Liquid Dosage Forms Post Lab Finals 2017 - PDF

POST LAB FINALS  Liquid Dosage Forms Liniments came from the Latin “linere" meaning "to anoint" alcoholic or oleaginous solutions or emulsions of various medicinal substances intended to be rubbed on the skin. Solutions or mixture of various substance in oil, alcoholic solution of soap...

POST LAB FINALS  Liquid Dosage Forms Liniments came from the Latin “linere" meaning "to anoint" alcoholic or oleaginous solutions or emulsions of various medicinal substances intended to be rubbed on the skin. Solutions or mixture of various substance in oil, alcoholic solution of soap or emulsion intended for external application Applied with friction and rubbing to the affected area and that is why they are called “embrocation” The oil and soap base provides ease of application and massage Usually composed of oily, spirituous, gummy, or saponaceous substances, runnier than the ointments, denser than water and liquid at room temperature. Liniments may be in the form of solutions, emulsions or suspensions  Liquid Dosage Forms Types of Liniments according to vehicle used: Alcoholic Liniments - Liniments with an alcoholic or hydroalcoholic vehicle - useful when rubefacient, counterirritant, or penetrating action is desired. Penetrate the skin readily than the oil base Oleaginous liniments – aka oily liniments. Milder in their action but are more useful when massage is desired Used as protecting coating depending on the ingredient in the preparation should not be applied on braises and broken skin Do not penetrate the skin as much as alcohol liniments. Milder (in terms of action) Oleaginous liniments are less irritating to the skin More commonly used vehicle because more people use liniments for massaging More useful when massage is desired Protecting coating It is used depending on the ingredient in the preparation and should not be applied to bruises and broken skin Fixed oil solvents The solvents can be volatile oils or oils that produce stain Examples (that produce stain): almond oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, or cottonseed oil Examples (of volatile oils): wintergreen oil, turpentine oil), or a combination of the two (easily evaporates)  Liquid Dosage Forms Advantage of oleaginous liniments- less irritating to the skin than alcoholic liniments. Vehicle for oleaginous liniments 1. Fixed oils-almond oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil 2. Volatile substances-wintergreen oil, turpentine oil 3. Combination of fixed oil and volatile oil Uses of liniments Rubefacient Counterirritant - an agent that produces a superficial irritation in one part of the body that is intended to relieve irritation in another part. Massage  Liquid Dosage Forms Things to consider when using and preparing liniments: 1. Liniments are not applied to skin areas that are broken or bruised because excessive irritation might result. 2. All liniments should bear a label indicating that they are suitable only for external use and must never be taken internally. 3. Liniments that are emulsions or that contain insoluble matter must be shaken thoroughly before use to ensure even distribution of the dispersed phase, and these preparations should be labeled shake well. Factors Affecting the Selection of Vehicle in the Preparation of Liniments Desired Action Solubility of the components in various solvents 6 LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS-Post Lab Camphorated Soap Liniment Syn. Linimentum Camphoras El Salponis, Linimentum Saponis mollis, Linimentum Saponis Camphoratum, Soap Liniment, Liquid Opodeldoc Uses: - rubefacient -sore & inflamed joints, muscles, tendons, & ligaments -local anaesthetic for sprains, strains, & bruises -alleviation of the discomfort of arthritis, bursitis, & rheumatism -circulation problems -counterirritant effect Category: Alcohol Based Liniment Method used: Agitation without/ with heat 7 LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS-Post Lab Camphorated Soap Liniment Label: Red Label (external use) Container: 30 ml Amber bottle Remarks: Official hand soap should be used. If soap made from animal oils are used, gelatinization will occur. 8  Non-Aqueous Liquid Dosage Forms Glycerites -Solution or mixture of medicinal substances in not less than 50% by weight Most glycerites are viscous while some are jelly like Used to prepare aqueous and alcoholic dilutions of substances which are readily soluble in water or alcohol Protectant, emollient, pill excipient, substitute for fatty ointment Hygroscopic → tightly closed container Glycerin - Glycerol also called glycerine or glycerin, is a simple triol compound It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and non-toxic. Reducing agent Should not be triturated with strong oxidzing agent like KMnO4, chromium trioxide or KClO3 – explosion will likely to occur It produces coloration with phenol, salicylates, tannin, etc due to contamination with iron Strong HNO3 / H2SO4 converts glycerin into an explosive nitroglycerin Soluble in water; hygroscopic 9 LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS-Post Lab Starch Glycerite Syn. Glyceratum amyli, Starch Glycerin Uses: topical vehicle and protectant Category: Glycerite Label: Red Label Container: 30ml Wide Mouth Amber Bottle REMARKS The heat ruptures the starch grains & permits the water to reach & hydrate the linear & α and β subunit and branched starch molecules which trap the dispersion medium in the interstices to form a gel. Trituration is the method used for preparation Should always be freshly prepared and stored in a tightly closed container. 10  Liquid Dosage Forms Emulsion -2 phase system in which one liquid is dispersed in the form of small globules throughout another liquid in which it is immiscible. 3 Components 1. Dispersed liquid/Internal phase/Discontinuous Phase 2. Dispersion medium/External Phase/Continuous Phase 3. Intermediate agent/Emulsifying agent/Dispersing or Stabilizing agent Type of Emulsifying agent 1. Natural Animal – gelatin, egg yolk, casein, woolfat, cholesterol Vegetables – acacia, tragacanth, chondrus, pectin, caraya, carrageenan 2. Synthetic Finely Divided Solid – Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3, and Magnesium trisilicate Colloid – Kaolin, Bentonite Magma Anionic – SLS Cationic – Benzalkonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride Non-ionic – PEG 400, Spans ( sorbitan esters), Tweens (polysorbate) Amphoteric – Lecithin 11  Liquid Dosage Forms Type of Emulsion 1. Simple - o/w; w/o 2. Multiple - o/w/o; w/o/w 3. Microemulsion - most stable of the 3; dispersed phase is in very small globules (100-1000A) (1A=0.1nm) Method of Preparation 1. Wet or English G+W+O 4 (oil): 2 (water); 1 (gum) gum and water first then add oil slowly in one direction, creamy, sticky mixture with crackling sound 2. Dry or Continental G+O+W 4 (oil): 2 (water); 1 (gum) gum and oil first then add water at once in one direction, creamy, sticky mixture with cracking sound 3. Bottle or Forbes 2 (oil): 2 (water): 1 (gum) shaking vigorously 4. Auxiliary Method- hand homoginizer 5. In Situ Soap - calcium soap and soft soap 6. Microemulsion - 100 A (10 microns) 12  Liquid Dosage Forms PROBLEMS 1. CREAMING - The upward movement of dispersed droplets relative to the continuous phase. Temporary separation of the 2 phase - shake again 2. Aggrega&on and coalescence. Aggregation (flocculation) is the coming together of the dispersed droplets which results to creaming. Coalescence is the complete fusion of droplets. Aggregation precedes coalescence. 3. CRACKING - Total separation of the 2 phase with coalescence 4. PHASE INVERSION - an emulsion change from o/w to w/o. Evaporation of water; o/w - w/o due to evaporation. Method of Identifying Emulsion 1. Drop Dilution Test - add water (drop) - homogenous - o/w 2. Dye Solubility Test – oil soluble - sudan red - w/o water soluble - amaranth green - o/w 3. Electronic Conductivity Test - water conduct electricity - o/w 4. Fluorescence Test - oil can absorb UV light - w/o 13  Liquid Dosage Forms The type of emulsion formed is based on the hydrophilic- lipophilic balance (HLB) HLB system – logical means of selecting emulsifying agents based on balance between the hydrophilic and lipophilic portions of an emulsifying agent. HLB number usually between 1 and 20 are used as emulsifying agents with values 8 –18 indicates hydrophilic molecule and will produce o/w type of emulsion lower numbers in the range of 3 to 6 indicates lipophilic molecules and will produce w/o emulsions 14 LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS-Post Lab Mineral Oil Emulsion Syn. Liquid Petrolatum Emulsion Uses: Employed as lubricating cathartic with a usual dose of 30 ml Category: Oral Emulsion Label: White, auxiliary (shake well) Container: 30ml Wide Mouth Amber Bottle Method used: Dry Gum Method REMARKS Mineral oil as cathartic Acacia, as suspending or an emulsifying agent syrup as a sweetening agent, vanillin as a flavorant alcohol as preservative. Keep in a cool dry place away from light where the temperature stays below 25°C. Attached with 15 “Shake well “ instruction  Liquid Dosage Forms Mixtures – particle size > 0.5 μm aqueous liquid preparation which contains suspended (suspensoid), insoluble solid substances The insoluble substance maybe held in suspension by the use of suitable suspending or thickening agent since the insoluble substance does not make the mixture very viscous. In pharmacy, it is a preparation consisting of a liquid holding an insoluble medicinal substance in a suspension by means of acacia, sugar, or some other viscid (sticky/glutinous) material Good Mixtures should have Insoluble Substances that must be in very finely divided state and it must be uniformly distributed throughout the preparation this is accomplished by the use of colloid mill, special methods of precipitation and suspending agent Reasons for having the Insoluble substance in a finer state of subdivision The more active they become as adsorbent and protectives when in contact with the inflamed areas Suspended more readily and settle out much slowly than large particles, thus enabling the patient to obtain uniform doses of suspended particles To increase palatability of the preparation with the use of colloidal suspending agent 16 17 LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS-Post Lab Chalk Mixture Syn. Mixture de Creta, Mistura Cratae, Dropped Chalk, Calcium carbonate chalk, Precipitated Calcium Carbonate Uses: antacid, antidiarrheal agent Category: Medicated Mixture Label: White, auxiliary (shake well) Container: 30ml Flint bottle Method used: Simple Hydration REMARKS Glycerin à viscosity agent to retard the rapid setting of particles in a suspension; Chalk mixture should be shaken before administration to ensure proper dosage 18  Liquid Dosage Forms Gels sometimes called jellies semisolid systems consisting of dispersions made up of either small inorganic particles or large organic molecules enclosing and interpenetrated by a liquid. also defined as semirigid systems in which the movement of the dispersing medium is restricted by an interlacing three-dimensional network of particles or solvated macromolecules of the dispersed phase Very fine particle size to achieve large surface and thus maximum adsorption capacity May contain peppermint oil, glycerin, sorbitol, sucrose, saccharin or other suitable flavor and preservative in a total amount of not exceeding 0.5% The official meaning of “gel” encompasses both two-phase systems which are: 1.THIXOTROPIC suspension 2.Single phase system of synthetic macromolecules Thixotrophy - are semisolids on standing but liquid on being shaken 19  Liquid Dosage Forms General Classification Gels 1. Inorganic - Usually two-phase systems. Ex.: Aluminum hydroxide gel, Bentonite magma 2. Organic -Usually - single-phase systems Ex.:Carbopol, Tragacanth 3. Hydrogels Organic hydrogels - Pectin paste, tragacanth jelly Natural and synthetic gums - Methylcellulose, sodium CMC, Pluronic Inorganic hydrogels. - Bentonite gel (10% 25%), Veegum, silica 4. Organogels Hydrocarbon type - Petrolatum, mineral oil/polyethylene gel (Plastibase) Animal, vegetable fats - Lard, cocoa butter Soap base greases - Aluminum stearate with heavy mineral oil gel Hydrophilic organogels - Carbowax bases (PEG ointment) Polar, Nonionic 20  Liquid Dosage Forms Preparation of Gel By freshly precipitating the disperse phase upon reacting an inorganic agents – gelatinous ppt Example: (NH4)2 SO4. Al2(SO4)3. 24H2O + 4Na2CO3 -> (NH4)2CO3 + Al2(CO3)3 + 4Na2SO4 + 24H2O By direct hydrating the inorganic material in water Examples: Al2(CO)3 + 3H2O -> 2Al(OH)3 + 3CO2 Examples of Gelling Agents acacia, alginic acid, bentonite, carbomer, CMC sodium, cetostearyl alcohol, colloidal silicon dioxide, ethylcellulose, gelatin, guar gum, hydroxyl ethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose,hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate, maltodextrin, methylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), povidone, propylene carbonate, propylene glycol alginate, sodium alginate, sodium starch glycolate, starch, tragacanth, and xanthan gum. 21 LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS Post-lab Aluminum Hydroxide Gel Synonyms: Colloidal Aluminum Hydroxide, Amphojel, Alternagel Uses: antacid (without systemic alkalosis) heartburn management of hyperacidity, peptic ulcer, gastritis and esophagitis used as skin protectant and mild astringent it may cause constipation acid indigestion Category: Medicated Gel Label: White label, Shake well Container: 30 ml wide mouth amber bottle Method: Chemical Reaction LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS Post-lab Aluminum Hydroxide Gel Remarks: Produces no systemic alkalosis Sodium benzoate – preservative Can cause constipation Decreases the absorption of certain drugs, like tetracycline Interferes with the defoaming action of simethicone Ammonium alum - active ingredient Sodium carbonate - reactant Peppermint oil - suspending agent Purified water - vehicle Take note aluminum can form a chelate with other metals and can react with some antibiotics and dairy products because they contain calcium 24  Liquid Dosage Forms Lotion Are aqueous liquid or sometimes alcoholic preparation containing insoluble materials in the form of suspension or emulsion intended for external application without rubbing. Applied without friction are preferred over semi-solid preparation because of their non-greasy character and their increased spreadability over large areas of skin. Also called washes – meaning “lotio” or “lavare” to wash Label for lotions: Auxiliary label: Shake well before use For external use only Types: 1. Medicated – Antifungal, Antiseptic, Anti-inflammatory, Protectant Example: Dermarest Eczema Medicated Lotion 2. Non-Medicated – Cosmetic, Sunblock Example: Jergens Original Beauty Lotion 25  Liquid Dosage Forms Method Preparation 1.Triturating the ingredient to a smooth paste and then cautiously adding the remaining liquid phase (with the use of high speed mixers and homogenizers) Example: Calamine Lotion 2. By Chemical Interaction Example: White Lotion – must be freely prepared and does not contain suspending agent. ZnSO4 + Sulfurated potash (K2S3) -> ZnS + 2S + K2SO4 3. Clear Solution in which the active ingredient is a water soluble substance Example: Dimethisoquin hydrochloride lotion 26 LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS Post-lab Calamine Topical Lotion Synonyms: Lotio Calaminae Uses: astringent Antipruritic topical protectant and soothing lotion sunburn treatment for ivy poisoning skin protectant Category: Lotion Label: Red label, Shake well Container: 30 ml amber bottle Method: Levigation and Trituration LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS Post-lab Calamine Topical Lotion Ingredients: Ferric oxide - characteristics of pink color Calamine - skin protectant, astringent, antiseptic Zinc oxide - skin protectant, astringent antiseptic Glycerin - humectant, wetting agent, levigating agent Bentonite - suspending agent Calcium hydroxide – astringent Remarks: Calamine lotion is used to treat skin conditions, such as itching, infection, allergy, or pain. Most lotions are oil-in-water emulsions that use substances, such as cetearyl alcohol, to keep emulsion together. Water-in-oil lotions are also formulated. Can be used for the delivery of medications to the skin, which include antibiotics, antiseptics, antifungal, corticosteroids, anti-acne agents, and soothing, smoothing, moisturizing, or protective agents.  Liquid Dosage Forms Suspension Are liquid preparations that consist of solid particles dispersed throughout a liquid phase in which the particles are not soluble. Preparations that contain finely broken down drug particles (suspensoid) with a uniform distribution throughout a vehicle in which the drug displays a minimum degree of solubility. This means that even if it separates when we set it aside, we can still solubilize it by shaking the suspension Dispersed System has 3 phases/parts: 1. Dispersed / Internal / Discontinuous - Solid (Insoluble) particles of a suspension are the ones that should be internal 2. Dispersing / External / Continuous Phase or Medium - Liquid / Vehicles should be external. The liquid is the one that flows, that’s why it is continuous. 3. Dispersing Agent - Suspending agents should be added to a suspension to prevent clumping of the solids and aid for easier dispersion once we give pressure to the solution 29  Liquid Dosage Forms Characteristics of a Good Suspension 1. The suspended particles should not settle rapidly and sediment produced must be easily re-suspended by the use of a moderate amount of shaking. ○ It could separate the liquid phase and the solid phase but it should take time ○ The pharmaceutical effect will not be even when the mixture is shaken too much 2. Easy to pour yet not watery and no grittiness. ○ Once shaked, we should expect to see a syrup-like suspension, not watery because that means that the solid particles did not disperse properly 3. Pleasing odor, color, and palatability. ○ Since it has a bitter taste, we add flavors to the suspension to make it less palatable and friendlier for patient use especially for children ○ We add color based on the flavor; Ex: Orange flavored suspension should have an orange color, odor, and taste 4. Physically, chemically, and microbiologically stable ○ Any preparations with water shortens the length of time to use the preparation ○ Once you mix it, you should consume it within a week. ○ If it changes color for about 2-3 days, it means that it already undergoes chemical reaction, which should be prevented. 5. Parenteral / ophthalmic suspension should be sterilizable. ○ This is direct to our bloodstream, especially the parenterals, which should be sterilized 30  Liquid Dosage Forms Captopril Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. ○ Angiotensin is connected with our heart rate ○ It is a “-pril” in the ACE inhibitor Most ACE inhibitor drugs end with -pril, hence, captopril Treat high blood pressure and heart failure ○ One of the drugs that is used to control blood pressure Preventing kidney failure due to high blood pressure and diabetes 31 LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS Post-lab Captopril Suspension Synonyms: N/A Uses: Captopril is intended for the treatment of essential hypertension; it is also indicated for chronic heart failure Category: Suspension Label: White Label, Shake well Container: Narrow-mouthed amber bottle  Active Ingredient-the ingredient or ingredients of a pharmaceutical product responsible for its pharmacologic activity (also medicament, drug substance, active pharmaceutical ingredient. Dosage Form-a formulation that typically contains the API(s) and excipients in quantities and physical form designed to all the accurate and efficient administration of the API to the human or animal patient. Drug Delivery System -modern technology, distributed with or as a part of a drug product that allows for the uniform release or targeting of drugs to the body. Capsule -a solid dosage form in which the drug is enclosed within a hard or soft soluble container or shell. Cream-a semisolid dosage form containing one or more drug substances dissolved or dispersed in a suitable base. An emulsion dosage form often containing more than 20% water and volatiles and/or containing < 50% hydrocarbons, waxes, or polyols, as the vehicle for the API. Creams are generally intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes. Effervescent-a dosage form containing ingredients that rapidly release carbon dioxide when in contact with water. Excipient-an ingredient of a dosage form other than an API. Lozenge-a solid preparation that is intended to dissolve or disintegrate slowly in the mouth. Pastille- an aromatic preparation, often with a pleasing flavor, usually intended to dissolve in the mouth. Topical- a route of administration characterized by application to the outer surface of the body. Tablet-a solid dosage form containing medicinal substance(s) with or without diluents. 33 Source: Appendex B (Allen, L.V. & Ansel, H.C. (2014). Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems Counterirritant- An agent that causes irritation or a mild inflammation of the skin to relieve symptoms of a deep-seated inflammatory process. -Relating to or producing counterirritation. Enhances blood flow to affected area. Rubefacient-An agent that reddens the skin and causes a localized feeling of warmth via cutaneous vasodilation. Cathartic-drug that promotes defecation, usually considered stronger in action than a laxative. Emollient-soothe and hydrate the skin, moisturizing treatments. Supplement-Something added to complete a thing, make up for a deficiency, or extend or strengthen the whole. Antacid-drug that neutralizes excess gastric acid. Skin protectant- Mild astringent-An astringent is a substance that draws water out of tissues, causing them to shrink. In skin care, people sometimes use astringent products after cleansing to temporarily tighten the skin, shrink pores, and remove oil. Hyperphosphatemia-Having a high level of phosphate — or phosphorus — in your blood is known as hyperphosphatemia. Phosphate is an electrolyte, which is an electrically charged substance that contains the mineral phosphorus. Your body needs some phosphate to strengthen your bones and teeth, produce energy, and build cell membranes. Yet in larger-than- normal amounts, phosphate can cause bone and muscle problems and increase your risk for heart attacks and strokes. A high phosphate level is often a sign of kidney damage. It’s more common in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially in those with end-stage kidney disease. Systemic alkalosis-low blood pH A pH below 7 is acidic. A pH higher than 7 is alkaline or basic. Your blood has a normal pH range of 7.35 to 7.45. Continental or dry gum method-Continental (Dry Gum, or 4:2:1) Method. The continental method is used to prepare the initial or primary emulsion from oil, water, and a hydrocolloid or “gum” type emulsifier (usually acacia). The primary emulsion, or emulsion nucleus, is formed from 4 parts oil, 2 parts water, and 1 part emulsifier.  MEDICAL DEVICES 35  Medical Device ▸ An article, instrument, apparatus or machine that is used in the prevention, diagnosis or treatment of illness or disease, or for detecting, measuring, restoring, correcting or modifying the structure or function of the body for some health purposes. 36 1. Blood Sampling Kit Medical Devices 2. Blood Transfusion Set 3. Breathing Circuit use deliver oxygen, remove CO2, and deliver inhalation anaesthetic agent to patient  Medical 4. Cannula Devices inserted into the vein for administration of IV fluids, obtaining blood samples or administering medicine 5. Catheter use for draining urine from the bladder 6. Cervical collar / Neck brace Medical - use to support person's neck - use for those who have traumatic head Devices or neck injury 7. Clinical thermometer - use for measuring body temperature - can be inserted in the mouth, under the tongue, armpit or rectum 8. Abdominal pads / ABD dressing - use for large wounds or wounds requiring high absorbency  Medical 9. Access / Injection Port Devices - use in administration of medicine in subcutaneous tissue (e.g. insulin) 10. Alcohol Swab - use to disinfect the skin prior to injection to prevent infection  Medical 11. Apheresis Kit Devices - kit use for collection of donor blood components 12. Anesthesia Set - set of instruments use in administration of anesthesia 13. Bandage - use to either support a dressing or splint - restrict the movement of a part of the body  Medical 14. Blood Bag Devices - a container designed to store blood for a short period of time 15. Clip Applier / Clip 16. Skin stapler - use externally to close wounds under high tension - use internally to deliver compatible staples to internal tissues during surgery 17. Catheter Condom Medical 18. Condom - use in males to empty - use as a method of Devices bladder connected to birth control and will urinary drainage bag help to prevent the spread of STD 20. Corset 19. Contact lens cast solution & Contact lens - an alternative to using eye glasses - solution is use for rinsing and storing contact lenses  21. Cotton Medical - use for cleaning wounds and for Devices padding and protection 22. Operating lamp and Operating table Table: a table where the patient lies during operation Lamp: Use to assist the personnel during surgical procedure by illuminating a local area or cavity of the patient 23. Otoscope - a device use to look into the ears  Medical Devices 1. Dental Filler 3. Stethoscope - use to fill the area of the tooth where the - use for listening to beating of a human heart, listening decayed to lungs and intestines, flow of blood in the surrounding area material has been removed. - use for auscultation - use to repair cracked, broken or worn out teeth 4. Dialyzer 2. Scalpel - an artificial kidney used to filter fluids and wastes from - use for surgery or a dialysis patient's blood anatomical dissection  Medical Devices 5. Ultrasound scanner 6. Dressing -use to study a developing fetus, pen's abdominal and - use to protect the wound from bacterial pelvic organs, muscles and tendons, or heart and blood contamination vessel - uses high-frequency sound waves to make an image of a person's internal body structure 7. Bone drill 8. Earwax remover - use for surgery, medical and veterinary purposes - use for drilling screws into the bone  Medical Devices 9. Feeding Set 10. Hearing aid - inserted nasal, oral or percutaneous are - use in delivering medications and nutrients to a patient 12. Intubation Set 11. Gastric band - use to open up the airway to give oxygen, - an inflatable silicone device placed around the top anesthesia or medicine or to remove blockage portion of the stomach to treat obesity, intended to decrease food consumption  Medical Devices 13. Surgical gloves 14. Heart Valve - use to replace a dysfunctional native heart valve 16. Pacemaker - a small device placed in the 15. Defibrillator chest or abdomen to control -use to apply a controlled electrical shock to the heart, abnormal heart rhythms which leads to depolarization of the entire electrical conduction system of the heart.  Medical Devices 18. Autoclave 17. Implantable Prosthetics - use for laboratory sterilization applications - device placed inside or on the surface of the body. - use to replace missing body parts 20. Lancet - use to make punctures to obtain small blood specime 19. Intrauterine Device (IUD) - use to prevent pregnancy by stopping sperm from reaching and fertilizing eggs.  Medical Devices 21. Clip - use in ligation o for secure fixation on 22. Lubricating jelly the structure and increase resistance - use in invasive medical procedure that requires to dislodgement an insertion of device or equipment into an orifice 24. Nebulizing Kit with mask & Nebulizer 23. Oxygen Mask & Oxygen -Use to turn liquid medications into a fine mist, allowing for easy Tank absorption into the lungs. -use to deliver oxygen to people with respiratory problems 50  Medical Devices 25. Needles -gauges are 26 and 27, which are used for standard injections – intradermal, subcutaneous, and intramuscular. 26. Orthopedic implants -The higher the gauge, the finer the needle, the less pain it - medical device manufactured to caused when it passes through the skin. replace a missing joint or bone or to -Low gauge needles are intended for areas of the body with a support a damage bone thick skin or when the drugs to be given to the patient is viscous. 28. Plaster of Paris - used in medicine to make plaster casts 27. Peak Flow Meter to immobilize broken bones while they - use for patients with asthma to measure how well heal air moves out of lungs  Medical Devices 29. Reconstruction kit or fixation device 30. Rotahaler - inserted surgically to ensure the bones remain in an - a plastic inhalation device which is breath activated. optimal position during and after the healing process 32. Sealant 31. Skin retractor - a substance used to block the -a surgical instrument used to separate the passage of fluids through the edges of a surgical incision or wound, or to surface or joints or openings in hold back underlying organs and tissues so materials that body parts under the incision may be accessed.  Medical Devices 33. Stent 34. Stoma Bag - is placed in the newly-opened artery and - intended to rest the patient's colon in the case of a pressed into the artery wall. temporary procedure, or to act as an artificial outlet - It acts as a scaffold to help keep the artery for the bowel when the surgery is intended as open and will remain in place permanently. permanent. 36. Surgical mesh - a loosely woven sheet which is used as either a permanent or 35. Stop cock temporary support for organs and other tissues - a valve or turning plug that controls during surgery. the flow of fluid from a container - - Surgical Milk- provide proper lubrication and corrosion through a tube. control during autoclaving 37. Surgical kit Medical - instruments necessary for minor surgical procedures. - It normally includes: Devices 1 Scalpel (handle and several blades) Forceps 2 Scissors (large and small) 1 Probe 2 Hemostats (curved and straight) Suture material Gauze pads 38. Suture - used to hold body tissues together after an injury or surgery. - Suture Anchor – attach soft tissue to the bone 39. ECG - (electrocardiogram) records the electrical activity of your heart at rest. 40. Thrombectomy set - Remove blood clots that have formed in a blood vessel 41. Tissue expander and measuring device - used prior to breast reconstruction to cause breast tissue and muscle to stretch over time - used to grow additional tissues or to provide space to accommodate implants  Medical Devices 42. Suction airway kit 43. Umbilical clamp - attached to suction and placed into the airway to remove any secretions and maintain a clear airway. 44. Urine collecting bag - Collects waste that drains from a catheter 46. Insulin pen 45. Wound drainage kit - a tube used to remove pus, blood or other - used to inject insulin for the fluids from a wound. treatment of diabetes  Medical Devices 47.Surgical laser 48. Infusion pump (implantable) - capable of delivering fluids in large or small amounts and may be used - use precisely focused light sources to to deliver nutrients or medications – such as insulin or other hormones, treat or remove tissues. antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, and pain relievers. 49. Stimulator (brain, 50. Warming blanket / heating pads 51. ICU Monitor electrical, tremor) -electric blankets use an insulated wire - Alarms to notify health care - a surgery to implant a device that or heating element inserted into a fabric that providers of abnormal sends electrical signals heats when it is plugged in; Prevent detections to brain areas responsible for body hypothermia movement  Medical Devices 53. Wheelchair 52. Absorbent Pad - a wheeled mobility device in which the user sits 56. IV container 55. Stretcher - used for moving patients who require medical care. 54, EEG - electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test that detects electrical activity in your brain using small, metal discs (electrodes) attached to your scalp.  Medical Electronic stethoscope Devices Incision drapes - Provide a physical barrier that protects the surgical field from contamination and to cover the patient and to collect fluids Ophthalmoscope - used to detect and evaluate symptoms of retinal detachment or eye diseases such as glaucoma. THANK YOU!