkeeping station for optimal visibility.  Monitor Traffic:  Keep a constant lookout for other vessels using radar, binoculars, and the naked eye.  Identify the course, speed, and intentions of other vessels.  Maintain a safe distance from other vessels.  Use the Automatic Identification System (AIS) to gather information about nearby ships.  Position Fixing: Regularly determine the ship's position using GPS, celestial navigation, or other appropriate methods. Compare the calculated position with the charted course to ensure accuracy. Monitor for any deviations from the planned route. Weather Conditions: Monitor weather forecasts and observe current conditions. Be aware of potential weather hazards, such as storms, fog, or strong winds. Adjust the watchkeeping routine as necessary to adapt to changing weather conditions. Equipment Functionality: Regularly check the operation of all essential navigation equipment, including radar, GPS, gyrocompass, and communication systems. Report any malfunctions or equipment failures to the officer of the watch.  Focus Areas:  Situational Awareness: Maintain a clear understanding of the ship's position, course, speed, and the surrounding environment. Be aware of potential hazards, such as other vessels, navigational obstacles, and weather conditions.  Traffic Monitoring: Keep a vigilant lookout for other vessels and assess their intentions. Use AIS and radar to identify and track potential hazards.  Position Fixing: Ensure accurate position determination using reliable methods. Verify the position against the charted course to detect any deviations.  Weather Monitoring: Stay informed about weather conditions and be prepared to adjust the watchkeeping routine as necessary.  Equipment Maintenance: Regularly check the functionality of all navigation equipment to ensure accurate and reliable operation.  By following these procedures and focusing on the key areas, watchkeepers can contribute to safe and efficient navigation in clear weather conditions. WHEN TO CALL THE MASTER  The master of a vessel is ultimately responsible for the safety of the ship and its crew. It is essential for watchkeepers to know when to call the master for assistance or advice. Here are some circumstances that warrant calling the master: UNCERTAINTY IN NAVIGATION Unfamiliar Waters: If the vessel is navigating in unfamiliar waters, especially in restricted areas or near hazards, it may be necessary to consult with the master. Chart Discrepancies: If there are discrepancies between the charts and the actual conditions (e.g., depth anomalies, unmarked hazards), the master should be informed. Position Uncertainty: If there is uncertainty about the vessel's position, due to equipment malfunction or other factors, the master should be notified. EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTION Critical Equipment Failure: If a critical piece of navigation or safety equipment malfunctions, such as the radar, GPS, or engine, the master should be immediately notified. Communication Issues: If there are significant communication problems, the master should be informed to coordinate with other vessels or authorities. TRAFFIC CONCERNS Heavy Traffic: In areas of heavy traffic, such as busy shipping lanes or harbors, the master may need to be consulted for guidance on avoiding collisions or other hazards. Dangerous Maneuvers: If another vessel is engaging in dangerous maneuvers or posing a threat, the master should be informed to assess the situation and take appropriate action. DRASTIC WEATHER CHANGES Severe Weather: If the vessel is encountering severe weather conditions, such as storms, fog, or heavy seas, the master should be notified to assess the situation and make necessary adjustments. Rapid Weather Deterioration: If the weather is deteriorating rapidly, the master should be informed to ensure that the vessel is prepared to handle the changing conditions. CLOSE ENCOUNTERS WITH VESSELS Near Misses: If there are close encounters with other vessels, even if no collision occurs, the master should be notified to assess the situation and take steps to prevent future incidents. Dangerous Maneuvers: If another vessel is engaging in dangerous maneuvers, the master should be informed to coordinate with other vessels or authorities. EMERGENCIES  Medical Emergencies: Any medical emergency on board should be reported to the master immediately.  Fire or Flooding: In the event of a fire or flooding emergency, the master should be notified immediately to activate the emergency response plan.  Security Threats: If there are any security threats or suspicious activities, the master should be informed to take appropriate measures.  By following these guidelines, watchkeepers can ensure that the master is informed of any significant developments and can make timely decisions to safeguard the vessel and its crew. NAVIGATION WITH A PILOT EMBARKED When a pilot is embarked on a vessel, they are responsible for guiding the ship through restricted waters or challenging navigational areas. The pilot's expertise and local knowledge can significantly enhance safety and efficiency. ROLE OF THE PILOT Provide Local Expertise: The pilot has in-depth knowledge of the local waters, including hazards, currents, and traffic patterns. Guide the Vessel: The pilot directs the vessel's course, speed, and maneuvers. Communicate with Authorities: The pilot often communicates with harbor authorities, traffic control, and other vessels. RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE OFFICER OF THE WATCH (OOW) Ensure Safety: The OOW remains ultimately responsible for the safety of the vessel and its crew, even when a pilot is embarked. Follow Pilot's Instructions: The OOW must carefully follow the pilot's instructions and ensure that the crew complies. Monitor the Pilot's Actions: The OOW should monitor the pilot's actions and be prepared to intervene if necessary. Communicate with the Pilot: The OOW should maintain effective communication with the pilot, ensuring that both parties understand each other's intentions. Maintain Situational Awareness: The OOW should remain aware of the vessel's position, course, speed, and surrounding environment, even when a pilot is on board. EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN OOW AND PILOT Clear and Concise Language: Both parties should use clear and concise language to avoid misunderstandings. Confirm Instructions: The OOW should confirm the pilot's instructions to ensure that they are understood correctly. Report Any Concerns: If the OOW has any concerns about the pilot's actions or decisions, they should communicate them clearly. Maintain Respect: Both parties should treat each other with respect and professionalism. MONITORING THE PILOT'S ACTIONS Verify Information: The OOW should verify the pilot's information, such as depth soundings or traffic updates, to ensure accuracy. Watch for Errors: The OOW should be alert for any errors or mistakes made by the pilot. Be Prepared to Intervene: If the OOW believes that the pilot's actions are putting the vessel or its crew at risk, they should be prepared to intervene and take control. By following these guidelines, the OOW can effectively collaborate with the pilot to ensure safe and efficient navigation in challenging waters.  BRIEFING OF WATCHKEEPING PERSONNEL  Why Briefing is Important  A thorough briefing before a watch change is crucial for ensuring the safety and efficiency of navigation. It provides a common understanding of the situation, facilitates a smooth transition of duties, and helps to prevent errors and misunderstandings.  Key Elements of a Briefing  Navigational Situation:  Position: Clearly state the vessel's current position, including latitude, longitude, and depth.  Course: Indicate the vessel's intended course and speed.  Destination: Specify the vessel's destination and estimated time of arrival.  Hazards: Highlight any known navigational hazards, such as shoals, reefs, or restricted areas.  Traffic and Weather Conditions:  Traffic: Discuss the expected level of maritime traffic in the area, including any known vessel movements or restrictions.  Weather: Provide an update on the current weather conditions and any forecasted changes. Mention any potential weather hazards, such as storms, fog, or strong winds.  Equipment Status:  Navigation Equipment: Verify the functionality of all essential navigation equipment, including radar, GPS, gyrocompass, and ECDIS.  Safety Equipment: Ensure that all safety equipment, such as lifeboats, life rafts, and fire extinguishers, is in good working order.  Communication Systems: Check the status of communication systems, including VHF radio, satellite phone, and emergency radio.  Any Specific Orders from the Master:  Orders: Communicate any specific orders or instructions given by the Master, such as changes to the voyage plan, special precautions, or emergency procedures.  By covering these key elements in the briefing, the incoming watchkeeper will have a clear understanding of the vessel's situation and be better prepared to carry out their duties effectively. DUTIES OF THE OFFICER OF THE WATCH (OOW) WHILE AT ANCHOR  The OOW, while at anchor, has several critical responsibilities to ensure the safety and security of the vessel and its crew. These duties include:  Safety and Security  Monitor Anchor Chain: Regularly check the anchor chain to ensure it is running smoothly and that there are no signs of wear or damage.  Watch for Drift: Monitor the vessel's position to ensure it is not drifting off its anchor.  Guard Against Collisions: Maintain a lookout for other vessels in the vicinity and take appropriate action to avoid collisions.  Fire and Safety Drills: Conduct regular fire and safety drills to ensure the crew is prepared to respond to emergencies.  Security Patrols: Conduct security patrols to deter unauthorized access or boarding. NAVIGATION Maintain Position: Ensure the vessel remains in its designated anchorage area. Check Charts: Regularly consult nautical charts to verify the vessel's position and identify potential hazards. Monitor Weather: Keep track of weather conditions and be prepared to adjust the anchor if necessary. CREW MANAGEMENT Assign Duties: Assign duties to crew members as needed, such as watchkeeping, maintenance, or cleaning. Monitor Rest Periods: Ensure that crew members are getting adequate rest and that their working hours comply with regulations. Address Concerns: Be available to address any concerns or issues raised by the crew. COMMUNICATION  Maintain Radio Watch: Monitor the VHF radio for any relevant traffic or emergency messages.  Communicate with Harbor Authorities: Maintain contact with harbor authorities as necessary.  Update the Master: Inform the Master of any significant developments or changes in the situation.  By diligently fulfilling these duties, the OOW can help to ensure the safety, security, and well-being of the vessel and its crew while at anchor. DUTIES OF THE OOW WHILE AT ANCHOR  The duties of the Officer of the Watch (OOW) while at anchor are essential to ensure the safety and security of the vessel and its crew. Here's a more detailed breakdown of these responsibilities: MAINTAIN A SAFE NAVIGATIONAL WATCH:  Maintain a safe navigational watch:  Monitor the anchor chain: Regularly check the anchor chain for signs of wear or damage.  Watch for drift: Ensure the vessel is not drifting off its anchor.  Guard against collisions: Maintain a lookout for other vessels in the vicinity and take appropriate action to avoid collisions. MONITOR THE VESSEL'S POSITION (AVOID DRAGGING):  Monitor the vessel's position (avoid dragging):  Use the anchor alarm: Set the anchor alarm to alert the OOW if the anchor chain is slipping or the vessel is drifting.  Check the anchor rode: Regularly check the anchor rode for signs of tension or strain.  Monitor the tide: Be aware of the tides and their potential impact on the vessel's position. ENSURE PROPER LIGHTING/SIGNALING:  Ensure proper lighting/signaling:  Display anchor lights: Ensure the vessel's anchor lights are properly displayed at night.  Use sound signals: Use sound signals as required, such as the anchor watch bell or foghorn, to alert other vessels of the vessel's presence. MAINTAIN COMMUNICATION WITH ENGINE ROOM AND DECK WATCH: Coordinate activities: Ensure that the engine room and deck watch are coordinated and aware of any changes in the vessel's situation. Address issues promptly: Respond to any issues or concerns raised by the engine room or deck watch. KEEP AN EYE ON WEATHER CONDITIONS: Monitor forecasts: Stay updated on weather forecasts and be prepared to adjust the vessel's position or anchor if necessary. Watch for changes: Be aware of any changes in weather conditions, such as wind shifts or storms. RESPOND TO ANY DEVELOPING SITUATIONS (TRAFFIC, ALARMS, ETC.):  Respond to any developing situations (traffic, alarms, etc.):  Take immediate action: If a situation develops, such as a traffic incident or an alarm, take immediate action to address the issue.  Inform the Master: If the situation is serious, inform the Master of the vessel.  By fulfilling these duties, the OOW can help to ensure the safety and security of the vessel and its crew while at anchor. LOGBOOK ENTRIES: KEY ELEMENTS AND EXAMPLES  A logbook is a vital document for recording the day-to-day activities and events aboard a vessel. It serves as a historical record and can be used for evidence in legal matters. KEY ELEMENTS OF A LOGBOOK ENTRY  Key Elements of a Logbook Entry  Date and Time: The exact date and time of the entry.  Position: The vessel's position, usually expressed in latitude and longitude.  Course and Speed: The vessel's course and speed at the time of the entry.  Weather Conditions: A description of the weather, including wind speed and direction, visibility, and any significant weather events.  Events: A detailed account of any significant events or incidents that occurred during the watch, such as port calls, emergencies, or equipment malfunctions.  Remarks: Any additional comments or observations that may be relevant. EXAMPLES OF LOGBOOK ENTRIES Examples of Logbook Entries  Example 1: Arrival at Port  Date and Time: 2024-09-16 10:30 AM  Position: 07°05'N 125°40'E  Course and Speed: 060°T, 12 knots  Weather Conditions: Cloudy, wind 15 knots from the northeast, visibility good  Events: Arrived at Davao City Port at 10:30 AM. Secured the vessel to the pier.  Remarks: Pilot embarked at 10:15 AM.  Example 2: Emergency Drill  Date and Time: 2024-09-16 15:00 PM  Position: 07°05'N 125°40'E  Course and Speed: Anchored  Weather Conditions: Fair, wind 10 knots from the southeast, visibility good  Events: Conducted a fire drill at 15:00 PM. All crew members participated, and the drill was successfully completed.  Remarks: No injuries or damage reported.  Example 3: Equipment Malfunction  Date and Time: 2024-09-16 18:00 PM  Position: 07°05'N 125°40'E  Course and Speed: Anchored  Weather Conditions: Fair, wind 5 knots from the southwest, visibility good  Events: The main engine failed to start at 18:00 PM. Emergency generator started successfully.  Remarks: Engineers are investigating the cause of the engine failure.  Remember: The logbook should be kept up-to-date and accurate. Any significant event or incident should be recorded in detail, including the date, time, location, and circumstances. REQUIRED LOGBOOK ENTRIES  Required Logbook Entries  A logbook is a vital document for recording the day-to-day activities and events aboard a vessel. It serves as a historical record and can be used for evidence in legal matters. Here are some of the essential entries that should be made in a logbook: NAVIGATIONAL INFORMATION  Navigational InformationVessel's position: This includes the latitude and longitude of the vessel's current location.  Courses steered: Record the vessel's course, typically expressed in degrees true (T).  Weather and sea conditions: Note the prevailing weather conditions, including wind speed and direction, visibility, state of the sea, and any significant weather events. ENGINE OPERATIONS Engine movements: Record when the engines are started, stopped, or changed to different speeds. Speed changes: Note any changes in the vessel's speed. INCIDENTS AND ACCIDENTS  Any incidents or accidents: Record all incidents or accidents that occur aboard the vessel, including the date, time, location, and a detailed description of the events. MASTER'S ORDERS  Orders from the Master: Record any orders or instructions given by the Master, such as changes to the voyage plan, emergency procedures, or disciplinary actions. WATCH CHANGES  Change of watch: Note the time of the watch change and the names of the relieving and relieved officers.  By accurately recording these entries, the logbook provides a valuable historical record of the vessel's activities and can be used for analysis, investigation, and legal purposes.