Current Issues in Psychology PDF

AS891 - CURRENT ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGY Mr. Mike Zabala |2ND Semester | BS PSYCHOLOGY 3-A PREJUDICE I SELF ​ Bias opinion or judgment ​ Concerns with the existing of the ​ Holding a negative view of...

AS891 - CURRENT ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGY Mr. Mike Zabala |2ND Semester | BS PSYCHOLOGY 3-A PREJUDICE I SELF ​ Bias opinion or judgment ​ Concerns with the existing of the ​ Holding a negative view of people self based on their age, race, or ​ Knows who he or she is nationality. ​ Involves thinking, acting, and ○​ Assuming older adults are feeling incompetent and slow. ​ Represents the private self, DISCRIMINATION reflecting who you are personally ​ Result of our prejudice ME SELF ​ Act of unfair and unjust treatment ​ Describing the person’s personal ○​ Not hiring a qualified experiences older adult for a job ​ Represents the public self that because of assumptions one presents to others about their energy levels The “Me Self” can be further broken down or ability to adopt. into three subcategories: STEREOTYPING MATERIAL This consists of what ​ Generalizing a group or people SELF belongs to a person, such with certain characteristics. as their body, family, ○​ Assuming women are less clothes or money. capable in certain roles based on societal norms SOCIAL These are the selves we about gender roles. SELF have in different social POSITIVE STEREOTYPING situations. We tend to ​ Refers to favorable beliefs or change our actions, generalizations about a social thoughts, emotions, group that portray them in a words, and mannerisms positive light. based on the people with ○​ Filipinos are hospitable whom we are interacting. NEGATIVE STEREOTYPING ​ Involves unfavorable beliefs or SPIRITUAL Who we are at our core, generalizations about social SELF including our personality, groups, often leading to prejudice values, conscience, and discrimination. motives, and moral ○​ Filipino Time behavior. SELF AS A COGNITIVE CONSTRUCT SELF DAVID LESTER ​ Sense of personal identity and of MULTIPLE SELF who we are as individuals. ​ The idea of multiple selves PSYCHOLOGY AND SELF suggests that individuals have WILLIAM JAMES different identities or personas ​ Father of American Psychology that they exhibit depending on ​ Distinguished the 2 understanding the context or situation. of the self: ​ People adjust their behavior and personality traits to fit the ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 1  expectations of different ​ People often adopt a false self to environments and relationships. impress others and gain social ○​ When John is at home acceptance. with family, he is relaxed, ○​ An adult may present playful, and casual, but at themselves as overly work, he becomes serious, cheerful and agreeable in professional, and focused, social situations, even showing different sides of when they feel anxious or himself depending on the unhappy inside. situation. CARL ROGERS ​ This concept acknowledges that ​ Believed in the inherent goodness these selves can be quite distinct of people from one another, sometimes ​ Human beings are always striving leading to confusion about one’s for self-fulfillment or overall identity. self-actualization UNIFIED SELF ​ When the needs of the self are denied, severe anxiety may result ​ Refers to a cohesive identity that SELF SCHEMA integrates all different aspects of ​ Collection of knowledge of who a person's personality into one we are. consistent whole. It represents SELF CONCEPT who you truly are when all roles ​ Image of oneself and identities come together. ​ It develops from interactions with ○​ Even though John significant people and through behaves differently at self-awareness. home and at work, his SELF IMAGE core values like kindness, ​ How you see yourself right now. honesty, and ○​ You currently view responsibility stay the yourself as someone who same, giving him a struggles with public consistent sense of speaking, feeling anxious identity no matter where about presenting in front he is. of an audience. DONALD WINNICOTT SELF ESTEEM TRUE SELF ​ How much you like and value ​ This is the real, genuine part of yourself. you. It includes your true feelings, ○​ You feel anxious about desires, and natural reactions. public speaking and ○​ A child feels free to doubt your abilities, which express joy and creativity lowers your self-esteem while playing without when preparing for oral worrying about how recitations. others perceive them. IDEAL SELF FALSE SELF ​ How you envision yourself who ​ The function of false self is to hide you want to become. and protect the true self ○​ You aspire to be a confident speaker who AS891 - CURRENT ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGY Mr. Mike Zabala |2ND Semester | BS PSYCHOLOGY 3-A can engage the audience smoking, overeating, or and express ideas clearly nail-biting. during oral recitations. 2.​ ANAL STAGE SIGMUND FREUD ​ Approximately 15 months ​ The importance of unconscious to 3 years. ​ Proposed a three-structure model ​ The anus becomes the of personality primary source of ID pleasure through ​ Represents pleasure-seeking activities related to toilet behavior; it is immature, training. impulsive, and childlike. ​ Conflicts during this stage ​ The ID operates on the pleasure can result in principle, seeking immediate anal-retentive behaviors gratification of desires and (obsessiveness, instincts. orderliness) or EGO anal-expulsive behaviors ​ Functions on the reality principle (messiness, and mediates between the destructiveness). desires of the ID and the 3.​ PHALLIC STAGE constraints of reality. ​ Ages 3 to 6 years. ​ The EGO can delay pleasure and ​ The genitals become the make rational decisions. center of pleasure, and children begin to identify SUPEREGO their gender identity. ​ Serves as the conscience and ​ This stage introduces the moral judgment, incorporating Oedipus complex for boys societal values and norms. (desire for the mother ​ It strives for perfection and judges and rivalry with the actions based on moral father) and the Electra standards. complex for girls (desire PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES for the father). Each stage is characterized by the focus ​ Unresolved conflicts can of sexual energy (libido) on different lead to difficulties in erogenous zones and plays a crucial role relationships and issues in shaping an individual's personality. with authority in 1.​ ORAL STAGE adulthood. ​ Infancy to about 2 years. 4.​ LATENCY STAGE ​ The mouth is the primary ​ Ages 6 years to puberty. source of pleasure. ​ Sexual energy is dormant Activities such as sucking as children focus on and biting are crucial for social interactions, gratification. hobbies, and developing ​ Issues during this stage skills. may lead to oral fixations ​ This period is marked by in adulthood, such as the development of ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 3  communication skills and PROJECTION social relationships. Freud ​ Placing one’s own unacceptable considered it a time of thought onto others. relative calm in terms of ○​Someone who is cheating sexual development. on their partner accuses 5.​ GENITAL STAGE their partner of being ​ Puberty onwards. unfaithful, projecting their ​ The re-emergence of own guilt onto them. sexual urges directed REACTION FORMATION towards mature sexual ​ Condemns something that has relationships. an unconscious appeal. ​ Individuals begin to ○​ A person who secretly explore romantic enjoys smoking may relationships and develop become an outspoken a sense of responsibility anti-smoking advocate, regarding their sexual expressing strong feelings. Successful disapproval of it. navigation through earlier DISPLACEMENT stages leads to healthy ​ Transfer of emotions or behaviors adult relationships. to another less threatening. PSYCHOLOGICAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS ○​ After a stressful day at DENIAL work, someone comes ​ Refusal to recognize a threatening home and yells at their situation family or punches a wall ○​ A person diagnosed with instead of confronting a serious illness insists their boss they are perfectly healthy, REGRESSION ignoring medical advice ​ Falling back on childlike patterns and symptoms. as a way of coping with stressful REPRESSION situations. ​ Pushing threatening situations out ○​ An adult who experiences of conscious memory. significant stress at work ○​ A rape victim may have may start to exhibit no recollection of the childlike behaviors, such traumatic event, as the as throwing a tantrum mind suppresses the when things don't go their memory to avoid way. emotional pain. IDENTIFICATION RATIONALIZATION ​ Trying to become like someone ​ Making up acceptable excuses for else to deal with one's anxiety. unacceptable behavior. ○​ A teenager may adopt ○​ A person who skips a the style and mannerisms workout might say they of a popular peer group needed a rest day for to feel accepted and their health, even though reduced social anxiety. they simply didn't feel like exercising. AS891 - CURRENT ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGY Mr. Mike Zabala |2ND Semester | BS PSYCHOLOGY 3-A COMPENSATION actions. It enables individuals to ​ Trying to make up for areas in set realistic goals and prepare for which a lack is perceived by potential challenges, thereby becoming superior in some area. enhancing their capacity for ○​ A student who struggles self-regulation. academically might excel ○​ Before going out, a person in sports to gain checks the weather recognition and boost forecast and decides to self-esteem. bring an umbrella, SUBLIMATION anticipating that it might ​ Turning socially unacceptable rain. urges into socially acceptable SELF REACTIVENESS behavior. ​ We can be motivated to regulate ○​ Instead of lashing out in our actions. anger, someone channels ​ This involves the ability to that energy into vigorous regulate and monitor actions exercise, such as hitting a while pursuing specific goals. It punching bag or running. focuses on adjusting behaviors, ALBERT BANDURA staying motivated, and ensuring ​ Introduced four agentive alignment with intended perspectives. objectives during the process of achieving them INTENTIONALLY ○​ An individual notices they ​ Enables us to behave with are gaining weight and purpose. becomes motivated to ​ This refers to the proactive change their eating commitment to act in ways that habits and exercise are expected to lead to desired routine to align with their outcomes. It encompasses the health goals. planning and strategizing SELF REFLECTIVENESS necessary to achieve goals, allowing individuals to set their ​ We can reflect our thoughts and intentions clearly. behaviors and make ○​ A student intentionally modifications. creates a study schedule ​ This pertains to evaluating one's to prepare for an broader values, beliefs, and goals. upcoming exam, It encourages critical thinking demonstrating purposeful about personal motivations and behavior aimed at the alignment of actions with achieving academic long-term aspirations, fostering success. deeper self-awareness and adaptability. FORETHOUGHT ○​ After receiving feedback ​ Allows us to anticipate outcomes. from a colleague about ​ This involves the ability to their presentation skills, a anticipate future events and person reflects on their outcomes based on current ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 5  performance and seeks femininity, such as intuition and training to improve for emotional depth. future presentations. ○​ A man may connect with CARL JUNG his anima by embracing ​ Introduced the 5 archetypes that creativity and emotional represent fundamental aspects of expression, allowing him human personality. These to develop a more archetypes are derived from the balanced personality. collective unconscious and ANIMUS influence our behavior and interactions. ​ the masculine aspect of the PERSONA female psyche, embodying traits typically associated with ​ The persona is the public masculinity, such as rationality personality or social mask that and assertiveness. individuals present to the outside ○​ A woman may strengthen world. It reflects how we want to her animus by taking on be perceived by others and can leadership roles or differ significantly from our true engaging in competitive selves. activities, thus developing ○​ A person may act confidence in her abilities. cheerful and outgoing at work, even when they feel SELF stressed or unhappy ​ the central archetype that inside, using this facade represents wholeness and to fit in socially. integration of all aspects of the SHADOW personality. It signifies the harmonious balance between the ​ represents the darker, hidden conscious and unconscious mind. aspects of our personality that we ○​ An individual who has may dislike or deny. It worked through their encompasses repressed persona, shadow, anima, weaknesses, desires, and and animus may achieve instincts. a sense of self-awareness ○​ An individual who prides and fulfillment, feeling themselves on being complete and authentic honest may struggle with in their identity. feelings of jealousy or dishonesty, which they CARVER AND SCHEIER project onto others ​ Self awareness refers to the instead of acknowledging understanding of our these traits within self-concept and how we themselves. perceive ourselves. TWO TYPES OF SELF - AWARENESS ANIMA PRIVATE SELF ​ the feminine aspect of the male ​ Internal standards and private psyche, representing qualities thoughts and feelings that shape traditionally associated with our perception. AS891 - CURRENT ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGY Mr. Mike Zabala |2ND Semester | BS PSYCHOLOGY 3-A ○​ A person may have a because her parents private self that includes expect to maintain good feelings of insecurity grades and uphold family about their abilities, which values. they do not share with THEORIES IN SELF DEVELOPMENT others but affects their SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM THEORY confidence in social ​ The self is created and developed situations. PUBLIC SELF through human interaction. This theory emphasizes that our ​ This aspect relates to the public identities are shaped by the social image we present to others, contexts in which we engage and focusing on how we want to be the meanings we derive from perceived. those interactions. ○​ An individual may curate ○​ A child learns to identify their social media profiles as "shy" after repeatedly to showcase a successful being labeled as such by and happy life, projecting peers and adults during a positive public self while social interactions, concealing personal leading them to struggles. internalize this identity. 3 SELF-SCHEMAS OF SELF AWARENESS ACTUAL SELF SOCIAL COMPARISON THEORY ​ Who you are at the moment, ​We learn about ourselves by encompassing your current comparing aspects of ourselves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. to other people. This process ○​ A student currently helps us evaluate our abilities, struggles with opinions, and emotions. procrastination and often TWO TYPES OF SOCIAL COMPARISON submits assignments late. DOWNWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON IDEAL SELF ​Comparing ourselves with those ​Who you aspire to be, who are worse than us. representing your hopes, goals, ○​ A student who receives a and dreams. B on an exam may feel ○​ She envisions her ideal better about their self as someone who is performance after disciplined, submits learning that a classmate assignments on time, and received a D, thus excels academically. boosting their OUGHT SELF self-esteem. UPWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON ​ Who you believe you should be based on societal expectations, ​ Comparing ourselves with those obligations, or moral who are better than us. responsibilities. ○​ An aspiring musician may ○​ She feels she ought to be feel inspired but also punctual and responsible inadequate when they ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 7  compare their skills to those of a famous artist, motivating them to practice more. SELF - EVALUATION MAINTENANCE THEORY ​ We feel threatened when someone close to us outperforms us, especially in areas that are important to our self-esteem. This theory suggests that our self-worth can be impacted by the achievements of others in our social circle. ○​ A student may feel envious and threatened when their best friend receives a prestigious scholarship for academic excellence, prompting feelings of inadequacy and potentially straining their friendship.