DAY 3.docx

**Geography** COURSE DESCRIPTION Demonstrate an understanding of the world, its people, communities, and cultures with emphasis on relations of and across space and place. Guides in analyzing the **geo-politics** and its principles, and how culture is shaped by the environment and vice versa. *...

**Geography** COURSE DESCRIPTION Demonstrate an understanding of the world, its people, communities, and cultures with emphasis on relations of and across space and place. Guides in analyzing the **geo-politics** and its principles, and how culture is shaped by the environment and vice versa. **Geography** the study of **physical properties of Earth\'s surface and the human societies** spread across it. **NATURE AND SCOPE OF GEOGRAPHY** **1. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY** the **study of places and the relationships between people** and their environments +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | GEOGRAPHY: An Overview | | | | | | o Nature and Scope of Geography 1 | | | | | | (Human Geography) | | | | | | oThe Historical Evolution of | | | Geographical | | | | | | Thought | | | | | | o Ancient Geography | | | | | | o Modern Geography | | | | | | o Approaches to Geography Today | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **HUMAN GEOGRAPHY** | **PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Study of **human characteristics | Examines the **physical features | | on the landscape** | of the earth** and define how | | | they work | | Ex. Population, agriculture, | | | culture | Ex. Wind, water, weather patterns | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **FIVE THEMES GEOGRAPHY** 1\. PLACE 2\. REGION 3\. LOCATION 4\. HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION 5\. SPATIAL INTERACTION OR MOVEMENT **SIX ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS IN GEOGRAPHY** 1\. THE SPATIAL WORLD 2\. PLACES AND REGIONS 3\. PHYSICAL SYSTEMS 4\. HUMAN SYSTEMS 5\. ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY 6\. USES OF GEOGRAPHY IN TODAY\'S SOCIETY --------------------------------- Geography as a Field of Inquiry --------------------------------- Evolved from speculative philosophical endeavor into a vigorous academic research and applied science First geographers studied places and regions for practical purposes (developing trade routes to distant and dangerous lands) Chinese, Greek, and North African scholars made precise measurements and detailed maps **CARTOGRAPHY-** Art and science of mapmaking **Cartographers-** Map makers **THE GREEKS** First classified geography as a study and a science **Geographical Accounts** *Classical literature* *Accounts of sailors* Socrates, Plato, Aristotle believed that the earth was round based on Pythagoras mathematical and scientific work  **ERATOSTHENES** cartographer who made remarkable and accurate computation of the earth\'s circumference. Coined the term \"geography\" (\"earth writing\") geo -- earth, graphein -- "to write,draw,illustrate"- **PTOLEMY** \"Guide to Geography" Rough maps of the land masses at that time and a global grid system. A map of the world Description automatically generated **THE MODERN PERIOD** Medieval to Modern Explorers (Columbus, Magellan, etc.) **ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM** 20th century geographical school of thought/theory which proposes that cultures are a direct result of where they exist warmer climates tend to cause inhabitants to have more relaxed attitude toward work and progress Europeans and those in more temperate climates were more motivated, intelligent and culturally advanced than warmer climates. 1930\'s: attacked as prejudicial and undeniably incorrect **POSSIBILIST** (Carl Sauer) Suggests that **humans are not a product of their environment but possess that skills** necessary to modify their environment to fit human needs. People can determine their outcomes. **TODAY AND BEYOND** (New Technologies in the Study of Geography) Global Positioning Systems (GPS) satellite imagery and remote sensing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS | **GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS | | (GPS)** | (GIS)** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Uses latitude and longitude | Uses geographic information and | | coordinates to determine and | layers into a new map showing | | exact/absolute location on the | specific types of geographic | | Earth. | | | | data (for analysis). | | can be incorporated into handheld | | | devices that pick up signals | Ex. Vatersheds, population | | broadcast by satellites circling | density, Highways, agricultural | | the globe Found in cars and | data | | cellphones. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **2. POPULATION GEOGRAPHY** | | | | The Measurement and Implications of Growth | | | | a\. Population Distribution | | | | b\. Population Dynamics | | | | c\. Demographic Transition | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **POPULATION GEOGRAPHY** GEODEMOGRAPHY **POPULATION EXPLOSION** World Population: 7.8 billion and rising. Most population growth is the taking places in less developed countries (ill-prepared to handle growing numbers of people) **DEMOGRAPHY** scientific analysis/study of population trends and it predicts future occurrences based on present statistics. A country's population growth and demographics are important in: Setting political Policy Allocating scarce resources **OVERPOPULATION** Lack of necessary resources to meet the needs of the population of a defined area. **CARRYING CAPACITY** Ability if the land to sustain a certain number of people. MAJOR FACTORS +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **CRUDE BIRTH RATE** | **CRUDE DEATH RATE** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Number of births per 1000 people | Number of deaths per 1000 people | | | | | NATALITY RATE | MORTALITY RATE | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Site and Situation Factors** When we look at different population clusters around the world we can see common themes that revolve around the different site and situation factors. **POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY** --------------------------------- ---------------------------------- **POPULATION DISTRIBUTION** **POPULATION DENSITY** The spread of people in an area The amount of people In an area. --------------------------------- ---------------------------------- **TYPES OF POPULATION DENSITY** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **ARITHMETHIC | **PHYSIOLOGICAL | **AGRICULTURAL | | DENSITY** | DENSITY** | DENSITY** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Total Population\\ | Total Population\\ | Total number of | | | | Farmers\\ | | Total Amount of Land | Total Amount of | | | | Arable Land | Total Amount of | | | | Arable Land | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Divides the entire | Only takes into | | | population | account | | | | | | | of a country by the | the land that is | | | total land | being used by | | | | | | | Look in to a | humans (e.g. | | | country's | pastures, urban | | | | | | | population trends | centers etc.) | | | | | | | | Accurate way to | | | | measure a | | | | | | | | country's population | | | | density | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+  **THOMAS MALTHUS** *Rapid increase population* *Malthusian Theory* *\"An Essay on the Principle of Population"* A diagram of a graph Description automatically generated **Malthusian Theory** the theory of exponential population and arithmetic food supply growth **Linear Growth** that occurs evenly across each unit of time(foodsupply) E**xponential growth-** Growth as a percentage of the total population  **WORLD POPULATION GROWTH CHART** Stage 1: Hunting and Gathering Societies Stage Stage 2: Agricultural Societies Stage 3: Industrial Societies Stage 4: Tertiary Societies **CAUSES OF POPULATION INCREASE AND DECREASE** **POPULATION INCREAS**E - Medical advances - Quantity and Quality of Food - Ethnic and religious issues - Economic issues - Gender issues **POPULATION DECREASE** - Natural hazards and disasters - War and Political turmoil - Economic issues **POPULATION STRUCTURE** **Population Pyramid** -- Measures the country's population breakdown by age and gender +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Sex Ratio** | **Dependency Ratio** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Number of males compared to | Aged 0-14 and over 65 depend on | | females in a population | the workforce for support | | | | | | Workforce (15-64) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ *Crowd Counting Estimate*- **Jacob Herbert rule**- jacob's rule. Land area x crowd density One child policy in china- 2016 ended +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | GEOGRAPHY OF MIGRATION | | | | Migration and Population | | | | Migration Push and Pull Factors | | | | Internal Migration | | | | International Migration | | | | Refugees | | | | Immigration Policies | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Geography of human migration** **MIGRATION-** The **spatial movement of** **a person or group of person**s from one place to another, more or less for permanent residency. **Internal migration** Is the spatial movement of a person or group of persons **within a country** or specified territory, more or less for permanent residency. **International migratio**n -Is the spatial movement of a person or group of persons from **one country to another**, more or less for permanent settlement. **Immigration (in)** refers to the act of moving into a new country or region to live there permanently. **Emigration (exit)** refers to the act of leaving one\'s own country or region to livein another. **Push factor** -These are the **negative aspects** or conditions of a place that **drive people to leave.** **Pull factor-** These are the **positive aspects** or conditions of a place that **attract people** to move there. **Effects of migration in political, economic,** **environmental, and cultural issue**s **Intervening obstacles** factors that **hinder or prevent migration.** These can be environmental, cultural, or political barriers that make it difficult for people to move from one place to another. **Intervening opportunities** factors that cause **migrants to settle in a place** other than their original destination **Migratory patterns** Refer to the **large-scale movement of populations** from one location to another, often driven by factors like food availability, climate, and breeding needs. These patterns can be observed in both animals and humans. **Chain Migration:** This occurs when individuals migrate to a new location in stages, often **following family** **or friends** who have already moved. **Forced Migration**: This type of migration happens when people are **compelled to leave their homes** due to conflict, natural disasters, or other life threatening situations. **Voluntary migration** occurs when individuals **choose to move** to a new location based on their own free will and initiative. This type of migration is typically driven by the desire for better opportunities, improved living conditions, or personal reasons. **Involuntary Migration:** Similar to forced migration, involuntary migration involves people being **moved against their will.** However, it can also include situations where individuals are relocated due to economic pressures or government policies. **Economic Migrants**- seeking better opportunities abroad **Refugees-** people who have **fled their home country** due to a well-founded **fear** of being persecuted because of their race, religion, nationality, or membership of a particular social group or political opinion.It gave them specific rights and protections, including access to health care and education. **Asylum seeker** is a person who has requested recognition as a refugee and whose claim has not yet been assessed. **Internally displaced persons (IDP)-** make up one of the largest migrant groups and are uniquely vulnerable. **Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees,-** which AIDS and advocates for millions of refugees across the world. **PATHFIT 3** **AEROBICS** is a form of p**hysical exercise that combines rhythmic exercise with stretching and strength** training routines with the goal of improving all elements of fitness. - It is usually performed to music and may be practiced in a group setting led by an instructor, although it can be done solo and without music accompaniment. Formal aerobics classes are divided into different levels of intensity and complexity and will have five components: 1. warm-up (5-10 mins), 2. cardiovascular conditioning (25-30 mins), 3. strength conditioning (10-15 mins), 4. cool-down (5-8 mins), and 5. stretching and flexibility (5-8 mins). **Elements of FitnessFlexibility**. the ability of a joint or, pain free range of motion**Muscular Strength.** the amount of force you can put out or the amount of weight you can lift**Cardiovascular Strength.** is how well your heart and lungs can supply the oxygen you need while you exercise at medium to high intensity. **Moves and Techniques** - Often moves are referred to as **Rebook** step moves in reference to one of the first makers of the plastic step commonly used in gyms. - Step aerobics was developed by **Gin Miller** around **1989**. - After a knee injury, Miller consulted with an orthopedic doctor, who recommended she strengthen the muscles supporting the knee by stepping up and down on a milk crate, from this she developed the step regimen. **Basic Steps** 1. Corner knee (corner kick) 2. Repeater knee (Triple knee) 3. T-Step 4. Over the Top 5. Lunges 6. V-Step 7. Straddle Down 8. L-Step 9. Split step 10. I-Step **Health Benefits of an Aerobic Exercises** 1. Helps reduce the risk of developing heart disease 2. Increases energy 3. Helps decrease anxiety and stress 4. Helps you feel better 5. Strengthens muscles 6. Strengthens ligaments and bones 7. Improves your body figure 8. Maintains physically fit 9. Improves sleep 10. Helps you reach a healthy good weight 11. Improves efficiency of movement 12. Decreases resting heart rate **Warm-up Exercises** 1\. Jogging in place 10 counts left and right foot2. Head Rotation 10 counts3. Neck Rotation 8 counts to the left and 8 counts to complete slow rotation4. Shoulder Rotation 10 counts5. Arm Circling 10 counts6 Knee Rotation 8 counts forward, 8 counts backward 7. Feet Rotation 8 counts forward, 8 counts backward8. Steps forward 8 counts forward, 8 counts backward9. Leg Lifting-8 counts forward, 8 backward10. Jumping Jack-8 counts forward, 8 side left and right11. Knee Push-up-8 counts forward, 8 backward12. Seat-ups-10 counts13. Curl-ups 16 counts14. Bear Hug 10 counts starting from left **YOGA**, the way of life - Yoga is the physical, mental and spiritual practices which originated in ancient India with a view to attain a state of permanent peace of mind in order to experience one's true self. - The word Yoga has been derived from the Sanskrit word "**YUG**" which means to j**oin or to unite.** - Yoga is the Union of the Individual soul with the Absolute or Divine Soul. - Yoga also means the **unification of physical, mental,** intellectual and spiritual aspects of human being. - It is the science of development of a person's consciousness. **Purpose of Yoga** - The ultimate goal of Yoga is **Moksha** (liberation) through the exact definition of what from this takes depends on the philosophical or theological system which it is conjugated. **History** - **Gurus** from India introduced Yoga to the west following the success of Swami Vivekananda in the late 19th and early 20th century. - In **1980**'s, yoga became popular as a system of physical exercise across the western world. This form of Yoga is often called Hatha Yoga. **Benefits of Yoga** - complementary intervention for cancer, asthma and heart disease. - musculo-skeletal and mental health improvements. **Importance of Yoga** 1\. Physical Purity2. Cures and Prevention from Disease3. Reduces Mental Tension4. Beautification of Body5. Provides Relaxation6. Keeps the Correct Posture of Body 7\. Yoga can be performed easily8. Spiritual Development9. Increases Flexibility10. Reduces Obesity11. Improves Health12. Enhances Moral and Ethical Values**Yoga Techniques** 1\. **Surya namaskar.** It is a salutation to the sun - It is known to ease stress and give you peace of mind besides increasing your level of concentration. 2\. (**DHYANA) Meditation.** It is the state of mind wherein there are no sensor thoughts. - It leads to a deeper level of relaxation, reduces anxiety, decreases muscle tension and headache. 3\. **Pranayama**. It means "a pause in the movement of breath" - It increases the spiritual power and confers cheerfulness and inner peace. **Yoga Positions**1. **Hastapadasana** (forward bending)- one of the 12 basic asanas. It is considered to be very effective in curing constipation, hairloss, back pain and also beneficial to increase height.- In sanskrit language, \"**hasta**\" means hand\", \"**pada**\" means foot, and \"**asana**\" means pose.  **2. Utkatasana**(backward bending standing)- increases strength, balance and stability. The hamstring, quadriceps, gluteal muscles, and the contract isometrically to keep the normal curvature of the spine. \- The anterior lower leg muscles are also strengthened and developed. \- These include the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and peroneus tertius. **3. Trikonasana** (sideward bending standing)- a standing yoga that requires strength, balance and flexibility. \- In this posture, both arms extend with legs spread apart and one foot turned at a 90 degree angle, \- The upper body bends towards the lead foot so that one arm reaches towards the ground and the other towards the ground and the other towards the sky.  4\. **Tadasan** (balancing standing)- The Mountain Pose, or Tadasana (Ta-DAH-sa-na), is one of the foundational poses in yoga. \- In this basic starting position, you are standing tall and strong, providing a stable base for your body. 5\. **Pashimottanasana** (forward bending sitting)- the seated forward bend, is the fifth of the 12 basic postures of hatha yoga. \- to provide a complete stretch of the entire backside of the body from the back of the head through the heels.  6\. **Eka pada rajapotasana** (backward sitting)- From a prone position, one leg is brought forward with the knee bent so that the shin crosses under the chest. In the full form of the pose, the chest lifts into a backbend and the back leg is bent, shin vertical and the hands reach back to clutch the foot. \- Variations Rajakapotasana may have hands and/or back leg on the ground, as well as the chest folded over the front leg. 7\. **Parivritta janu sirsasana** (sideward sitting)- Revolved head to knee pose is calming as well as invigorating. Its a both a relaxing twist and a mood lifting shoulder and chest opening backbend.  8\. **Padangustha asana (**balancing sitting)- One can build up to toe stand in stages, strengthening your knees as you go. If you have got tight hamstrings, take this pose slowly, as it requires flexibility from both sets of muscles. 9\. **Halasana** (forward bending lying)- This pose prepares the field of body and mind for deep rejuvenation.  10\. **Setu bandha sarvagasana** (backward bending laying) \- This asana is pronounced as SAY-tuh-bun-DHAHS-ana \- The pose resembles a bridge, hence the name 11\. **Pawanmuktasana** (sideward and bending lying)- A very powerful pose at the beginning of the asana practice, which helps entire digestive system and makes asana practice more easy.  12\. **Anantasana** (balancing lying)- The name comes from the Sanskrit words ananta meaning \"without end\" or \"the infinite one\", derived from the name of the thousand-headed serpent Sesa upon which Vishnu rested at the bottom of the primordial ocean, and Asana (, Asana) meaning \"posture\" or \"seat\". **RUNNING FOR FITNESS** - refers to engaging in running activities as a means to improve overall physical health and well-being - Encompasses various aspects such as enhancing cardiovascular endurance, strengthening muscles, managing weight, reducing stress, and promoting mental clarity - Unlike competitive running, running for fitness focuses on personal health goals and maintaining a regular, sustainable exercise routine. **Benefits of Running** - objective of running depends on the individual's choice - most people involved themselves in running to **feel good** and **look better** - improves the quality of life and therefor should be practiced as a lifetime habit - long life expectancy and the desire to perform tasks well are the common reasons why most are engaging in various physical activities **Physical Benefits** - develops strengths, endurance, and flexibility of the muscles and enhances the growth of bones - improves blood circulation - controls body weight and improves posture of the body - reduces the risks of injuries **Psychological Benefits** - stress reduction that builds emotional stability which promotes greater confidence and a positive self-image. - enhances potentials that makes a person enjoy working which produces life accomplishments **Intellectual Benefits** - improves the cognitive functions of an individual such as concentration which results to better grades - decreases the risk of developing mental impairment such as dementia **Social Benefits** - encourages active work, recreation, and performance among the community - invites other people to join in active physical activities - promotes a cheerful relationship among family members and society **Tips to Remember in Running** 1\. Make sure to relax the arms and shoulders; bend the elbows. 2\. keep an upright posture, strike the ground from heel to toes.3. Start with a smooth run and increase the speed gradually to avoid muscle cramps.4. Execute warm-up before the run and cool-down after to loosen the body muscles.5. It is best to run with a family member or friend to encourage more people.**Precautionary Measures while Running** **1.** Do a warm up before running.2. Use the appropriate equipment.3. Survey the weather first.4. Observe road safety.5. Stay alert at all times.6. Beware of animals.7. Set your running goals. **Signs that you may be injured or need to alter or stop your running include:** - Pain or discomfort while runninP - Pain at rest - Inability to sleep - Limping - Easily experiencing shortness of breath (exercise asthma) - Stiffness - Headaches during or after running - Dizziness or lightheaded feeling any time **Steady Run** \- The staple diet of long distance runner \- The length and pace of a run will be highly variable dependent on a range of factors, split into two categories: - Athlete's Fitness - Running Conditions **Fartlek Run** \- Was first practiced in Sweden in the **1930**'s, with its literal translation being speed play- The athlete will vary the speed at which they are moving at different stages of a run **Paarlauf Run** \- Not a very commonly used but can be a fun way of training - Literally it means "pair run", but is basically a relay which can be done with two or more people- Relay comprises of one of the team running whilst the others rest, before they get to go again**Interval Run** \- Training sessions where you do repetitions with recoveries between them running at a speed which is greater than they could for a steady run **Uphill and Downhill Run-** As you approach an uphill; - Make sure you have a good running form - Your back should be straight and erect - Concentrate on swinging your arms lower and shorter - As you reach the top of the hill, you can begin your normal stride again. \- The best way to run downhill is; - To lean forward slightly and take short quick strides - Don't lean back and try to break yourself - Try to keep your shoulders just slightly in front of you and your hips under you - Avoid taking huge leaping steps to reduce the pounding on your legs **Principles of TrainingSpecificity.** Training must also be specific to individual abilities such as tolerance to training stress and recoverability. **Overload**. Whilst training loads must be increased gradually, they must also allow the body to adapt to avoid injury. **Adaption** refers to the body\'s ability to adjust to increased or decreased physical demands. Repeatedly practicing a skill or activity makes it second nature and easier to perform**Progression**. To steadily improve fitness levels, physical demands to overload an athlete\'s system must continually increase. **Reversibility**. The rate of decline for athletes will depend on the length of training before detraining, the specific muscle group and other factors **Variation**. Training cycles should be used over the course of the year to vary the intensity and volume of training to help achieve peak levels of fitness for competition. **Stretching** **Dynamic.** Range of motion recommended for maintaining flexibility warming up joints and easing muscle tension. Dynamic movement of body.**Static/safest and most practical way).** Slow gradual lengthening, holding and releasing of specific muscle groups. Muscle spindle response is avoided. You can stretch the muscle more effectively. **History of Volleyball** - **1895**- **William G. Morgan**, The game of volleyball, originally called **mintonette** after the invention of basketball by only 4 years. - Morgan, a graduate of the Springfield College of the YMCA, designed the game to be a combination of basketball, baseball, tennis and handball. - The first volleyball net, borrowed from tennis was only 6'6 high (though you need to remember that the average American was shorter in the 19th century). - **1900**, a special ball was designed for the sport. - Introduced in Asia specifically in India - **1910**, The Physical Directors of the YMCA Elwood S. Brown, first introduced volleyball in the Philippine that year. - **1916**, in the Philippines , an offensive style of passing ball in a high trajectory to be struck by another player (the set and the spike)were introduced. The Filipinos developed the **bomba or kill and called the hitter a "bomberino"**. - Volleyball was added to school and physical education and intramural programs - **1917**, the game was changed from **21 to 15 points.** - **1920**, three hits per side and back row attack rules were instituted. - **1922**, the first YMCA national championships were held in Brooklyn, NY 27 teams from 11 states were represented. - **1928**, it became clear that tournaments and rules were needed the United States Volleyball Association(USVBA, now USA Volleyball) was formed. The first U.S. Open was staged, as the field was open to non --YMCA squads. - **1930**, the first two-man beach game was played - **1934**, the approval and recognition of national volleyball referees. - **1940s**, Forearm pass introduced to the game ( as desperation play). Most balls were played with overhand pass. - **1947**, the Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded in the Paris. - **1948**, the first two-man beach tournament was held. - **1949**, the first World Championships were held in Prage, Czechoslovakia. - **1951**, Volleyball was played by over 50 million people each year in over 60 countries. - **1960s**, new techniques added to the game included- the soft spike (dink), forearm pass (bump) blocking across the net and defensive diving and rolling. - **1964**, Volleyball was introduced to the Olympic Games in Tokyo. - **1968**, National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) made volleyball their fifteenth competitive sport. - **1969**, The Executive Committee of the NCAA proposed addition of volleyball to its program. - **1974**, the World Championship in Mexico were telecast in Japan. - **1983**, the Association of the Volleyball Professional (AVP) was formed. - **1986**, the Women's Professional Volleyball Association (WPVA) was formed. - **1987**, the FIVB added a Beach Volleyball World Championship Series. - **1989**, the FIVB Sports Aid Program was created. - **1990**,the World League was created. - **1994**, Volleyball World Wide, the first internet site on the sport of volleyball, was created. - **1995**, the sport of Volleyball was 100 years old - **1996**, 2-persons beach volleyball was added to the Olympics **Volleyball history in the Philippines** **Elwood S. Brown** - He is the Physical Director of YMCA. - He first introduced volleyball in the Philippines year back **1910**. - Volleyball starts as recreational and sports in our country. - Philippine people have began to play volleyball as a backyard sports and games of beach volleyball soon followed, according to information from the Philippine Volleyball Federation or PVF. **VOLLEYBALL RULES AND REGULATIONS** - Only 6 players on the floor at any given time: 3 in the front row and 3 in the back row. - Points are made on every serve for the winning team of the rally (rally-point scoring). - Players may not hit the ball twice in succession (a block is not considered a hit). - Ball may be played off the net during a volley and on a serve. - A ball hitting a boundary line is in. - A ball is out if it hits an antennae, the floor completely outside the court, any of the net or cables outside the antennae, the referee stand or pole, or the ceiling above a non-playable area. - It is legal to contact the ball with any part of a player's body. - It is illegal to catch, hold or throw the ball.A player cannot block or attack a serve from on or inside the 10-foot line. - After the serve, front-line players may switch positions at the net. - Matches are made up of sets; the number depends on level of play. - Stepping on or across the service line when serving while making contact with the ball. - Failure to serve the ball over the net successfully. - Ball-handling errors and contacting the ball illegally (double touching, lifting, carrying, throwing, etc.) - Blocking a ball coming from the opponent's court and contacting the ball when reaching over the net if your opponent has not used 3 contacts and has a player there to make a play on the ball. - Attacking a ball coming from the opponent's court and contacting the ball when reaching over the net when the ball has not yet broken the vertical plane of the net. - Crossing the court centerline with any part of your body, with the exception of a hand or foot. It is only considered a violation if the entire hand or entire foot crosses the court centerline. - Serving out of rotation or out of order.Back row player blocking (deflecting a ball coming from the opponent) when, at the moment of contact, the back row player is near the net and has part of their body above the top of the net. This is an illegal block. - Back row player attacking a ball inside the front zone (the area inside the 3M/10-foot line) when, at the moment of contact, the ball is completely above the net. This is an illegal attack. **FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT OF VOLLEYBALLVolleyball Court** \- A specially marked horizontal area within which a game is played. - The playing court is 18m long and 9m wide and it is surrounded by a free zone 3m wide on all sides.- The playing area must be flat, horizontal and uniform. It must not present any danger of injury to the players.**LINES ON THE COURTService line.** The area from which the server may serve the volleyball, it is marked 10 feet inside the right sideline on each back line.  **Center line.** It is marked at the center of the court dividing it equally into 30 feet squares (9cm), above which the net is placed. **Attack line.** Attack line, whose rear edge is drawn 3ms back from the axis of the center line, marks the front zone.  **Boundary line**. Two sidelines and two end lines mark the playing court. **Zones and AreasSubstitution zone.** Limited by the extension of both attach lines up to the scorer's table.  Libero Raplacement zone. Part of the free zone on the side of the team benches. - Limited by the extension of the attack line up to the end line. **EQUIPMENTSBall/ Volleyball.** The standard volleyball is **made of leather or synthetic leather,** weighs between **9 and 10 ounce**s and has a circumference of **25.6 to 26.4 inc**hes. The ball has a rubber bladder and can be one colour or a combination of colors. Synthetic leather is lighter and is fine for beginner players. Junior volleyballs for children 12 years old and younger weigh between 7 and 8 ounces.**Net and Net Posts** **Net posts.** Net Posts are positioned 36 feet apart and 3 feet further out from the sidelines. **Height of the Net**. Place vertically over the center line. Top is set at the height of 2.43 for men and 2.24 women.**Structure of the net.** Net is 1m wide and 9.5-10m long (with 25-50cm on each side of the side bands) made of 10 cm square black mesh. **Side bands**. Two white bands, 5cm wide (same as with the court lines) and 1m long fastened vertically to the net and placed above each side line.  Antenna. A flexible rod, 1.80m long and 10 mm in diameter, made of fiberglass or similar material. Posts. Place at a distance of 0.50---1.00m outside the side lines. They are 2.55m high and perfectly adjustable. **Volleyball Attire** - All clothing should be lightweight to allow maximum flexibility and breathability, as well as made of a material that absorbs sweat and keeps skin dry. Spandex shorts are a good option, as they are flexible, light and absorb odor. - The uniform **jersey** should have an athletic look. The Libero must wear a uniform whose jersey at least must contrast in color with that of the other members of the team, but it must be numbered like the rest of the team.  - Volleyball **shoes** also provide for better lateral movement than typical running or cross-training shoes. - **Socks** must be uniform in color and the same length of socks for the entire team. - Used by players during competition e.g. knee pads, elbow protectors, player hand towels, head bands, and wrist bands. **OFFICIALS HAND SIGNALS IN VOLLEYBALL -** Signals are your language as a referee \- Referees use a set of hand signals to communicate their decisions to players, coaches, and spectators. It\'s important to understand these signals if you\'re a player, coach, or spectator so you can follow the game and know what\'s happening. 1. **Team to serve**. Extend the arm to the side of team that will serve 2\. **Authorization to serve.** Move the hand to indicate direction of service 3\. **Change of court.** Raise the forearms front and back and twist them around the body 4\. **Time-out**. Place the palm of one hand over the fingers of the other, held vertically (forming a T)and then indicate the requesting team  5\. **Substitution**. circular motions of the foreams around each other 6\. **Misconduct warning.** Show a yellow and red card for warning  7\. **Expulsion**. Show both cards jointly for expulsion 8\. **Disqualification**. Show yellow and red cards separately for disqualification 9\. **End of set/match.** Cross the forearms in front of the chest, hands open 10**. Ball not tosses or not release at the service**. Lift the extended arm, the palm of the hand facing upwards 11\. **Delay in service**. Raise eight fingers, spread open 12\. **Blocking fault or screening.** Raise both arms vertically, palms forward 13\. **Rotational fault.** Make a circular motion with the forefinger 14\. **Ball in.** Points the arm and fingers toward the floor 15\. **Ball out.** Raise the forearms vertically, hands open, palms toward the body 16\. **Catch or lifting**. Slowly lift the forearm, palm of the hand facing upwards 17\. **Double contact.** Raise two fingers, spread open 18\. **Four hits**. Raise four fingers, spread open 19\. **Net touch**. Indicate the relevant side of the net with the corresponding hand 20\. **Overreaching or reaching beyond the net.** Place a hand above the net, palm facing downwards 21\. **Attack hit fault.** Make a downward motion with the forearm, hand open 22\. **Penetration into the opponent court or crossing or the server touches the court.** Point to the center line or to the relevant line 23\. **Double fault and replay**. Raise both thumbs vertically  24\. **Ball touch**. Brush with the palm of one hand the fingers of the other, held vertically 25\. **Delay warning/ delay penalty.** Cover the wrist with a yellow card (warning) and with the red card (penalty)**6 BASIC SKILLS IN VOLLEYBALL1. Serving**: The serve is the first contact in a volleyball game, and it\'s an important opportunity to gain an advantage over the opposing team. - different types of serves, such as the **underhand serve**, the **overhand serve**, and the **jump serve**. Some more advanced serves include the **floater** and the **topspin**. 2\. **Passing**: Also known as the bump, is used to receive the ball from the opposing team\'s serve or hit. - To pass effectively, the player should get in position, keep their arms straight and feet parallel, extend their knees forward, and make contact with the ball using their forearms. 3\. **Setting**: Setting or overhead passing is the most important step in an offensive play as it determines which player gets to spike or attack. 4\. **Attacking**: Attacking, also known as hitting, is the final step in the pass-set-spike sequence and is used to score points. - Spiking is a combination of jumping with powerful arm swings in order to smash the ball onto the opponent's side of the court. - **Cross-court spike:** an attack that goes diagonally across the court, from one corner to the opposite corner. This type of spike is often used to avoid the opposing team\'s blockers and to target an open area of the court. - **Line spike**: an attack that goes straight down the line ahead of the hitter, either on the left or right side of the court. - **Tool spike**: an attack that intentionally hits off the opposing team\'s blockers, deflecting the ball out of bounds. This type of spike is often used when the opposing team\'s blockers are positioned close to the net and the attacker has limited options. 5\. **Blocking**: is a defensive skill used to stop the opposing team\'s attack and can also be used to potentially score points. 6\. **Digging**: is a defensive skill used to save the ball from hitting the ground. It is often done when the ball does not come directly at the player, and a standard underhand pass would be impossible or extremely difficult to get. - **Liberos** are often the position that digs the most as they are the core of a team's defense. **THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD** - Refers to circumstances and ideas of the present age, where it deals with problems and issues related to the **environment, population, wealth, power, tensions, and conflicts.** **GLOBALIZATION** - The process of world shrinkage, of distances, getting shorter, and things moving closer. - It pertains to the increasing ease with which somebody on one side of the world can interact to mutual benefit with somebody on one side of the world (Thomas Larson 2001 ) - In the mid-1990s, **Martin Khor,** the former President of Third World Network in Malaysia, once regarded globalization as **colonization** - It is a world of things that have different speeds, axes, points of origin and termination and varied relationships to institutional structures in different regions, nations or societies. - It is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. (Gupta, Nikhil) - the networking and expansion of once local products, beliefs, and practices into universal products, often through technology. **Globalization (Borderless) as defined by the World Health Organization:** - It is the increased interconnectedness and interdependence of people and countries, through the opening of international borders to increasingly fast flows of goods, services, finance, people, and ideas and the changes in institutions and policies of national and international levels that facilitate or promote such flows. - With the birth of **Information Technology** and the widespread of these make the world is interconnected to each other. **Differences: Globalization, Internationalization, and Westernization** - **Globalization** is the speed-up of movements and exchanges of human resources, goods and services capital, technologies, and cultural practices between countries in the world or expansion and intensification of economic, political, and social relations and consciousness across the world. - **Internationalization** describes designing a product in a way that it may be readily consumed across multiple countries. - **Westernization** is a process whereby societies come under or adopt Western culture in areas such as industry, technology, politics, economics, lifestyle, law, norms, mores, customs, and traditions. - "Attitudes toward globalization depend, among other things, on whether one gains or loses from it" (Ritzer 2003 ) **Examples of Globalization** **Globalization in Economics** - Multinational corporations operate on a global scale, with satellite offices and branches in numerous locations - Outsourcing can add to the economic development of a struggling country, bringing much-needed jobs. **Globalization in the Blending of Cultures** - Colonization all over the world was a major cause of globalization - Christian missionaries from Europe added to the globalization of Christianity - Satellite television allows shows from one country to be broadcast in many others, adding to cultural globalization **Globalization in Technology** - The Internet is a major contributor to globalization, not only technologically but in other areas as well, like in cultural exchanges of the arts. - Global news networks, like CNN, contribute to the spread of knowledge. - Cell phones connect people all over the world like never before. Around 60 percent of all people in the world use cell phones. **CATEGORIES OF GLOBALIZATION** **Economic, Political, and Socia**l Though the three are interdependent, economic and political forces are usually the driving factors of globalization, while social changes generally occur as a result of those activities Social globalization pertains to human interaction within cultural communities, encompassing topics like family, religion, work, and education.\ **IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION** **Economic Impact-** Improvement in standard of living - Increased competition among nations - Widening income gap between the rich and poor **Social impact** - Increased awareness of foreign cultures- Loss of local culture **Environmental impact** -- Environmental degradation-- Environmental management **ADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATIONPeaceful Relations.** Most of the countries have resorted to trade relations with each other in order to boost their economy, leaving behind any bitter past experiences if any**Employment.** Companies are moving towards developing countries to acquire a labor force.**Education.** With numerous educational institutions around the globe, one can move out from the home country for better opportunities elsewhere. **Product Quality.** Today customers may compromise with the price range but not with the quality of the product. Low or poor quality can adversely affect consumers.**Cheaper Prizes.** Globalization has brought fierce competition in the markets. **Communication.** Every single piece of information is easily accessible from almost every corner of the world. The Internet has significantly affected the global economy, thereby providing direct access to information and products.**Transportation.** Today with various modes of transportation available, one can conveniently deliver products to a customer located in any part of the world. **GDP Increase.** Gross Domestic Product, commonly known as GDP, is the money value of the final goods and services produced within the domestic territory of the country during an accounting year.\ **Free Trade** is a policy in which a country does not levy taxes, duties, subsidies, or quotas on the import/export of goods or services from other countries. **IT Travel and Tourism.** International trade among different countries also helps in increasing the number of tourists that visit different places around the world**External Borrowing** with the help of globalization, there is an opportunity for corporate, national, and sub-national borrowers to have better access to external finance, with facilities such as external commercial borrowing and syndicated loans. **DISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION** **Health Issues.** Globalization has given rise to more health risks and presents new threats and challenges for epidemics. **The dawn of HIV/AIDS.** Having its origin in the wilderness of Africa, the virus has spread like wildfire throughout the globe in no time **Loss of Culture.** People may adapt to the culture of the resident country. They tend to follow the foreign culture more, forgetting their own roots. **Uneven Wealth Distribution.** It is said that the rich are getting richer while the poor are getting poorer. **Environmental Degradation.** Industries are using natural resources by means of mining, drilling, etc. which puts a burden on the environment.**Disparity.** Structural unemployment owes to the disparity created. Developed countries are moving their factories to foreign countries where labor is cheaply available. **Conflicts.** It has given rise to terrorism and other forms of violence. Such acts not only cause loss of human life but also huge economic losses**Cut-throat Competition.** Opening the doors of international trade has given birth to intense competition. This has affected the local markets dramatically. The local players thereby suffer huge losses as they lack the potential to advertise or export their products on a large scale. **MARKET INTEGRATION ECONOMY**- the social institution that has one of the biggest impacts on society- Social institution that organizes all production, consumption, and trade of goods in the society**Production splits into 3 sectors:1. PRIMARY SECTOR.** Extracts raw materials from natural environments (Ex: farmers; miners)2. **SECONDARY SECTOR**. Gains the raw materials and transforms them into manufactured goodsEx: primary sector extracts oil from the earth, then someone from the secondary sector refines the petroleum to gasoline3. **TERTIARY SECTOR.** Involves services rather than goods. Offers services by doing things rather than making things**INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONSA. Bretton Woods System**- Reduction of barriers to trade and free flow of money among nations became the focus of restructuring the world economy and ensuring global financial stability **5 KEY ELEMENTS PF BRETTON WOOD SYSTEM1.** Expression of currency in terms of gold or gold value to establish a par value2. The official monetary authority in each country would agree to exchange its own currency for those of other countries at the established exchange rates, plus or minus a 1% margin3. Establishment of an overseer of these exchange rates; thus the International Monetary Fund was founded4. Eliminating restrictions on the currencies of member states in International trade5. U.S. dollar became global currency**B. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and The World Trade Organization (WTO)-** Established in 1947- A forum for the meeting of representatives from 23 member countries- Focused on trade goods through a multinational trade agreement conducted in many "rounds" of negotiation C. **World Trade Organization-** Located in Geneva, Switzerland with 152 member states as of 2008- An independent multilateral organization that became responsible for trade in services, non-tariff-related barriers to trade, and other broader areas of trade liberalization**Neoliberalism**- the general idea where the WTO is based, which means reducing or eliminating barriers, all nations will benefit.**Significant Criticisms to WTO:-** Trade barriers created by developed countries cannot be encountered enough by WTO, especially in agriculture- Emerging markets in the Global South made the majority in WTO but they suffered under the industrial nations which supported agriculture with subsidies- Grain prices increased and food riots occurred in many member states of WTO (Egypt, Mexico & Indonesia)- Decision-making processes were heavily influenced by larger trading powers, in the so-called Green Room while excluding smaller powers in meetings- International Non-Government Organizations (INGOs) are not involved, leading to the staging of "regular protests and demonstrations against WTO. ASIAN STUDIES Geographical Features Origin of Asia**- Asia Minor based from europeans** **ASIA** came from the word ASU means "to go out, to rise," / "land of the sunrise". Eurocentrism and Asiancentrism- based on the center of map Near east, Middle east, Far east  Landforms and Bodies of Water A screenshot of a map Description automatically generated **Asia is the largest continent about one third of the earth's land surface.** Elevation Mt. Everest (Highest) Dead Sea (Lowest) Lakes Caspian Sea -- (Largest Lake) Lake Baikal -- (Deepest Lake) Mountain Ranges Hindu Kush Caucasus Ural Mountains divide the 1\\4 of russia and 3\\4 of asia) Himalayas - Mt. Everest - K2 - Karakoram Asian River Systems Tigris and Euphrates (southwest) Brahmaputra, Indus(pakistan), and Ganges(india, holy river) Huang He( death sorrow) and Yang-Tze ( longest river in asia) Mekong,(china to vietnam) Irrawady, & Salween River **Asia's Chief Deserts** Gobi Desert ( mongolia and northern part of china) Rub-al-khali ( saudi- hottest desrt in asia) **Asia's Socio- Political Regions** ASIA: The Panorama of Nations **SOUTHWEST (WEST) ASIA** **\[Ethnic\] arab or not** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ARAB BLOC NON-ARAB BLOC Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Iraq, Palestine Turkey, Cyprus, Israel, Iran, Afghanistan , Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------- **SOUTH ASIA** **\[Religious\] hindu or not** -------------- --------------------------------------------------- HINDU BLOC NON-HINDU BLOC India, Nepal Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives -------------- --------------------------------------------------- **NORTH/CENTRAL ASIA** **\[Political\]** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | NORTHERN REPUBLICS | CENTRAL ASIAN REPUBLICS | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Mongolia (as part of Central | Kazakhstan | | Asia) | | | | Tajikistan | | Russia (Siberia) | | | | Uzbekistan | | | | | | Turkmenistan | | | | | | Kyrgyzstan | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **EAST ASIA** **\[Ideological\]** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | SOCIALIST BLOC | DEMOCRATIC BLOC | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | China (Proc) | Japan | | | | | North Korea (DPRK) | South Korea (ROK) | | | | | | Taiwan (ROC) | | | | | | Mongolia (as part of East Asia) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **SOUTHEAST ASIA** **\[Geographical\]** ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------- MAINLAND/PENINSULAR (surrounded by water) INSULAR (insulares called before sa mga tao) Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Laos Indonesia, Philippines, Brunei Darussalam, Timor Leste, Singapore ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------- **Major Asian Ethnolinguistic Groups** - Indo-European - Sino-Tibetan - Austronesian - Altaic - Dravidian - Austro-Asiatic **Cultural Evolution of Asia** Prehistory - Creationist vs. Evolutionist human origin ( yung base sa bible vs. Evolution of human- charles darwin ) ( homids-early human, pekingman-live in china, javaman-indonesia) - Nomadic life - Migrations - Early Villages and Settlements Rise and Development of Civilizations - Mythical & Legendary Origins - Establishment and Progress of Civilizations Spread and Expansion \[Empires, Kingdoms, sheikdom, and chiefdoms\] **Major Asian Religions and Belief Systems** **Religion**- you honor or worship **Belief system -** belief not honor **Hinduism**- oldest religion in india (reincarnation) Lords- brahma(creator), Shiva(destroyer), Vishnu(preserver) **Buddhism-** Budda (enlightenment), \* fold path - Mahayan (japan,korea,china,veitnam) - Theravada, (Southeast asia) - Zen and tantra (western) **Judaism-** messiah will come **Christianity**- Asia Origin (israel), 3major group, Orthodox, roman, protistantism **Islam-** Saudi **Shintoism-** way of gods (japan), Kami or god, Hironito- last emperor\\kami **Zoroastrianism** -Southwest Iran, God is Zoroaster **Confucianism-** confucius, How to teat your superior, Filial Piety- Respect parents **Taoism**- ying and yang **Sikhism-** southasia  **"Bhinneka Tunggal Ika"** \[Unity in Diversity\] SOUTHWEST ASIA COURSE OVERVIEW 1\. Ancient Period 2\. Classical Age a\. Achaemenian Empire b\. Hellenistic World c\. Persian and Roman Empire in Asia 3\. Islamic Age a\. Political Administration b\. Socio-Economic Conditions Ancient Period The Ancient Period Civilization in Southwest Asia, also known as the Middle East, encompasses a rich tapestry of early human societies and cultures. **\"cradle of civilization,\"** **Mesopotamia- early civilization** Major Contributions Writing Systems Cuneiform Architecture and Engineering Ziggurats Pyramids Irrigation system Legal Systems Code of Hammurabi Mathematics and Science Sexagesimal Numerical System (base 60) Astronomy Medicine and Healthcare - Avicenna (Ibn Sina): (his works, such as \"The Canon of Medicine) Trade and Commerce - Silk Road (is a vast network of Trade routes connecting the East and West. Silk, Spices and Textiles, Metals and Gem Political Systems - City States and Empires - Centralized Monarchy **Social Stratification** 1. K**ings and Rulers:** absolute authority. role of king both in governance and also in religious aspects. 2. **Priestly Class**: Priests were responsible for conducting religious rituals and often served as advisors to rulers 3. **Nobility and Elite:** The nobility, which included aristocrats and high-ranking officials, held positions of privilege and authority. Wealthy landowners. 4. **Commoners:** The majority of the population in ancient Southwest Asia comprised commoners who engaged in agriculture, labor, and various professions. 5\. **Slavery:** Slavery was prevalent in many ancient civilizations of Southwest Asia. Enslaved individuals were considered property and had limited rights. **Education and Knowledge** Education was a privilege primarily available to the elite and nobility. **Legal Distinctions** Legal codes in ancient Southwest Asia often codified social distinctions, specifying different rights and punishments for individuals based on their social status. R**eligious Beliefs** In ancient Southwest Asia, religious beliefs were diverse but shared common features. Most civilizations were **polytheistic (polytheism) , worshipping multiple gods and goddesses**, each representing various aspects of life. Rulers often held divine status, and religious rituals were integral to daily life. Mythology and epic tales explained creation and moral lessons, while afterlife beliefs guided burial practices. Symbols and religious specialists played significant roles, and religion influenced laws, ethics, and customs. While polytheism was prevalent, ancient Israel embraced monotheism, a crucial aspect of Judaism. Ancient Israel was unique in its monotheistic belief system, worshipping a single, all-powerful deity, Yahweh. 2\. **The Classical Age** refers to a period in human history characterized by the emergence and development of advanced civilizations and cultures in various regions of the world. SIGNIFICANT CIVILIZATIONS **Greek Civilization:** The Classical Age is often closely linked to ancient Greece, known for its contributions to philosophy, democracy, literature, and art. **Persian Empire:** The Achaemenid Empire is another major player of the Classical Age, known for its vast territory, administrative innovations, and the famous Persian Wars with Greece. **Roman Civilization:** The Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire are also central to the Classical Age. **Hellenistic World:** After the conquests of Alexander the Great, the Hellenistic World emerged, blending Greek culture with that of Asia and the Middle East. Achievements and Contributions **Philosophy and Science**: The Classical Age saw the birth of philosophy in Greece with thinkers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. 
 **Literature and Drama:** Works of literature such as the Greek epics \"Iliad\" and \"Odyssey\" attributed to Homer, as well as Greek tragedies and comedies, are notable products of this period. **Art and Architecture:** The Classical Age produced magnificent sculptures, architecture fle.g., Parthenon in Athens), and pottery, reflecting a focus on balance, proportion, and aesthetics. **Political Systems:** Democracy in Athens and the Roman Republic\'s system of governance laid the foundations for modern political thought. **Engineering and Infrastructure**: Roman engineering feats, including aqueducts, roads, and bridges, still stand as testaments to their technological prowess. **Religion and Mythology**: Belief systems like Greek mythology and the Roman pantheon played significant roles in shaping the culture and religious practices of the time. **Achaemenian Empire** Founded by Cyrus the Great, the empire covered a vast territory that stretched from Anatolia fimodern-day Turkey) to Egypt and from Greece to India. The Achaemenids are known for their administrative innovations, including the use of **satraps (**governors) to manage provinces, standardized coinage, and the creation of the Royal Road, a vast network of roads that facilitated communication and trade. Under Darius the Great, the empire was organized into **satrapies,** each with its own governor and tax system. **Hellenistic World** conquests of **Alexander the Great,** It was characterized by the spread of Greek culture and ideas throughout the vast territories conquered by Alexander, including parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. **The Library of Alexandria,** one of the most famous libraries in history, was established during this era, contributing to advances in scholarship. **The Hellenistic period** witnessed the fusion of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and other cultural elements, resulting in a rich and diverse cultural landscape. **ROMAN EMPIRE** Pax Romana, a period of relative peace and stability, allowed for cultural flourishing, including literature fiVirgil\'s \"Aeneid\"), philosophy flSeneca, Cicero), and art fimosaics and frescoes). The Roman Empire split into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire Byzantine Empire) in the 3rd century CE, with each having its own unique history and eventual fate. **Decline and Legacy** The Classical Age eventually gave way to the Late Antiquity period, marked by the decline of the Roman Empire and the rise of new powers. The legacy of the Classical Age, however, continued to influence subsequent civilizations, particularly in Europe and the Middle East. Concepts, ideas, and institutions from this era had a profound and lasting impact on world history **3. The Islamic Age** The Islamic Age, often referred to as the Islamic Golden Age, spans several centuries and represents a pivotal period in human history characterized by the rise and spread of Islam and its profound impact on various aspects of civilization. **Major Contributions of the Islamic Age:** **Advancements in Science and Mathematics** Islamic scholars made groundbreaking contributions to fields like algebra fifrom the Arabic \"al-jabr\"), optics, astronomy, and trigonometry. **Medicine and Healthcare** Islamic physicians like Ibn Sina flAvicenna) and Al-Razi fIRhazes) made significant advancements in medicine, pharmacology, and surgery. **Cultural and Artistic Achievements:** The Islamic Age produced a rich cultural heritage, including exquisite calligraphy, intricate geometric patterns, and architectural marvels such as the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. **Legal and Philosophical Though**t Islamic jurisprudence fifigh) and philosophy fifalsafa) flourished during this period, with philosophers like Al-Farabi and Ibn Rushd flAverroes) exploring topics of ethics, metaphysics, and political theory. **Literary Contributions** The Islamic Age gave rise to a wealth of literature, including epic poetry, historical chronicles, and philosophical treatises. The \"Thousand and One Nights\" flArabian Nights) is a famous literary work from this period. A. **Political Administration in the Islamic Age:** 1. **Caliphates and Dynasties:** They established a decentralized system of governance based on consultation fishura) and Islamic law fiSharia). **B. Socio-Economic Conditions in the Islamic Age:** **Trade and Commerce:** The Islamic world served as a critical bridge between East and West, facilitating trade along the Silk Road, Indian Ocean, and Mediterranean Sea. **Agriculture and Technology:** Innovations in agriculture, including the use of the qanat system for irrigation, led to increased agricultural productivity.
 **Urbanization:** The Islamic Age witnessed significant urbanization, with the growth of cities due to trade and economic prosperity. **The Islamic Age and its major contributions:** House of Wisdom in Baghdad The House of Wisdom\'s Translation Efforts The First Hospitals Avicenna\'s \"Canon of Medicine\" Classical: 1\. Greek- city states 2\. Persian- Cyrus: Israelites return/jews , satrapies (satraps) Darius and xerxes 3\. Hellenistic (Greek+ Others) 4\. Roman (mas Malaki ang impluwensya) -- (nanakop ang southwest) Citizenship: Not roman but born in rome is roman Death penalty: crucifixion Islamic: - Caliphates \< arts politics 5 pillars of islam - Statement of faith: **Shahadah** - Prayer(5x)**; Salat** - Alms(limos) ; **Zacat** - (Month) Ramadan : **sacrum** (action) - Goal to Reach mecca: **Hajj** Caravan -- trade Conquest -- dangerous part **ANCIENT NORTHEAST ASIA** **Ancient China** Geography Two Major Rivers 1\. Yangtze (China's Longest River) 2\. Huang He (China's Sorrow) **Mandate of Heaven** "All under heaven" **Sinocentrism-** They are the center **Ancient Chinese Dynasties** Shang 商, Zhou 周, Qin 秦, Han 韓 Sui 隋, Tang 唐, Song 宋 Yuan 元, Ming 明, Qing 清, Republic 中華民國 Mao Zedong 毛泽东 +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 商 Shang -- Bronze Age Culture | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 周 Zhou - Major Periods | | | | 1\. Warring States Period | | | | 2.Classical Period | | | | o Confucius | | | | o Confucian Classics | | | | o Analects | | | | o Lao-Tze (Taoism) | | | | o Mencius | | | | o Legalism, Confucian virtues (filial piety) Taiost principles | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 秦 Qin - Imperial China united under a | | | | strong central government | | | | Shih Huang Ti | | | | oGreat Wall of China | | | | oTerra Cotta Army | | | | oSimplified unified language & weights | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 韓 Han -- | | | | o Silk Road (silk trade) | | | | o Paper & fine porcelain | | | | o Civil service examination | | | | o Astronomy, principle of magnetic compass, earthquake recording | | device. | | | | o Empire Expansion | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 隋 Sui - o Grand Canal (link Yellow River | | | | and Yangtze) | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 唐 Tang - Golden Age of Ancient China | | | | o Arts: painting and poetry | | | | o Paper (5 CE), Wood block printing | | | | o Buddhist influence | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 宋 Song - Trade: Growth and prosperity | | | | o rice, teas, porcelain, silk | | | | o Cross-China and Ocean-going | | | | trade (use of ships and compass) | | | | o Painting and poetry based on nature | | | | o Wheelbarrow and gunpowder | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 元 Yuan - Mongol Dynasty (KUBLAI KHAN) | | | | o European travelers visit China (MARCO | | | | POLO) | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 明 Ming - Return of a purely Chinese state | | | | o Rebuilding of the Great Wall of China | | | | o Forbidden City | | | | o Temple of Heaven | | | | o Zheng He voyages | | | | (China as sea power) | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 清 Qing - Manchu Dynasty | | | | o Empress Dowager Ci Xi | | | | o Pu Yi (The last emperor) | | | | o Fell to foreign (Western) influence | | | | o End Ancient Chinse start of the Modern Chinese Republic | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Foot binding (Lotus feet)** **Symbol of beauty** **Ancient Chinese Practices and Contributions** o Great Wall of Chinese, Terra Cotta Army, Forbidden City o Confucianism & Mahayana Buddhism o Chinese writing system o Civil service examination o Feng Shui o Traditional Medicine, Painting, Porcelain, Silk, Tea o Gunpowder (fireworks) **Ancient Japan** **Shinto** -belief based on reverence and awe for the forces of nature (kami) **Izanagi and Izanami-** mythical tale **Amaterasu** D**ivine Origin -** Emperors (tenno) are deities or living gods **Prince Shotoku** - Imperial rule and central government **HEIAN -** "capital of peace and tranquility" Arts and literatureflourished (e.g., Tale of Genji) **KAMAKURA SHOGUNATE** o Minamoto Yoritomo became the first Shogun o Bakufu : "Tent -- government" **Japanese Feudal Society** **Samurai** o BUSHIDO : "the way of the warrior" o SEPPUKU (HARA-KIRI) : "belly-slitting" o KAMIKAZE : "divine wind" o RONIN : masterless samurai **ASHIKAGA SHOGUNATE** o Age of Country at War o Local lords (Daimyo) took the power away to the imperial family o Zen Buddhism (meditation, tea ceremony, gardens, ikebana, paintings, Noh drama) **TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE** o Nobunaga o entrance of foreign powers (Portuguse & Dutch) o Hideyoshi o Unified Japan under the Shogunate; Imperial expansion o Tokugawa Ieyasu o Persecution of Japanese Christians o SAKOKU: Policy of Isolation o Haiku o Kabuki o Woodblock printing **MEIJI RESTORATION** o Emperor Mutsuhito (MEIJI) o Commodore Matthew Perry (US) forced Japan to open o Entry of western ideas, influences, and technology in Japan Geisha -- Courtesans **Ancient Korea** 1\. Gojoseon 2\. Three Kingdoms Period o Goguryeo (Koguryo) o Baekje (Paekche) o Silla (Shilla) o Kaya 3\. Unified Silla and Kingdom of Balhae 4\. Goryeo (Koryo) 5\. Joseon (Choson)