Pharmaceutical Formulations Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is classified as an inorganic hydrogel?

Tragacanth jelly

Methylcellulose

Bentonite gel (correct)

Pectin paste

What is a primary method of preparing gels involving inorganic agents?

Heating to dissolve before cooling

Direct hydrating the material in alcohol

Freshly precipitating the disperse phase (correct)

Mixing with surfactants to create emulsions

Which of the following is considered an organic gelling agent?

Bentonite

Alginic acid (correct)

Silica

Aluminum hydroxide

Which of these options represents a type of organogel?

Cocoa butter Signup and view all the answers

What role does Carbopol primarily serve in formulations?

Thickening agent and gelling agent Signup and view all the answers

Why should liniments not be applied to broken or bruised skin?

They might cause excessive irritation. Signup and view all the answers

What labeling is required for all liniments?

Must state they are for external use only. Signup and view all the answers

What type of activity is primarily associated with camphorated soap liniment?

Rubefacient for muscle and joint discomfort. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of having insoluble substances in a finely divided state inside a medicinal preparation?

To enable uniform doses and increase palatability Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes glycerites from other forms of liquid dosage?

Must contain at least 50% by weight of medicinal substances. Signup and view all the answers

Which precaution should be taken when handling glycerin?

Avoiding strong oxidizing agents to prevent explosions. Signup and view all the answers

What ingredient is used in the chalk mixture to help retain the suspension of particles?

Glycerin Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of emulsifying agents in liniments?

To allow even distribution of insoluble matter. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic does thixotropy describe in certain gels?

Liquid on standing but solid when shaken Signup and view all the answers

What should be indicated on the container of camphorated soap liniment?

Shake well before use. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature of gels in terms of composition?

Are composed of a three-dimensional network of particles containing liquid Signup and view all the answers

What type of medicinal mixture is referred to as an antacid and antidiarrheal agent?

Chalk Mixture Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding glycerin is accurate?

It is non-toxic and colorless. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the effects of finely dividing insoluble substances in medicinal preparations?

Enhanced adsorption properties Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a liquid dosage form consisting of a semisolid system with dispersed phases?

Gel Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT required for a good mixture containing insoluble substances?

Presence of a large number of bubbles Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'aggregation' refer to in the context of emulsions?

The coming together of dispersed droplets Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of events that occurs in emulsions before cracking occurs?

Aggregation, then coalescence, and finally cracking Signup and view all the answers

Which test would be most appropriate to identify an oil-in-water (o/w) type emulsion?

Drop Dilution Test showing homogeneity Signup and view all the answers

What HLB value range is indicative of a hydrophilic emulsifying agent producing an o/w emulsion?

8 to 18 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT typically found in a mineral oil emulsion formulation?

Gelatin as a thickener Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using a suspending agent in a mixture?

To hold insoluble substances in suspension Signup and view all the answers

What might indicate a water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion during a dye solubility test?

Using sudan red dye Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cracking is accurate?

It indicates the total separation of the two phases. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an emulsion dosage form?

To use as a vehicle for the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a counterirritant?

An agent causing irritation to relieve symptoms of deeper inflammation. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes creams from other dosage forms?

They are semisolid and meant for external application. Signup and view all the answers

Which ingredient is classified as an excipient?

An ingredient that serves a role other than an API Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of an antacid?

To neutralize excess gastric acid. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines a lozenge?

A solid dosage that dissolves slowly in the mouth. Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes a mild astringent's effect on the skin?

It draws water out of tissues to cause them to shrink. Signup and view all the answers

What does hyperphosphatemia indicate?

High levels of phosphate in the blood. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of a scalpel?

To make incisions in surgery Signup and view all the answers

Which device is designed to protect wounds from bacterial contamination?

Dressing Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of an ultrasound scanner?

To create images of internal body structures Signup and view all the answers

What is a gastric band used for?

To treat obesity by decreasing food intake Signup and view all the answers

Which device is used for drilling screws into bone?

Bone drill Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a hearing aid?

To amplify sound for hearing assistance Signup and view all the answers

What type of device is an intubation set?

To gain access to the airway Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of surgical gloves?

To protect the surgeon and patient from contamination Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Liquid Dosage Forms - Post Lab Notes

Liniments: Derived from Latin "linere" (to anoint), liniments are alcoholic or oleaginous solutions/emulsions of medicinal substances for rubbing on the skin. They are applied with friction/rubbing (embrocation)
Liniments are typically used for external application and are easier to apply than ointments but denser than water and liquid at room temperature.
Liniments come in the form of solutions, emulsions, or suspensions.
Types of Liniments:
- Alcoholic liniments are used for counterirritant, rubefacient, or penetrating action. Penetrate the skin readily.
- Oleaginous (oily) liniments are milder, better for massage, and less irritating. Do not penetrate the skin as deeply as alcoholic liniments.
Things to consider when using liniments:
- Avoid broken or bruised skin.
- External use only; do not ingest.
- Many formulations are emulsions; shake well before use for even distribution.
- Label liniments as instructions say.

Camphorated Soap Liniment

Synonyms: Linimentum Camphoras El Salponis, Linimentum Saponis molis, Linimentum Saponis Camphoratum, Soap Liniment, Liquid Opodeldoc
Uses: Rubefacient, treating sore/inflamed joints, muscles, tendons, and ligaments; local anesthetic for sprains/strains/bruises; alleviation of arthritis, bursitis and rheumatism; circulation problems
Category: Alcohol-based liniment
Method: Agitation (with or without heat)

Non-Aqueous Liquid Dosage Forms

Glycerites: Glycerite solutions/mixtures of medicinal substances, mostly viscous (some jelly-like). Used to create aqueous/alcoholic dilutions of readily soluble substances. Also used as protectants, emollients, and pill excipients.
Glycerite must be stored in tightly closed containers owing to their hygroscopic nature
Glycerin: (glycerol): colorless, odorless, viscous liquid. Sweet tasting and nontoxic
Not suitable for substances that react to strong oxidizers, as it is a reducing agent. Can react with strong oxidizers like KMnO4, chromium trioxide, and KClO3 resulting in explosion.
Converts into nitroglycerin when exposed to strong HNO3 or H2SO4.
Soluble in water; hygroscopic

Starch Glycerite

Synonyms: Glyceratum amyli. Starch Glycerin
Uses: Topical vehicle & protectant
Label: Red
Container: 30 mL Wide Mouth Amber Bottle
REMARKS: The heat ruptures the starch grains allowing water to hydrate the linear and beta subunits and branched starch molecules which trap the dispersion medium in the interstices, forming a gel-like consistency. Trituration is used in preparation. Should be stored in a tightly sealed container.

Emulsions

Emulsions are two-phase systems in which one liquid is dispersed throughout another immiscible liquid in the form of small globules.
Components:
- Dispersed liquid (internal phase)
- Dispersion medium (external phase)
- Emulsifying agent (intermediate agent)
Types of Emulsifying Agents:
- Natural - gelatin, egg yolk, casein, wool fat, cholesterol, acacia, tragacanth, chondrus, pectin, caraya, carrageenan
- Synthetic- Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3, magnesium trisilicate, Kaolin, Bentonite Magma, benzalkonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, SLS, PEG 400, spans, tweens, lecithin

Method of Preparation

Wet or English: Gum and water first, then add oil in one direction, creamy, sticky mixture (crackling sound).
Dry or Continental: Gum and oil first, then add water in one direction. Creamy, sticky mixture (crackling sound).
Bottle or Forbes: Oil/water/gum mixture, shake vigorously
Auxiliary methods: Hand homogenizer, In-situ soap (calcium or soft soap)
Microemulsions: 100-1000 Angstroms particle size

Problems in Emulsions

Creaming: upward movement of dispersed droplets relative to continuous phase.
Aggregation/flocculation is the collection of dispersed droplets which causes creaming.
Coalescence happens when droplets merge.
Cracking: complete separation of the two phases (o/w or w/o).
Phase inversion if the medium changes from oil/water (o/w) to water/oil (w/o) often due to evaporation.

Identifying Emulsions

Drop dilution test-add water.
Dye solubility- Oil soluble (sudan red), Water soluble (amaranth green).
Electronic Conductivity Test
Fluorescence Test

HLB System

Selecting emulsifying agents based on their hydrophilic and lipophilic balance.
HLB values usually between 1 and 20. HLB values between 8 and 18 are hydrophilic (o/w); values of 3 to 6 produce lipophilic (w/o)
Table 14.3 Activity and HLB Value of Surfactants: Shows different surfactant groups and their typical HLB values (antifoam, emulsifiers(oil/water), wetting agent, emulsifiers(water/oil), solubilizers, detergents.)

Mineral Oil Emulsion

Synonyms: Liquid Petrolatum Emulsion
Uses: Lubricating cathartic (30mL dose)
Label: White, auxiliary (shake well)
Container: 30ml Wide Mouth Amber Bottle
Method: Dry Gum Method
REMARKS: Mineral Oil as cathartic, Acacia as emulsifying agent, syrup as sweetener, vanillin as flavoring, alcohol as preservative. Keep in cool dry place below 25°C, “Shake well” instruction.

Mixtures (in Liquid Dosage Forms)

Mixtures are aqueous liquid preparations containing undissolved, insoluble solids (suspensoids).
Good mixtures have small, finely divided particles (insoluble substances). Should be uniformly dispersed throughout the preparation.
Suspension must be accomplished by use of colloids and special methods of precipitation.

Classification of Dispersed Systems

Class: Molecular Dispersion, Colloidal Dispersion, Course Dispersion
Range of particle size: Less than 1nm, 1nm to 0.5 μm, greater than 0.5 μm
Characteristics: Characteristics of system (diffusion, invisible in miscroscope,(ordinary loss), diffuse slowly/visible in EM/UL, etc.)

Chalk Mixture

Synonyms: Mixture de Creta, Mistura Cratae, Dropped Chalk, Calcium carbonate chalk, Precipitated Calcium Carbonate
Uses: Antacid, antidiarrheal agent
Label: White, auxiliary (shake well)
Container: 30 ml Flint bottle
Method: Simple Hydration
REMARKS: Glycerin (as a viscosity agent) is added to retard particle settling and chalk mixtures should be shaken for proper dosage

Gels (in Liquid Dosage Forms)

Semisolid systems - either small inorganic particles or large organic molecules dispersed in a liquid.
Also classified as semi-rigid 3D networks of particles or solvated macromolecules of the dispersed phase.
Very fine particle size leading to broad surface area, resulting in maximum adsorption capacity.
Contain various ingredients: peppermint oil, glycerin, sorbitol, sucrose, saccharin, and flavor/preservative. Not exceeding 0.5%.
Two-phase systems: Thixotropic suspensions, Single-phase systems of synthetic macromolecules.

General Classification of Gels

Inorganic: Aluminum hydroxide gel, Bentonite magma
Organic: Carbopol, Tragacanth
Hydrogels: Organic(pectin paste, tragacanth jelly), Natural and synthetic gums (methylcellulose, sodium CMC, Pluronic) Inorganic (Bentonite gel, Veegum, silica)
Organogels: Petrolatum, mineral oil/polyethylene gel (Plastibase), animal/vegetable fats (lard, cocoa butter), soap base, greases (aluminum stearate with heavy mineral oil gel), hydrophilic organogels (carbowax bases, PEG ointment), Polar, Nonionic

Preparation of Gels

Gelling agents (ex: acacia, alginic acid, bentonite, CMC sodium etc..) are used to make a suspension of the insoluble ingredients, resulting in a gel.

Aluminum Hydroxide Gel

Synonyms: Colloidal Aluminum Hydroxide, Amphojel, Alternagel
Uses: Antacid (not for alkalosis), heartburn, hyperacidity, peptic ulcers, gastritis, esophagitis, skin protectant (mild astringent)
Category: Medicated Gel
Label: White label, Shake well
Container: 30 ml wide mouth amber bottle
Method: Chemical Reaction
Remarks: (Additional details regarding side effects, additives, usage and mixing)

Lotion

Aqueous or alcoholic preparation containing insoluble materials (suspension, emulsions).
Applied without friction.
Preferred over semi-solid preparations due to non-greasy and broad spreadability.. Often used as washes
Label: For external use only. Shake well before use.

Method Preparation of Lotions

Trituration: Ingredients are triturated to form a smooth paste. The liquid phase is carefully added to the paste.
Chemical interaction: Ingredients interact in a chemical reaction with resulting solid/liquid mixture.
Preparation of Clear Solutions: Where the active ingredient is water-soluble.

Calamine Topical Lotion

Ingredients: Ferric oxide, calamine, zinc oxide, glycerin, bentonite, calcium hydroxide.
Uses: Antipruritic, astringent, antiseptic, topical protectant, treating skin conditions (itching, infection, allergy, pain)
Category: Lotion
Label: Red label
Container: 30 ml amber bottle
Method: Levigation and Trituration
Remarks: Most lotions are oil-in-water emulsions. Water-in-oil lotions are also developed.

Suspension

Liquid preparation containing non-soluble solids.
Solids (suspensoids) are dispersed uniformly throughout the liquid (vehicle/medium)
Must be held in suspension (use appropriate suspending/thickening agents)
Dispersing agents prevent clumping so that the liquid and solid phases can remain separated. Needs to be shaken.

Characteristics of a Good Suspension

Should easily re-suspend; taking a moderate time to settle.
Easy to pour, not watery, and not gritty in texture.
Have a pleasant odor, color, and taste.
Physically, chemically, microbiologically stable (no adverse chemical reaction/color changes within a reasonable time frame).

Other Medical Devices

Comprehensive list of various medical devices (blood sampling kits, blood transfusion sets, breathing circuits, cannulas, catheters).
Includes additional medical devices such as cervical collars, clinical thermometers, abdominal pads, access/injection ports.
Additional medical devices (aphoresis kits, anesthesia sets, bandages, blood bags, clip appliers/clips, skin staplers, catheter condoms, contact lens solutions, etc.)
Additional medical devices, including devices like cotton, operating lamps & tables, otoscopes, dental fillers, scalpel, dialyzers, ultrasound scanners, bone drills, earwax removers etc.

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Description

Test your knowledge on pharmaceutical formulations, including classifications of gels, organic and inorganic gelling agents, and the role of emulsifying agents. This quiz covers essential aspects of preparing and labeling medicinal preparations, as well as the precautions required in handling certain ingredients.