Cardiovascular System Lecture Notes PDF

# Lecture: Cardiovascular System ## By Dr/Menmat Allah-Saqir - MBBS, MS, PhD - Lecturer, Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University ## By the end of this lecture, the students should be able to: - Define site, shape and relations of the heart - Identify the surf...

# Lecture: Cardiovascular System ## By Dr/Menmat Allah-Saqir - MBBS, MS, PhD - Lecturer, Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University ## By the end of this lecture, the students should be able to: - Define site, shape and relations of the heart - Identify the surfaces of the heart and their features - Describe the internal features and the blood supply of the heart - Components of circulatory system - Two major circulations in the body (systemic and pulmonary) ## The Heart - Hollow muscular pump responsible for blood circulation. - **Shape:** Pyramidal (apex, base) - **Site:** middle mediastinum. ## Chambers of the Heart - **2 atria** - receiving chambers - **2 ventricles** - pumping chambers ## Four Chambers of the Heart - 4 chambers - 2 atria - 2 ventricles - septum #### Diagram Shows the four chambers of the heart as well as the aorta, pulmonary artery, vena cava, chordae tendineae, papillary muscle and thickened myocardium ## Heart Shape - **Pyramidal in shape** - Apex - Base - Sterno-costal surface - Diaphragmatic surface - It is formed by the left ventricle. ## Apex of the Heart - It is found in the 5th intercostal space 9 cm from the midline. #### Diagram Show a diagram of how to locate the apex of the heart using landmarks on the chest. ## Base of the Heart - It is formed mainly by the left atrium and small part of the right atrium. - It lies opposite the middle four thoracic vertebrae (T5-T8). #### Diagram Show the location of the base of the heart. ## Normal Anatomical Position of the Heart - To place the heart in normal anatomical position you should place the base posteriorly and the apex should be directed forwards, downwards and to the left. #### Diagram Show a diagram of the normal anatomical position of the heart. ## Surfaces of the Heart ### Sternocostal Surface - Right atrium + left auricle. - Rt. Ventricle (mainly) + left. ventricle. - atrioventricular (coronary) groove - Anterior interventricular groove. #### Diagram Shows the location of the right atrium, left auricle, right ventricle and left ventricle as well as the coronary sulcus, right coronary artery and small cardiac vein. ### Diaphragmatic Surface - Left ventricle - Left atrium - Right ventricle - Middle cardiac vein - Posterior interventricular groove #### Diagram Shows the location of the left ventricle, left atrium, right ventricle, and the posterior interventricular groove. ## Valves of the Heart - **2 atrio-ventricular valves** - **Mitral valve** between the left ventricle and lt.atrium - **Tricuspid valve** between the Rt.ventricle and rt atrium. - **2 semilunar valves:** - **Pulmonary valve** Between the rt. Ventricle and pulmonary trunk. - **Aortic valve** Between the It. Ventricle and ascending aorta. #### Diagrams Shows the location of the mitral valve, tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve and aortic valve. ## Blood Supply of the Heart #### Diagrams Shows the coronary arteries of the heart specifically showing: - The right coronary artery, left coronary artery, circumflex artery and left anterior descending artery ## Coronary Arteries - Coronary arteries arise from Ascending aorta - **Right coronary artery** it gives: - Posterior interventricular artey - Marginal artery - **Left coronary artery** it gives: - Anterior interventricular artery - Circumflex branch gives #### Diagram Shows the coronary arteries of the heart specifically showing: - The left main coronary artery, circumflex coronary artery, and the left anterior descending coronary artery. #### Diagram Shows the location of the right and left coronary artery and their respective branches. ## Grooves of the Heart - **Atrio-ventricular groove (coronary sulcus)**: The coronary arteries and coronary sinus. - **Anterior interventricular groove:** The anterior interventricular artery and the great cardiac vein. - **Posterior interventricular groove:** Posterior interventricular artery and middle cardiac vein. #### Diagram Shows the location of all the grooves and the arteries that run along them. ## Circulatory System (Blood Vessels) - Are a closed network of tubes that transport the blood. There are three types of blood vessels: - Arteries, which transport blood away from the heart - Veins, which transport blood toward the heart - Capillaries, which connect the arteries and veins, are the smallest of the blood vessels and are where oxygen, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged within the tissues. #### Diagram Shows the general structure of the arteries, capillaries and veins ## Differences between Arteries and Veins - The walls of veins are thin. - The luminal diameters of veins are large. - There often are multiple veins (venae comitantes) closely associated with arteries in peripheral regions. - Valves often are present in veins, particularly in peripheral vessels inferior to the level of the heart. These are usually paired cusps that facilitate blood flow toward the heart. #### Diagram Shows the structure of an artery and a vein. ## Major Blood Vessels Connected to the Heart - Right atrium: - Superior vena cava (SVC) - Inferior vena cava (IVC) - Right ventricle - Pulmonary trunk - Left atrium - 4 pulmonary veins - Left ventricle - Ascending aorta #### Diagrams Show an illustration of the major blood vessels connected to the heart. ## Two Major Circulations in the Body - **1. Systemic Circulation:** Carries oxygenated blood to the body and brings deoxygenated blood back to the heart. - Head and upper extremities - Abdomen and lower extremities - **2. Pulmonary Circulation:** Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and brings oxygenated blood back to the heart - Pulmonary circuit: capillaries, pulmonary veins, pulmonary arteries, and right ventricle. #### Diagrams Show the systemic and pulmonary circulatory systems. ## Applied Anatomy - Atherosclerosis: A condition where plaque builds up inside your arteries and can lead to heart attack, stroke or peripheral artery disease. - Varicose veins: A condition where veins become enlarged and twisted. ## Quiz - Identify the pointed part number 1,2? - Identify the pointed grooves - Identify the pointed part, Surface anatomy #### Diagrams Include a diagram of the heart where key parts are numbered and labeled. - Thank you!