WHAP Unit 3 Reading Guide - AMSCO PDF

Name:______________________________________________________________________Date:________Class:______ WHAP|Unit Three “Land-Based Empires” Directions: For each reading section define the important vocabulary words and answer the reading questions that follow using specific details. It is imperative...

Name:______________________________________________________________________Date:________Class:______ WHAP|Unit Three “Land-Based Empires” Directions: For each reading section define the important vocabulary words and answer the reading questions that follow using specific details. It is imperative that you complete your readings thoughtfully and independently. Students who do not do their reading will not do well in this course. UNIT 3.1|Empires Expand (AMSCO Pages 143 - 151) Key term/event Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters) Gunpowder Empires Multi-ethnic states that used firearms They used these firearms to conquer a lot of territory Gutenberg Printing A press that could print words on large amounts of paper Press This helped increase literacy by the spread of books from the printing press Ivan IV The tsar of Russia He expanded Russiaś border by using gunpowder Volga River A river the flows into the Caspian Sea This river gave access to sea trade with other countries Ming Dynasty A dynasty the was established in China during 1368 They stabilized the East Asia region for 300 years Qing Dynasty A dynasty that was established in China by the Manchu  This dynasty expanded China greatly Kangxi One of china's longest-reigning emperors He incorporated Taiwan, Mongolia, and Central Asia into his empire Emperor Qianlong A poet and ruler of the Qing Dynasty He sent many campaigns out to different territories to gain control Tamerlane A Mongol-Turkic ruler He ordered soldiers to invade the Middle East and Central Asia Ghazi Ideal A model for warrior life This model was followed by the soldiers of the Gunpowder Empires Ottoman Empire One of the Islamic Empires It was the biggest and most powerful of the three Mehmed II A ruler of the Ottoman Empire He set up the empireś capital and strengthened the Ottoman navy Suleiman I Another ruler of the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire became its strongest under his rule Shah A king or emperor They ruled over the Safavid dynasty Safavid Empire A dynasty in the Middle East Conquered Persia and and Iraq Shah Abbas I A shah of the Safavid Empire He ruled the empire at its height Akbar The first leader of the Mughal Empire He achieved grand religious and political goals Mughal Empire A dynasty in India It was one of the best governed and richest states in the world Caste Strict social groupings designated at birth The basis of educational and vocational opportunities in the society Objective Key Developments Explain how Who were the four Gunpowder Empires? and why Russia, Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, and Mughal Empire various land-based Why did the Gunpowder Empires craft artist and architectural legacies? empires developed They made these legacies to reflect the legitimacy of their rulers and expanded What did Europe’s expansion involve that was unique from the Gunpowder Empires? from 1450 - The had a wider exchange networks that spread gunpowder 1750. Europe: What is significant about the year 1450? The beginning of the early modern period and end of the medieval era What events signal the beginning of the early modern period (the mid-1450s)? End of the plague and Hundred Years War, and the invention of the Guentberg printing press Monarchies in Europe in 1450 wanted to control: Taxes, the army, and aspects of religion Which social class was becoming more powerful in Europe? Middle class Russia: Which two regions was Russia influenced by? Europe and Asia How did Ivan IV extend the border of Russia Eastward? He extended the border by conquering the khanates held by the Mongolian conquers What did Russia’s expansion depend on? Gunpowder Who were the Cossacks and what did they do? Fierce peasant warriors that fought local tribes and the Siberian khan Why did Russia want to control the Volga river? To be able to trade directly with Persia and the Ottoman Empire What religion did Russian missionaries want to convert Siberian tribes to? Eastern Orthodox Faith Where did the Russian Empire extend to by 1639? As far east as the Pacific Ocean East Asia: The Ming Dynasty was established after the Mongols were pushed out of China. What was the result of the Ming Dynasty? They stabilized the East Asia area for 300 years Who established the Qing Dynasty? Manchuria What caused China to rebuild the Great Wall of China for protection? Because of the renewed power of the Mongol Empire What was significant about Emperor Kangxi’s rule AND what regions did he incorporate into China’s rule? He was one the longest-reigning emperors of China and he incorporated Taiwan, Mongolia, and Central Asia What was notable about Emperor Qianlong’s rule? (where did he expand, what was the reaction to his expansion, etc.)? He armies to Tibet to instal the Dalai Lama and he ordered mass killings which people were not a fan of Were the following expansion efforts by China successful or unsuccessful: Tibet: successful Burma: unsuccessful Vietnam: unsuccessful What was the result of these efforts to expand? They efforts were costly and this emptied the empireś treasury Describe the late years of Emperor Qianlong’s reign: The Chinese bureaucracy became corrupt and that caused a high tax Why was the White Lotus Society reinstated? Where have we heard of them before? It was reinstated to cancel the tax and the desire to restore the Ming dynasty, and we heard of them when the Mongols invaded China What was the result of their uprising? The Qing government killed 100,000 of these followers to combat the uprising Islamic Gunpowder Empires: What did the Gunpowder Empires have in common? - Descended from turkic nomads - Spoke turkic languages - took advantage of power vacuums left by the Mongol Empire - Relied on gunpowder What made the Gunpowder Empires successful? Their military might and the corruption of the regimes that they conquered Who was Tamerlane and where did he conquer? Tamerlane was Mongol-Turkic ruler and he conquered Persia and India How did the Ghazi Ideal help the Gunpowder Empires grow? It served as model for soldiers to follow which helped the rise of the Gunpowder Empires Conquests led by the Gunpowder Empires were marked by what? Violence and new dynasties How did Tamerlane encourage the arts? He encouraged the arts when he ruled Samarkand and by championing literature Tamerlane’s invasions were a testament to what? To the significance of gunpowder Tamerlane’s government depended on what? Military and heavy artillery How did Tamerlane fail? He failed to leave an effective political structure in the places he conquered Which two major forces would continue to battle with each other into the 14th century? Mongols versus Isalmic forces from Arabia The Ottoman Empire Where was the Ottoman Empire located? Turkey and Balkan areas Why is the Ottoman Empire significant? It was the largest and most enduring of the great Islamic empires Under Mehmed II, where was the capital city of the Ottoman Empire? Constantinople Why was the location of the capital city significant? They controlled the Bosporus Strait which was the only waterway linking the Aegean Sea with the Black sea What was the Ottoman relationship with Venice? Venice paid the empire a yearly tax Why was Suleman I’s siege of Venice significant? Even though they failed, they caused Europe great fear because of their military prowess What led to the eventual fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1922? Foreign invasion and occupation led to the fall of the Ottoman Empire The Safavid Empire What was the origin of the Safavid Empire? Its origin was in the Safavid order of Sufism List two problems the Safavid Empire faced: They did not have a real navy and they lacked natural defense How did Europe assist the Safavid Empire? Europeans exported weaponry to the Safavids and advised them about newly acquired military knowledge Safavid Shahs controlled what two things? Religion and politics What two things caused tension between the Safavid and Ottoman Empires? Religious differences and conflict over the control of land trade routes How did the Ottomans try to assert dominance over the Safavid Empire? By using trade embargos Describe the place of women in the Safavid Empire: They had some restriction but also had some freedoms thanks to the Islamic law Mughal India What was significant about the Mughal empire? It was one of the richest and best governed states in the world What was the role of Arab traders in the Mughal Empire? Arab traders conducted most of the commerce of overseas trade What goods were imported and exported in the Mughal Empire? They trade their textiles, tropical foods, and spices for the more precious gold and silver What were the Hindu castes? Strict social grouping designated at birth Why is the architecture of the Mugal Empire significant? The architecture showed the wealth and sophistication of the Mughal Empire The Decline of the Gunpowder Empires Why did the Gunpowder Empires decline? They declined because Western Europe grew in strength economically and militarily Why did Russia remain despite the other gunpowder empires falling? They reorganized and modernized its army Summarize why the Ottoman Empire eventually declined: Spaniards and Venetians defeated the Ottoman Empire in the Battle of Lepanto, and after Suleiman's death the Ottomans fell victim to weak sultans and strong European neighbors What were “Harem Politics” and how did they contribute to the fall of the Ottoman Empire? The efforts of wives and concubines of the sultan to prime their own children to be the next in line to rule the empire, and this contributed to the fall of the Ottoman Empire by holding the original rulers hostage Summarize why the Safavid Empire declined: The rulers following the Shah Abbas made bad decisions resulting to a weak economy, and they became weaker by a rebellion by Afghan forces and the invasion of Russia and the Ottoman Empire  Summarize why the Mughal Empire declined: They could not keep up with the new military innovations, and when their attempts to expand their empire drained their treasury and they weren't able to put down the peasant uprising. UNIT 3.2| Empires: Administration (AMSCO Pages 155 - 163) Key term/event Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters) Divine Right of Kings The right to rule wa given to a king by god This made the king a political and religious authority Justice of the Peace Officials elected by the landed gentry Their job was to maintain peace in England English Bill of Rights A right made by England's rulers William and Mary This gave individuals civil liberties Absolutism Directed by one source of power It was the way France was ruled Tax Farmers Another name for the intendants They oversaw the collection of various taxes Louis XIV A king of France He espoused the theory of divine right and was a virtual dictator Boyars The noble landowning class They were the top of the social pyramid Serfdom A system where serfs received a plot of land and protection from a noble In exchange, the serf was bound to that land and had little personal freedom Ivan IV A ruler of Russia He defeated the boyars in Novgorod and confiscated their land Romanov Dynasty A dynasty that took control of Russia in 1613 Their autocratic control caused Russia to split into three main groups Janissaries The elite forces of the Ottoman Empire It was the most famous and sought after group in the Ottoman Empire Daimyo Landholding aristocrats They all ruled their own army and could rule them however he saw fit Period of Great Peace A era during mid-19th century The world entered period of peace with each other Tokugawa Shogunate A type of government in Japan It was used to centralize control over the feudal system Zamindars Paid government officials They were in charge of activities such as taxation, construction, and water supply Askia the Great A ruler of Songhai He made Songhai become the largest kingdom in West Africa Taj Mahal A popular structure in India It was built as a tomb for a Mughal king´s wife and it showed great architectural innovations Objective Key Developments Explain how England: rulers used a How did King James I use the Divine Right of Kings to justify his rule? variety of He used it to justify his rule be believing he was outside of the law and he should be compared to God methods to legitimize What was the role of the justices of the peace in Tudor England and why were they so important? and Their role was to maintain peace in England, and they were important because they soon became part of the consolidate Parliament their power in land-based What was the effect of a stronger Tudor rule on feudalism in England? empires from The power of the feudal lords weakened under Tudor rule 1450 - 1750. What was the role of Parliament? It gave legitimacy to the monarch´s claim to authority List two things the English Bill of Rights accomplished: 1. Individual civil liberties 2. Protection against tyranny of the monarchy France: How did the French government grow in comparison to the English? The French government became more absolut compared to the English government  How did Louis XVIII change the French Government? He made the government even more centralized and developed on the system of intendants Why were intendants called tax farmers? They oversaw the collection of various taxes Why was Louis XIV considered a dictator? He espoused the theory of divine rights and was a virtual dictator Why did Louis XIV want absolute power? To expand the French borders What was the significance of Versailles to the French government? He kept nobles in Versailles making it difficult for them to act independently Explain how Russia rulers used a Describe the class system in Russia: variety of The social hierarchy was the boyars at the top, the merchants in the middle, and the peasants at the bottom methods to legitimize How were Serfs connected to their land? and They were bound to their land and had little personal freedom consolidate their power How did Ivan IV feel about the boyar class? in land-based He didn't like them because they opposed his expansionist policies empires from 1450 - 1750. What did Ivan IV create to keep an eye on the Boyars? He confiscated their land and made them and their families to move to Moscow -Russia How did Ivan IV create loyalty within the oprichnina? They were drawn from lower-level bureaucrats to assure their loyalty rather than to the boyars What were the three groups in Russia vying for power under the Romanov Dynasty and what did they want? ➔ The Church: to conserve traditional values and beliefs ➔ Boyars: to gain control and power ➔ Tsar´s royal family Who did Peter have to defeat to come into power? His half-sister Sophia Why did Peter lose favor amongst members of the clergy despite being referred to as “the Defender of Orthodoxy”? They lost favor over his reforms How did Peter organize the Russian government? By creating provinces Explain how Ottoman Empire rulers used a Describe the devshirme system in the Ottoman Empire? variety of A system to staff their military and government methods to legitimize Why were boys taken to be part of the devshirme always Christian? and They were not part of the ¨people of the book,¨ so they could be enslaved consolidate their power What kinds of jobs did the devshirme have? in land-based They became Janissaries, administrators, scribes, diplomats, and tax collectors empires from 1450 - 1750. Why were the Janissaries so loyal to the Ottoman empire? They provided a path of upward mobility in the Empire -Ottoman Empire Why did some parents want their sons to be taken into slavery by the Ottoman empire? For them to become Janissaries Explain how China rulers used a How did the MIng Dynasty erase Mongol influence in China (3 examples): variety of Brought back the civil service exam, established a national school system, and reestablished the bureaucracy methods to legitimize Japan: and How did the daimyo contribute to decentralization in Japan? consolidate They had their own army and conquered different territory their power in land-based Why did the samurai have significant economic power in Japan? empires from They were salaried via rice and gold 1450 - 1750. Summarize the role of Oda Nobunaga: -East and He took over Kyoto and unified ⅓ of of is today Japan South Asia How did the Tokugawa shogunate reorganize the government of Japan? They created 250 hans ruled by a daimyo How did the Tokugawa Shogunate control the aristocratic daimyos? They held their families hostage when they visited their home territory Mughal Empire: Summarize how Akbar established an efficient government in India: He defeated hindu armies and he created the capital of Delhi, and established an efficient government and system of administered laws How did Zamindars eventually impact the Mughal Empire? They began to keep more of the taxes that they collected and used that money to make personal armies Explain how Describe two ways in which European monarchs sought to legitimize the authority of their monarchs: rulers used a Through the idea of the divine right of monarchy and building impressive structures variety of methods to What is the significance of the new lands Peter the Great conquered? legitimize The new lands that he conquered gave Russia its own warm-water port on the Baltic and consolidate Describe St. Petersburg: their power The capital of Russia, and Peter could watch over boyars from there, and it was designed in a unique European in land-based way with a rectangular grid empires from 1450 - 1750. Describe two ways Askia the Great of Songhai changed his empire in order to legitimize his rule: He promoted Islam and made an elaborate pilgrimage to Mecca -Religion and Art Mughal India was marked by magnificent architectural accomplishments. What were they? Taj Mahal How did the Mughal Empire use art from Islam? They combined art from Islam and local arts to make geometric designs What did the artistic accomplishments of Mughal India show? It showed the power of the rulers  How did the Ottoman Empire change at this time? It made changes to its government and religion What were some continuities in the Ottoman Empire at the time? Art, the culture, and economy What was the Grand Bazar and why was it important? The western end of the overland Silk Roads and it was full of foreign imports Istanbul was a center of what: Arts and learning Describe the cultural contributions of the Ottoman Empire: The restoration of glorious buildings in Constantinople How did Versailles give Louis XIV power over this nobles? Louis XIV entertained the nobles there which kept them from conducting business elsewhere Explain how Russia rulers used a How did Peter the Great attempt to industrialize Russia? variety of He established new industries and encouraged private industries methods to legitimize How did he increase revenue for Russia when industrialization didn’t bring in as much money as he wanted? and He raised taxes and compelled workers to work in the shipyards consolidate Ottoman/Mughal Empire their power How did the Ottomans raise taxes to support their empire and military? in land-based They used taxes as the main source of money for their empire and military empires from 1450 - 1750. How did tax farmers grow wealthy? Were they corrupt? They grew wealthy from skimming money from taxes and this made them corrupt -Financing Empires What eventually contributed to the economic decline of the Mughal empire? The burden of taxes and military Ming Dynasty: Who was responsible for collecting taxes in the Ming Dynasty? Private citizens Taxes were collected in what form? In the form of grains then silver Describe the tribute system. What empires have we learned about that utilized the tribute system? A system where countries get tribune from their conquered territories. The empires that utilized this system were China and Mexica UNIT 3.3| Empires: Belief Systems (AMSCO Pages 167 - 173) Key term/event Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters) Martin Luther A monk who lived in Wittenberg. He got kicked out of the church because he opposed that no one on earth should be as holy as god. Indulgences Grants a person absolution from the punishments for sin. There was a staircase where people would pay money to go up those stairs. Each step you would have to say a prayer, when you are at the top, you will go to heaven. Simony The selling of church offices. When Martin Luther nailed his ‘95 Theses’ on the church door. 95 Theses A piece of writing where Martin Luther expresses his feelings on how we believe and teach Catholicism. John Calvin The French theologian. He was the author of many religious books in different communities. The Elect Those predestined to go to heaven. It was based on simply just living. Puritans From England, they wanted to purify the church of England of catholic remnants. Protestant Reformation People who believed that go right to heaven. They were a group who tried to reform other churches into their right way of teachings and beliefs. Anglicanism An important socioeconomic impact. It was the last of the three figures of the reformation. Henry VIII England's king who ruled 1509-1547. He married 6 women and he had a kid with every one of them. All he wanted was a boy, so if they weren't a boy, then he would move on to his next wife. He started ruling when he was 17 years old. Holy Synod A replacement for the patriarch. Composed of clergy men overseen by a secular official who answered to the tsar. Counter-Reformation A brave group of people. They were the ones who fought against the protestant attacks. Inquisition A system made in the 12th century. It was to root out and punish the non-believers. Council of Trent A council team between 1545-1563. They corrected some of the worst of the church's abuses and started to concentrate on reforming the rituals. Jesuits The society of jesus. A religious order that opposed the spread of protestantism, Peace of Augsburg A change that they made in 1555. This led to the people choosing if their leaders are catholic or lutheran. Edict of Nantes A change that Henry IV issued. It allowed huguenots to practice their faith. 30 Years’ War It was the final great conflict between the catholics and the protestants. This led to an economic drop in the continent. Shariah It was a substitute for the Byzantine empirer’s justinian law. It became a strict islamic legal system that deals with all aspects of life. The Safavids A group that used Shi'a islam as a unifying force. They built a base that was supported by his rule. Empiricism A scientific method that helped back up a hypothesis. Objective Key Developments Explain the Empires: Belief Systems continuity Why did King Henry IV convert to Catholicism? and change For the sake of solidifying his power and ensuring peace within the various belief The split in Islam was between who and who? systems Ottoman and Safavid empire during the period from Protestant Reformation: 1450 - 1750. What was the main challenge faced by the Roman Catholic Church? Corruption Were efforts to reform the church successful? Unsuccessful What was John Wycliffe’s argument and why was he vilified? His argument was that priests were unnecessary for salvation and he was verified by him translate parts of the Bible into English for the people who didn't speak latin Who were the Hussites? Followers of Jan Hus in Bohemia How did the Catholic Church suffer during the Babylonian Captivity, when the Catholic Church was located in France rather than Rome? They suffered because The Captivity gave the French rulers greater influence over the Church, allowing them the ability to choose was going to be the pope How was the Catholic Church affected by the Plague? It suffered even more REFORM MOVEMENTS: 1 - Lutheranism What did Martin Luther conclude and what did he object to about the church? He concluded that traditional Church practices violated biblical teaching and he objected to the sale of indulgences How did Luther speak out against the Catholic Church? By writing the 95 Theses Describe Luther’s belief of “Sola Fide”: It meant faith alone and it was the basis of salvation for the Christien believer Why did the church react harshly to Luther? They needed the money generated from these practices that were corrupt Luther’s ideas resulted in a split between what? Holy Roman Empire and Roman Catholic Church Describe Luther’s beliefs about women: He believed that women could have direct access to God as any man could and believed women had significant roles in the family 2 - Calvinism How did John Calvin believe the elect and the predestined should live? He believed they should go to heaven and run the community What was the goal of the Calvinist Puritans? They wanted to purify the Church of England of Catholic remnants Calivinists were encouraged to work hard. Why? They believed God favored their obedience and hard work 3 - Anglicism Why did Henry VIII split from the Catholic Church and install himself as the head of the Anglican (or Church of England) church? He did that because the pope refused to let Henry VIII to divorce his wife and he would be free of control from the pope The Orthodox Church and Reforms in Russia The Orthodox Church is Russia had been the unifying force in Russia between what two things? Russian people and the tsars How did Peter the Great assert his power of the Orthodox Church? He got rid of the position of patriarch and incorporated the Church into the government How did the Holy Synod keep the Orthodox church under government control? They answered to the tsar Why did Peter raise the age of people who could monks? He preferred for young men to serve as soldiers first The Counter-Reformation or Catholic Reformation Why was the counter-reformation established? To fight against the Protestant attacks Describe the following parts of the counter-reformation ❖ The Inquisition: To root out and punish non believers  ❖ The Jesuits: A group who opposed the Protestants and undertook missionary activity ❖ The Council of Trent: They corrected some of Church´s abuses and concentrated on reaffirming rituals How was the counter-reformation successful? Catholics still remained dominant in Western Europe Why did Charles V give up his rule of the Holy Roman empire? He couldn't stop the spread of Lutheranism Describe the actions of Philp II: He took Catholic crusades to the Netherlands and he tried to conquer and convert England Wars of Religion What was the result of Europe’s religion division? Frequent wars What was the result of the Peace of Augsburg? It allowed German states to decide if they want to be Catholic or Lutheran France How did King Henry IV try to unify France? By converting to Catholicism What was the result of the Edict of Nantes? It provided religious toleration What was the result of the revocation of the edict? France experienced social and economic changes Thirty Years’ War What was the result of the Thirty Years’ War? It led to economic catastrophe List the chosen religion of the following regions after the Peace of Westphalia: ❏ France, Span, and Italy: Catholic ❏ Northern Europe: Lutheran or Calvinist ❏ England: Protestant What was the result of allowing rules of the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion? It had important political effects How did Prussia begin to assert itself? They built a strong military to protect itself Islamic Religious Schisms (Splits) Ottoman Empire: What was the dominant religion of the Holy Roman Empire? Islam How did becoming Muslim change the Ottoman Empire? It caused political changes like the introduction of the sultan and shariah Safavid Describe the impact of Islam on the Safavid empire. Where they Sunni or Shi’a? The strict beliefs of Shi'a Islam in the Safavid empire caused hostilities with the Ottoman Empire  Mughal Toleration and Prosperity Akbar tolerated what: All religions What was the result of Akbar supporting Sikhism? He provided land grants for Sikhism which helped it develop How did Akbar try to ease tensions between Hindus and Muslims? He gave Hindus positions in the government and married Hindu wives Describe how Akbar tried to change the Mughal Empire before his death? He tried to prohibit child marriage and sati Scientific Revolution What did scientific thought represent? A very different king of thinking which was based on reason rather than faith What did Francis Bacon challenge with his ideas of empiricism? He challenged tradition ideas and replaced them with ones with evidence Scientific discovery continues as scientists worked together, even despite religious differences. Describe how Principa is an example of this? Isaac Newton used laws from two different scientists with different religious backgrounds to make the Principa How did intellectuals believe science showed the world? They believed that science showed that the world was ordered and rational, and natural laws applied to the rational progress of society and governments UNIT 3.4| Comparisons in Land-Based Empires (AMSCO Pages 177 - 182) Objective Key Developments List 5 reasons the Gunpowder Empires were unable to maintain rule: 1. Unable to compete with European trading companies 2. Unable to solve conflicts of heirs motivated by harem policies 3. Weak and corrupt leadership 4. Failed to keep up with developments in military and naval technology 5. Religious conflicts Describe the origin, roles, and mission of both types of soldier: ➔ Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire: They were originally slave soldiers recruited from minority or ethnic groups and their role was to preserve the power of the Ottoman sultan ➔ Ghulams in the Safavid Empire: They were originally slave soldiers recruited from minority or ethnic groups and their role was to help protect the Safavid shah from rival clans Describe the following conflicts: ➔ Ottoman - Safavid wars: They went to war over territorial claims and religious splits  ➔ Safavid - Mughal conflicts: They bought over resources and trade routes Describe how the following land empires used bureaucracy to control populations: ➔ China: They used the civil service exam to access the abilities of the members of the scholar-gentry ➔ Ottoman Empire: The devshirme system was used to provide the sultan with civil servants loyal to him ➔ Safavid Empire: The shah would enlist a class of bureaucrats from Persia ➔ Songhai Empire: The mansa employed bureaucrats from the scholarly class ➔ Incas: They organized their empire into a federal system of provinces headed by nobles How were the Aztecs different than other land empires and how did they control their empire? The Aztec empire was less centralized and bureaucratic and they controlled their empire through force, fear, and intimidation Describe the following systems of tax collection: ➔ Mughal tax collection: They collected taxes from the peasant class ➔ Ottoman tax farming: Tax farmers had to fix annual fixed sum of money by collecting money or salable goods from residents ➔ Aztec tribute lists: They had a tributary system which was the main source of of revenue which came from yearly offering from surrounding areas ➔ Ming collection of “hard currency”: They made all taxes to be paid in forms of rice, and later silver coins Summarize how rulers used religion, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule: ➔ Religion: Rulers sometimes used divine right to support their rule, and they provided a religious and legal structure to consolidate their rule ➔ Art: They made portraits and miniature paintings of rulers and rulers provided financial support to artists to legitimize their rule ➔ Monumental Architecture: They made palaces or structures to show off their wealth and power to legitimize their power