National Service Training Program (NSTP) PDF

**Modular Unit 1: The National Service Training Program ** Overview             The **National Service Training Program** (**NSTP)** is a curriculum for tertiary students in the Philippines established on March 23, 2002. This program is taught to all college students in compliance with the Republi...

**Modular Unit 1: The National Service Training Program ** Overview             The **National Service Training Program** (**NSTP)** is a curriculum for tertiary students in the Philippines established on March 23, 2002. This program is taught to all college students in compliance with the Republic Act 9163 which was signed by the former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. It requires all college students to undergo special training and lectures that aim to enhance the students' civic consciousness and to develop patriotism and ethical service to our nation, which is the Philippines. The program was divided into three program components: **Reserve Officers' Training Corps** (**ROTC**), **Literacy Training Service** (**LTS**), and **Civic Welfare Training Service** (**CWTS**). In ROTC, students are required to undergo military training and programs that will enhance their physical attributes and gain knowledge on military tactic skills. After their completion of the said program, these students will be reserved and used when our nation needs more officers in our line of defense. In LTS, students will be trained to teach out-of-school youths and other sectors which need education in literacy and numeracy. In CWTS, the students will focus and tackle the problems faced by the members of the community. They will be trained and taught to lead community services and provide help and solutions to the problems arising in a community. As a Filipino citizen and student, it is our duty to help the progression of our nation. So it is important for the students to take (NSTP) and lead towards the development of every Filipino citizen in our nation. Input No. 1: The Evolution of the National Service Training Program             Before the establishment of the NSTP, previous administrations have sought to create a program for the citizens' involvement in national concerns. In December 21,1935, former President Manuel L. Quezon signed a bill named Commonwealth Act No. 1 or The National Defense Act of 1935. The law aims to build our own nation's army and being independent from the aid of foreign forces such as American troops. However, the law was not immediately implemented due to the interruption of the events of World War II. In 1946, after the world war, the government has used an annual appropriation of 16 million pesos to implement the law and created a regular army force of 10,000 troops (majority came from Philippine Scouts and Philippine Constabulary), a reserve army of 400,000, 36 torpedo boats for the Offshore Patrol, and a hundred tactical bombers. The reserve army was formed by drafting physically capable Filipino men with ages ranging from 21 to 50 years old, into the 30 reserve divisions. The reserves were trained and supervised by the instructors from the national army.             However, the prior law only obligates a fraction of the Filipino citizens to serve the nation. Revisions are made to establish the Presidential Decree No. 1706, otherwise known as the "National Service Law" on August 8, 1980. The law signifies the obligation of all Filipino citizens of their national service within these categories: civic welfare service, law enforcement service, and military service. The NSTP was derived from this law.             Another law regarding the reservists was enacted on June 27, 1991. This is the Republic Act 7077 or the "Citizen Armed Forces of the Philippine Reservist Act". The law referred to the reservists as "citizen soldiers". This law has provided the organization, training, and utilization of the reservists. These reservists are expected to stand with the nation's army against any national threats. They are obliged to fight for the country when our nation calls for it. Input No. 2: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about NSTP ·       Who are required to complete the NSTP? Students of any baccalaureate degree course or at least two-year technical vocational courses in public and private educational institutions shall be required to complete one of the NSTP components as requisite for graduation. Exemptions only apply to: i\. Students who have already taken NSTP from a prior degree completed; ii\. Transferees and shiftees who have completed NSTP prior to transferring or shifting; and iii\. Foreign students or aliens ·       How much time is needed to complete the NSTP? Each of the NSTP program components shall be undertaken for an academic period of two semesters (NSTP 1 and 2) or an equivalent one-semester integrated (NSTP 1-2) course. The allotted time for NSTP classes per semester is 54 -- 90 hours. The whole NSTP program weighs six units and should be taken for two semesters, three units each semester. ·       How are the NSTP classes structured? Student enrolled in the first semester of NSTP shall undergo a Common Module phase which will focus on: citizenship training; drug education; disaster awareness, preparedness, and management; environmental protection; and other national security concerns. Upon completion of the Common Module, the student must select the specific program component that he/she will pursue.   ·       Am I allowed to take NSTP 2 before NSTP 1? No. NSTP 1 is a prerequisite for NSTP 2. ·       Am I allowed to take different program components for my NSTP 1 and 2? No, you have to take six (units) of the same component to complete NSTP. According to the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the National Service Training Program as mentioned in Rule III, Section 4, you are "required to complete one (1) NSTP component of \[your\] choice as a graduation requirement." ·       After graduation, what will happen to us? Graduates of the CWTS and LTS components of the NSTP shall belong to the National Service Reserve Corps (NSRC) and could be tapped by the State for literacy and civic welfare activities, especially in times of calamities while graduates of the ROTC program shall form part of the Citizen Armed Force.   Modular Unit 2: Good Citizenship   Overview               What does it mean to be a citizen of a nation? What are our rights and duties as a Filipino citizen? This unit will tackle the concept about citizenship and how to be a good citizen. Citizenship is the status held by a person. It is the recognition of a person belonging to a particular nation or state. A citizen is under the laws of the sovereign state they belong. It means that it is a citizen obligation to follow all the laws imposed in the nation and accepts punishment imposed from breaking a law. Being a citizen have also exclusive rights that foreigners and alien cannot enjoy such as the right to vote for government officials, to run in government offices, to recieve benefits given by the programs established by the government, etc. To be a good citizen, a person must oblige and offer their allegiance to the policies imposed in a nation. As stated by W. Huitt (2005), "Good citizenship means to conduct oneself in accordance with the rights, duties, and privileges of being an inhabitant of a geographical location by means of birth or naturalization." The contents in this unit can serve as guidelines to be a good citizen.   Input No. 1: The Bill of Rights of Filipinos               From the day we were born, we have inherited human rights. Some of these human rights are the rights to have name, to attain education, to work and be paid, to be married, to express and to stay silent, etc. The human rights were constructed and established by the United Nations to address the issues on slavery, women and children abuse, human trafficking, and such. The rights of a person protects them from the issues discussed above. The Bill of Rights of Filipinos was constructed with the 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines which can be found below.   ARTICLE III BILL OF RIGHTS   Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, and property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.   Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.   Section 3. (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise, as prescribed by law.   \(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.   Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances.   Section 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.   Section 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health, as may be provided by law.   Section 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.   Section 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged.   Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.   Section 10. No law impairing the obligation and contracts shall be passed.   Section 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty.   Section 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel.   \(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are prohibited.   \(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him.   \(4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as well as compensation to and rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their families.   Section 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail shall not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not be required.   Section 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law.   \(2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of the accused provided that he has been duly notified and his failure to appear is unjustifiable.   Section 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion when the public safety requires it.   Section 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies.   Section 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.   Section 18. (1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations.   \(2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.   Section 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither shall the death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua.   \(2) The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any prisoner or detainee or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under subhuman conditions shall be dealt with by law.   Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.   Section 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. If an act is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act.   Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.   Source: 1987 Philippine Constitution https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-iii/               Importance of Bill of Rights   The author intended to list down the Bill of the Rights of Filipinos because of its grave importance it served. We never know the situation every people face today. One fact is that there are many people in every parts of our world that experiences abuse and their rights are violated, and yet, they remain silent. People face persecutions because of certain circumstances like porverty or racial difference. It is important to fight for our rights and have respect towards each other. We can fight oppression only if everyone knows and exercises their rights. However, we can never use our rights as excuse to violate the laws imposed. Therefore, we must be responsible on our own actions and exercise our rights properly.   Input No. 2: The Basic Values of the Filipinos               Filipinos are known for their hospitality and bayanihan throughout the world. Aside from that, Filipinos are also known to be religious and polite to the elders. These are some of the positive values Filipinos inherited from our ancestors. The NSTP aims to amplify these values to us and expects us to translate them into concrete action in building a better Philippines.               Meaning of Preamble                         The word "preamble" comes from the latin word preambulare meaning "to walk before". The term is used as the Prologue or the Introduction of the Constitution and contains the Good Citizenship Values Clusters.               The Good Citizenship Values Clusters                         The contents of these clusters shows the values we need to apply to become a good citizen of our nation. Below are the clusters and the list and descriptions of Filipino Values.                           The Maka-Diyos Cluster             ·       Faith in the Almighty God Majority of the Filipinos believe in the Almighty God. Faith is an important value because this drives us to do good which is a will of the Almighty God.   ·       Respect for Life Each life exist in our world is significant in their own way. Therefore, it is important to treat each other with respect. There is an important rule that states: Do not do unto others what you do not want done unto you. Keeping this rule in mind will help us respect others.   ·       Order The commandments of the Almighty God was handed unto us in the form of the Holy Scriptures. The Holy Scriptures contains all the will and order of the Almighty God. As His servant, it is our duty to implement and obey them in our daily lives.   ·       Work Work is an obligation of a man for his living. As Confucius quoted, "Give fish to a man, he will have food to eat for a day; teach him how to fish and he shall have food throughout his lifetime." It is commanded in the Bible that a man has no rights to eat if he did not work (Thessalonians 3:10).   ·       Family and Future Generations As Filipinos, it is in our culture to hold great dear to our relatives. As for the future generations, we hone them to become a good citizen to our nation.                           The Maka-Tao Cluster   ·       Love The Holy Scriptures have taught us to love others as how we love ourselves.   ·       Freedom Freedom does not mean we can do what our impulses tells. It is not freedom if we do anything we want. The true meaning of freedom is having the right to do what we ought.   ·       Peace Peace is a state where we are free from disturbances. Valuing peace is to honor those who died for it and the key to the progression of our nation.   ·       Truth Truth was considered valuable because it enables us to see the world as it is without prejudice or bias, and moreover, it enables us to act according to true moral dictums. Therefore, we must preserve the truth and remain as an honest individual.   ·       Justice Justice is giving everyone their due. To have justice is to do what is fair and be responsible to all of your actions.                           The Maka-Bayan Cluster   ·       Unity It is the value wherein every member join together in one goal and actions. It is an important Filipino value because  this bonds us as one nation.   ·       Equality Your rights is equal to anyone's rights. There may be differences in status, but each one bears the same amount of dignity as another and all share one common destiny.                           The Maka-Kalikasan Cluster   ·       Concern for the Environment As a Filipino citizen, it is our duty to preserve our nation. So, it is our responsibility in taking care of our environment. Therefore, we must be responsible in our actions by not violating environmental laws and speak up whenever issues arise to our environment.               Good Citizenship and Good Governance for National Transformation                                     Following the values stated above will make us a good Filipino citizens. Even from our differences in perspectives and religion, we must uphold and preserve these values and pass them to the next generation. Through good citizenship, everyone can contribute to nation-building. Then, we can ensure for a better national transformation.   Input No. 3: Nationalism and Patriotism               How would you describe your allegiance to our country? Some would say they have spirits of nationalism. Others will claim that they are patriots. Do they differ in scale of the love to the country? Nationalism and Patriotism are the terms for the allegiance to a nation that are often  interchanged for their meaning. However, they are different to each other. Patriotism is the fundamental affection for one's country. One example is waving your country flag as you support the national team on your home. Supporting local products is also a form of patriotism. A person with patriotism is willing to defend their country and will do anything to support their countrymen. On the other hand, Nationalism is a deeper term. Nationalism is a more extreme and unforgiving form of allegiance to one's country. Nationalism cares more on the identity and beliefs established on the state. It can unite people against other people and it is inseparable from the desire for power. Nationalism has led the freedom of our nation from the colonizers and has a power to unite people. When compared to patriotism, nationalism finds it hard to accept ideas and beliefs other than themselves. Nonetheless, they are both essential values of a  good citizen because these terms are the expression of our love for our nation. We will remain patriots of the Philippines, but when oppression rises, let us burn with flames of nationalism.               Salient Provisions of Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines             (as embodied in Republic Act No. 8491)               The government established a law that states the provisions we need to follow for our national flag and other heraldic items and devices of the Philippines. The following are the general provisions of Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines:   1)     Title -- these rules shall be known, cited and referred to as the "RULES AND REGULATIONS IMPLEMENTING REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8491, series of 1998, THE CODE OF THE NATIONAL FLAG, ANTHEM, MOTTO, COAT-OF-ARMS AND OTHER HERALDIC ITEMS AND DEVICES OF THE PHILIPPINES", hereinafter called the "Rules".   2)     Declaration of Policy and Objectives -- it is the policy of the state to herein prescribe the Code of the National Flag, Anthem, Motto, Coat-of-Arms and other Heraldic Items and Devices of the Philippines, ensure the promotion and implementation of its corresponding rules and regulations, and adopt effective administrative, regulatory, coordinative and supervisory programs and activities, where appropriate, in conformity with national government policies. Further, reverence and respect shall at all times be accorded to the flag, anthem, and other national symbols which embody the national ideals and traditions and which express the principles of sovereignty and national solidarity.   3)     Scope of Application -- these rules shall apply to individuals, public and private entities, military and police agencies, and other branches and/or instrumentalities of the national and local government including government-owned and/or controlled corporations, and shall also be observed in and within the entire territory of the Philippines as such is defined in the Constitution and laws of the Republic of the Philippines.   4)     Interpretation -- in the interpretation of the provisions of Republic Act No. 8491, Series of 1998, The Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines, hereinafter called R.A. No. 8491, and of these Rules, that interpretation which will promote or sustain reverence and respect for the flag, the anthem, and other national symbols, all of which embody national ideals and traditions, shall be given paramount consideration.   Source: https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2002/01/30/implementing-rules-and-regulations-of-republic-act-no-8491/   Input No. 4: Leadership and the Youth               It is stated by Dr. Jose P. Rizal that "Kabataan ang Pag-asa ng Bayan". It means that the youth are the hopes of our nation. Youth are the younger generations that will someday lead and manage our nation. It is important that even at their young ages, they must be developed with Filipino values and inscribed to them the importance of our sovereignity. It is the reason why youths are trained to be a good leader, because the time will come where the leadership and progression of the nation will be passed to the hands of the younger generation. They are expected to lead the further development of our country.               Leadership Defined                                     A leader is a person tasked to take charge of his subordinates towards a common goal. Leadership is not just the power to command and task its members, but to motivate and nurture them just to become a leader too someday. A good leader will ensure its members that they are running on the right track and will arrived towards its destination which is to achieve their goal.               Principles of Servant Leadership               Servant Leadership is a method that develops good leader. It stresses the role of the leader as the steward of the resources of a group. Servant leaders lead their members on achieving their common goal but also serves to what their members need. They consider their members' ideas and aims to direct and train them to become leaders too someday. They work tirelessly for the group and they are prepared to stake all they have for the sake of their subordinates. These types of leaders have high chances of succeeding and provides great influence not only to their members but also to their spectators.               Qualities of Servant Leaders               There are 10 qualities a servant leader must have. These qualities are the following:   1\. Empathy A servant leader can recognize and understand feelings and emotions that are experienced by their team. Such a leader will care for other people and will deeply experience emotions that match what others are feeling. Since they understand others so deeply, their actions are motive.               Principles of Servant Leadership               Servant Leadership is a method that develops good leader. It stresses the role of the leader as the steward of the resources of a group. Servant leaders lead their members on achieving their common goal but also serves to what their members need. They consider their members' ideas and aims to direct and train them to become leaders too someday. They work tirelessly for the group and they are prepared to stake all they have for the sake of their subordinates. These types of leaders have high chances of succeeding and provides great influence not only to their members but also to their spectators.               Qualities of Servant Leaders               There are 10 qualities a servant leader must have. These qualities are the following:   1\. Empathy A servant leader can recognize and understand feelings and emotions that are experienced by their team. Such a leader will care for other people and will deeply experience emotions that match what others are feeling. Since they understand others so deeply, their actions are motivated by a genuine desire to help others.   2\. Listening By paying complete attention to what others are saying, servant leaders can get a complete understanding of all interpersonal situations that they are dealing with. They use active listening to resolve conflicts, counsel others, and to impart training.   3\. Awareness Many people in positions of power are blissfully ignorant of their shortcomings, but not the servant leader. They are completely aware of their strengths, weaknesses, values, emotions, and feelings. This self-awareness allows the servant leader to understand personal biases and set them aside while making decisions.   4\. Healing Followers typically desire for a leader who has a sincere interest in fostering their emotional and spiritual well-being. By taking an active role in promoting the mental and emotional strength of their members, servant leaders typically inspire an exceptional level of trust and faith from others.   5\. Conceptualization An important quality of a servant leader is their ability to conceptualize or imagine the possibilities of future and reconcile it with current realities. This ability helps the leader visualize a bright future and take the necessary steps to get there.   6\. Persuasive It is easy for a servant leader to influence the opinions and actions of others through persuasive skills. Since servant leaders are committed to the welfare of others, they use this ability only to influence others positively.   7\. Stewardship A servant leader acts as a steward for the group's resources. They assume complete responsibility for planning and managing all available resources for the betterment and prosperity of their group, members, and goals.   8\. Foresight Everything is connected -- the past, the present, and future. Servant leaders have an intuitive ability to predict what is likely to happen in future, based on the past and the present. This foresight enables these leaders to plan.   9\. Community building Under a servant leader, people come together for a common purpose. They can create a feeling of belonging to something bigger than each individual, and foster team spirit and a sense of community. Servant leaders also deeply care for this community that they create.   10\. Committed to growth of others A servant leader takes it upon themselves to develop others. They are likely to help their members chart out a clear career path and provide them with resources to progress from one level to the next. Modular Unit 3: Drug and Substance Abuse Prevention and Control   Overview             Drug abuse has been a widely social problem throughout the world. In fact, drug abuse has contributed to the majority of the crime cases committed. In this unit, we will know what is a drug and how does it affects a person through his state and actions, and what are the solutions we can do to atleast minimize the cases of drug abuse.   Input No.1: The Nature of Drug and Drug Abuse (FAQs)               What is a drug?             A drug is any chemical substance designed to alter the body's system either through physically or physiologically. Majority of the drugs are legal and are used by health professionals as a cure prescription for illness and diseases. The drug's purpose is to save a person's life by fighting the invaders in the body or repairing cells and tissues. However, other than these drugs are illegal because of its undesirable effects to the user.               When are drugs harmful? And what is drug abuse?             Drugs became harmful if it led its user to addiction. Drug addiction is the dependence of the user to drugs that it greatly affects their physical and psychological well-being. Drug addiction is caused by the continue and gradually increase of drug intake. This led to people depending too much on drugs that they do not have control to their intake. As their intake increases, the drug's side-effects also worsen and become drug abusers. It is the reason why drug abusers changes their physical appearance and behavior.               Why do people turn to drugs? In general, people take drugs for a few reasons:   §    To feel good. Drugs can produce intense feelings of pleasure. This initial euphoria is followed by other effects, which differ with the type of drug used. For example, with stimulants such as cocaine, the high is followed by feelings of power, self-confidence, and increased energy. In contrast, the euphoria caused by opioids such as heroin is followed by feelings of relaxation and satisfaction.   §    To feel better. Some people who suffer from social anxiety, stress, and depression start using drugs to try to feel less anxious. Stress can play a major role in starting and continuing drug use as well as relapse (return to drug use) in patients recovering from addiction.   §    To do better. Some people feel pressure to improve their focus in school or at work or their abilities in sports. This can play a role in trying or continuing to use drugs, such as prescription stimulants or cocaine.   §    Curiosity and social pressure. In this respect, teens are particularly at risk because peer pressure can be extraordinarily strong. Adolescence is a developmental period during which the presence of risk factors, such as peers who use drugs, may lead to substance use.                         Are these products other than drugs ever abused?             Products other than drugs are also abused such as alcholic drinks, and cigarettes. A common thing from these products is that these contains an addictive substance. This substance goes through the brain of the user and releases toxins that alters their behavior. As a result, the user continues to binge for this products and his system has been almost dependent to using them. It will be difficult for an abuser to withdraw from the addictive effects of these products including illegal drugs.               What are the types of drugs?             The drugs are classified into two groups. The first group is what we called depressants. Depressants, sometimes referred to as downers, are drugs that decrease alertness by slowing down the activity of the central nervous system (e.g. heroin, alcohol and analgesics). Depressants are commonly prescribed as painkillers because of its ability to depress the pain producing in the body. This gives malicious meaning to others that do not know how to cope with pain, especially if it is emotional. This results to people using this drug to suppress their feeling and this will lead them to drug abuse. The other type of drugs is called stimulants. Stimulants, sometimes referred to as uppers, are drugs that increase the body\'s state of arousal by increasing the activity of the brain (e.g. caffeine, nicotine and amphetamines). This has been also abused because of its upside psychological effects. People who want to feel happy might turn to this type of drugs if they were not educated about it. The abusers of this type of drugs feel temporary pleasure and this lead them into taking more of this type of drugs, which is what can we also called as drug addiction.               What is a drug abuser? How can you tell when one is abusing drugs?             A drug abuser is a person who is almost completely dependent to drug intake. Their daily dose increases as time passes by until they can no longer control the amount of their intake. If they became so dependent to drugs, they will almost do anything to obtain and intake more drugs. This has led them to do drug-related crimes. Withdrawing from drugs will be a difficult challenge for the abuser.               Common Signs of  Drug Abuse             While every person's experience of drug use or addiction is unique, there are some signs that are common to many people who abuse substances, including the following:   1\. Intense cravings.     2\. Tolerance.   3\. Withdrawal symptoms.       4\. Physical dependence.          5\. Engaging in increasingly risky behaviors.  6\. Drug-seeking behaviors.     7\. Financial trouble related to drug use.         8\. Neglecting responsibilities. 9\. Developing unhealthy relationships with those who support addiction. 10\. Isolating behaviors.   For anyone who has a few or all these signs, finding quality drug and alcohol addiction treatment is an important first step. Seek medical and guidance attention. Report drug abusers to the authorities so that they can give them treatment for their addiction.   Input No. 2: The National Drug Situation               Drug abuse has continued to be a rampant problem in our country. Many youths were misled into abusing drugs and has wasted their time instead of studying in school. Others uses drugs as a means for living by selling them to others especially to youths. This has resulted to the increase of drug-related crime cases. At the first year of President Rodrigo Duterte presiding in the presidential office, he has launched the program "War against Drugs". This program aims to apprehend all the transactions involving drugs and provide treatment to the people affected by the drugs' adverse effects. Up to this day, this program continues as there are still some drug operators conducting their transactions and some of the Filipinos still affected by drug abuse.               Commonly Abused Drugs 1)     Marijuana It is a mild hallucinogen from the Cannabis sativa plant. It is a stimulant type of drugs and it affects the central nervous system. It speeds up the heart rate and raises the blood pressure of the user. The user, then, became paranoid and weakens the user's memory. Marijuana can also lead to cardiovascular diseases. 2)     Cocaine A powerful, addictive stimulant, cocaine gives users a euphoric feeling when ingested, which, depending on the person, may or may not actually feel good. The euphoric feeling is short-lived, lasting anywhere from 30 to 45 minutes. Cocaine tightens blood vessels and speeds up the heart. These cardiovascular effects are the main reason for most cocaine-related deaths.   3)     Opiates These includes pharmateutical painkillers such as heroin, morphine, and codeine. Like marijuana, it also targets the central nervous system and acts as a stimulant. Opiates mimic the effects of healthy feel-good activities, like having sex or eating. However, in high doses, opiates can cause some of the brain's critical functions, like breathing, to slow down or stop working.   4)     Methamphetamine It is also known as shabu. Methamphetamine stimulates release of excessive amounts of the neurotransmitter dopamine. It is also a stimulant type of drugs. Its effects are hyperactivity of a person and can also cause stroke and cardiovascular diseases.               Drug Trafficking             Drug Trafficking is a global illicit trade involving the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of substances which are subject to          drug prohibition laws. It has become a problem for many nations and can cause taints on to the relation of the involved countries. Drug traffickers try to smuggle drugs by using drug mules. Drug mules were forced to carry drugs inside their bodies to avoid detection and apprehension from the security. Persons who are involved in drug trafficking are punished by life imprisonment or sentenced to death.               Involvement of Foreign Nationals in Drug Trafficking             Below is an article about the involvement of foreign nationals in drug trafficking and how the government and police forces apprehended them:   1,612 high-value drug personalities nabbed in 2018: PDEA by Christopher Lloyd Caliwan   The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) arrested 1,612 high-value target drug personalities nationwide during high-impact operations (HIOs) in 2018.   PDEA Director General Aaron N. Aquino said Tuesday the agency launched anti-drug operations targeting people who play a vital role in the proliferation of illegal drugs on the streets.   This number, according to Aquino, includes 53 foreign nationals, 57 elected officials, 15 uniformed personnel, 43 government employees, 200 drug group leaders/members, 14 armed drug group members, 182 drug den maintainers, 10 wanted persons, 146 target-listed, other HVTs numbering to 407, and 485 drug personalities arrested in HIOs.   "Involvement of foreign nationals greatly contributes to the spread of illegal drug trade in the country. Majority of the foreigners arrested for drug-related offenses were Chinese nationals with 18 or 32.37 percent," Aquino said in a statement.   A person is considered a high-value targeted drug personality if he/she is involved in illegal drug activities and falls under the following list and classification: priority targets; priority drug groups; government officials, either elected, government employee or law enforcers; foreign nationals; members of African Drug Syndicates (ADS); target-listed personalities; wanted listed personalities; celebrities and other well-known personalities; and members of armed groups.   In April 2018, five Chinese nationals were arrested during separate raids that led to the dismantling of three drug laboratories in Batangas and Malabon. The arrested foreigners were members of the Dragon Wu Syndicate, which is connected to the infamous "Golden Triangle\" - known as the world's foremost drug-producing region operating near the borders of Thailand, Laos and Myanmar.   "Public servants and government workers are expected to lead the country in upholding the law. However, it is alarming to note that a handful of them are involved in the illegal drug trade," Aquino noted.   As a result of law enforcement efforts against HVTs, a total of 115 government workers were arrested in violation of the anti-drug law.   The highest elected official arrested for the period is a Board Member, while the highest law enforcer is a member of the Philippine National Police (PNP) with the rank of Senior Police Officer 2 (SPO2), and a legal officer (lawyer) of the Department of Agrarian Reform for government employees.   According to Aquino, local drug groups are the ones accountable for the distribution of illegal drugs in the market. They usually operate with transnational drug groups. During the period, 200 leaders and members of local drug groups were apprehended. Among them were major suppliers of illegal drugs in the Visayas and Mindanao, who have been in the illegal drugs industry for more than two decades already. On the other hand, out of the armed drug group members arrested, nine belonged to the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, and five were members of Moro National Liberation Front.   "The arrest of these high-value targets established their participation in the bulk distribution of illegal drugs in the country resulting in the high-volume drug seizures," the PDEA chief said, adding that more high-value targets had already been identified.   Source: https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1058917\#:\~:text=%E2%80%9CInvolvement%20of%20foreign%20nationals%20greatly,Aquino%20said%20in%20a%20statement.&text=They%20usually%20operate%20with%20transnational%20drug%20groups.               Transit Points of Drugs             Other nations such as United States has considered Philippines as a convenient transit point for drug smuggling. The reason behind from this is its geographical location. Philippines is an archipelago, meaning, drugs can be trafficked through sea which can be difficult to inspect by security officials. It is also convenient to hide the drugs on to a containment. To solve this problem, drug traffickers must be apprehended in our country. "War on Drugs" has been an effective program on apprehending these traffickers. The program must continue until all the traffickers are arrested and abusers are treated.               Facts and Figures Estimated Drug Users in the Philippines: 1.3 Million   Profile of Drug Users Mean Age:  20-29 years old   Ratio of Male is to Female Users: 10:1       Civil Status: Married Employment Status: Employed        Educational Attainment: High School Level   Nature of Drug Use: Poly drug use   Commonly Abused Substances: \(1) Methamphetamine Hydrochloride (Shabu)           \(2) Cannabis (Marijuana)       \(3) Inhalants (Contact Cement)   \* Figure estimates from the 2012 Household Survey on the Nature and Extent of Drug Abuse in the Philippines conducted by the DDB with the Philippine Normal University.     Input No. 4: The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002             Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, or Republic Act No. 9165, is a consolidation of Senate Bill No. 1858 and House Bill No. 4433. It was enacted and passed by the Senate of the Philippines and House of Representatives of the Philippines on May 30, 2002 and May 29, 2002, respectively. It was signed into law by former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on June 7, 2002.   Under this Act, the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) remains as the policy-making and strategy-formulating body in planning and formulation of policies and program on drug prevention and control. The law also states that the punishment for importation of dangerous drugs is life imprisonment to death with fine of 500,000 to 10 million pesos.   Input No. 5: The Youth and Government's Response to the Drug Problem             Amidst of the drug problem arising in our nation, our government continue to take action against drug abuse and trafficking. The youth are also encouraged to advocate the best solutions to solve drug problems in our country. The youth are also given special tasks such as leading recreational activities and community services in barangays and towns. The government, especially the legislative branch, has constructed legislative bills and laws to counteract the drug problem we are facing today.               Legislation for Illicit Drugs Control                                           Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency was created by virtue of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002 or the Republic Act No. 9165 to enforce the laws against drugs. The agency has the power to inspect suspicious transactions and hideouts, arrest persons involve, and check suspicious parcels and packages. The Agency also implements the laws against drug abuse and trafficking and creates policies to solve problems related to it.               Government Response to the Problem             The government has passed various laws against drug abuse and trafficking, inclusing the Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002. However, drug crimes were still rampant and police force finds it hard to apprehend especially drug lords syndicates. When President Rodrigo Duterte ascend to presidency in 2016, one of the first programs he implemented is the program named "War on Drugs". This program started on July 1, 2016 and continues up to the present. According to former PNP Chief Ronald "Bato" dela Rosa, the policy aims to neutralize illegal drug personalities nationwide. Since then, 5,104 drug personalities have been killed as of January 2019. Based on data from the PNP and PDEA from June 2016 to July 2019, 134,583 anti-drug operations were conducted, 193,086 people were arrested, and 5,526 suspects died during police operations. ₱34.75 billion worth of drugs were seized. 421,275 people surrendered under the PNP\'s Recovery and Wellness Program (219,979 PNP-initiated, 201,296 community center-supported), and 499 Reformation Centers established. The program has successfully control majority of drug-related cases. However, the program still continues to completely solve all the drug-related crimes and cases.               Ten (10) Ways to Say "No" to Drugs             We have learned in this unit the negative effects of drug abuse and we know we should avoid using illicit drugs. However, there are still drug traffickers out there waiting for their next victim. In case you have encountered a drug trafficker and offered you to take drugs, here are the ten responses to reject their offer:   ·      Make an excuse. ·      Use a little humor. ·      Change the subject. ·      Offer to be the designated driver. ·      Act like you're too busy. ·      Explain the dangers of drugs and alcohol. ·      Be honest. ·      Keep saying no. ·      Explain that you're in recovery. ·      Leave the situation.   Remember when saying your response, you must be firm and with conviction. Stay away from them as soon as possible and report them to the authorities so that they can make immediate action against drug traffickers.   SUGGESTED TEACHING-LEARNING ACTIVITIES   Unit Activity 3: Fighting Drug Abuse   Create a message for the youth to fight against drug abuse. The message can be in a form of essay, a slogan, and drawing, song, poem, or declamation. Be creative and concise. The message should persuade a person to say "No" to drugs. Prepare on to presenting your work. Modular Unit 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management   Overview This Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM has been designed to provide an in-depth overview of DRRM to humanitarian professionals interested in expanding their knowledge on DRRM. It draws on the very latest global practice and theory combined with expert content from around the world to advance knowledge and learning on this expanding area of practice and research. In addition to presenting the standard frameworks, it introduces new thinking on vulnerability and risk, on resilience and on urban contexts. Disasters have devastating consequences. They cause death, injury, disease, the destruction of property and other assets, mass displacement, social and economic disruption, loss of infrastructure and other services, and damage to the environment. Poor people living in low- and middle-income countries have paid a disproportionate price in terms of human suffering. Their exposure to hazards is exacerbated by poverty, lack of early warning systems, poor risk governance and an absence of the civil protection mechanisms that are taken for granted in high-income countries. However, while we can't prevent a hazard from occurring, we can use disaster risk reduction and management to understand risk and vulnerability, prevent a hazard from becoming a disaster, and mitigate its impact by making people more resilient.   Input No. 1: Overview of the Philippine Disaster Management System The Philippines has a high vulnerability to natural hazards which are attributed to the nation's geographic position in Southeast Asia. Natural disasters such as typhoons, earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and fires affect the country.   Input No. 2: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Concepts The Philippine Government has made significant strides in the implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) planning and activities through the development of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) which acts as the lead agency for DRR in the Philippines.   Members of the NDRRMC: 1.     DOH                           6. DOF                          11. DOJ                   16. PNP 2.     DENR                         7. DTI                           12. DOLE 3.     DA                              8. DOTC                       13. DOT 4.     DEPED                       9. DBM                         14. CHED 5.     DOE                          10. DPWH                      15. AFP               7 Components of Disaster Risk Reduction 1.     Planning 2.     Preparation 3.     Response 4.     Mitigation 5.     Recovery 6.     Rehabilitation 7.     Develepment   The Disaster Equation Revisiting the Foundational "Disaster" Risk Equation. The foundational equation for much of disaster research in the past two decades appeared initially in Blaikie et al. (1994), and was DR= H x V/C, where disaster risk (DR) is a function not only of a hazard (H) but also of the vulnerability (V) of the impact area. (Coping Capacity).               Disaster Risk Management -- What and Who?             Disaster risk management is the application of disaster risk reduction policies and strategies to prevent new disaster risk, reduce existing disaster risk and manage residual risk, contributing to the strengthening of resilience and reduction of disaster losses.               Disaster Management Cycle             The Disaster management cycle illustrates the ongoing process by which governments, businesses, and civil society plan for and reduce the impact of disasters, react during and immediately following a disaster, and take steps to recover after a disaster has occurred.               Disaster Management Disaster Management can be defined as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular, preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters. Disasters are the consequences of natural or human hazards.               Rationale for Risk Management Risk management is the process of identifying areas of risk that could negatively impact the success of the project and proactively managing those areas. They highlight common areas of risk with the intent of identifying and controlling the risk.               Disaster Risk Management Objectives Reduce the risk of disasters caused by human error, deliberate destruction, and building or equipment failures. Be better prepared to recover from a major natural catastrophe. Ensure the organization\'s ability to continue operating after a disaster.               Range of Risk Management Measures There are five principal risk measures, and each measure provides a unique way to assess the risk present in investments that are under consideration. The five measures include the alpha, beta, R-squared, standard deviation, and Sharpe ratio.               Disaster Risk Reduction Management Paradigm Consolidation of disaster and development studies as an integrated field of action research that influences policy has proved to be fundamental to global disaster risk reduction, sustainable development, climate change, and humanitarian agreements. However, challenges in achieving targets, such as those of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015--2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals, requires further advances of the disaster and development paradigm underpinning these aspirations.               Comprehensive Disaster Risk Management Framework This program belongs to the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery\'s (GFDRR) Global Distance Learning Program on Natural Disaster Risk Management (GFDRR-NDRMP), a series of online courses designed to build competency in DRM practice globally. The NDRMP aims to raise the awareness of key stakeholders and enhance the analytical skills and professional knowledge of development practitioners in specific areas of DRM. Many of the courses administered by EMI have been localized with examples and case studies from the Philippines and other parts of the world.   Input No. 3: Geographic Hazards and Disaster Risk Profiles of the Philippines Due to its geographical location, the Philippines is exposed to high incidents of hazards such as typhoons, floods, storm surges, floods, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides and droughts.               Philippine Situationer In his third State of the Nation Address (SONA), President Rodrigo Roa Duterte revealed once again his blinkered view of human rights. In justifying his government's bloody campaign against illegal drugs, the president doubled-down on his critique of human rights advocates who speak out against his kill policies. This pithy soundbite, then echoed by his supporters in and outside of government, belies the essential truth: that human rights and human lives cannot be separated from each other. Indeed, the very essence of human life is human rights.               Philippine Disaster Risk Profile The Philippines has a high vulnerability to natural hazards which are attributed to the nation\'s geographic position in Southeast Asia. Natural disasters such as typhoons, earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and fires affect the country.               Hazards in the Philippines The Philippines by virtue of its geographic circumstances is highly prone to natural disasters, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tropical cyclones and floods, making it one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world.               The Philippine Hazard Scope The Philippines by virtue of its geographic circumstances is highly prone to natural disasters, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tropical cyclones and floods, making it one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world.   Input No. 4: Vulnerability of the Urban Environment               Vulnerability Assessment Physical, economic, social and political factors determine people\'s level of vulnerability and the extent of their capacity to resist, cope with and recover from hazards. Clearly, poverty is a major contributor to vulnerability.   SUGGESTED TEACHING-LEARNING ACTIVITIES     Unit Activity 4: Disaster Risk Assessment   Make an observation in your community and assess what possible risk and hazards that may occur within the vicinity. For example, a clogged drainage could cause heavy flooding. Take photos of the possible risk and hazards and describe what could be the result if immediate action if not provided. Then, provide possible solutions to reduce the risk in your community.