Current Affairs June 2024 PDF

June 2024 AHMEDABAD | BENGALURU | BHOPAL | CHANDIGARH | DELHI | GUWAHATI HYDERABAD | JAIPUR | JODHPUR | LUCKNOW | PRAYAGRAJ | PUNE | RANCHI Table of Contents 1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE ________________4 3.9.15. Front Running __________________________ 54 1.1. Coalition Government ____________________ 4 3.9.16. State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024 54 1.2. Demand for New States ___________________ 5 3.9.17. ICRIER Releases Policy Brief on Post-Harvest Losses (PHL) in India ___________________________ 55 1.3. Internal Emergency ______________________ 7 3.9.18. Container Port Performance Index (CPPI) ____ 56 1.4. Proportional Representation _______________ 9 4. SECURITY _____________________________ 57 1.5. Mission Karmayogi ______________________ 10 4.1. 25 years of Kargil War ___________________ 57 1.6. Online Misinformation ___________________ 12 4.2. National Security Strategy ________________ 59 1.7. News in Shorts _________________________ 14 1.7.1. New Criminal Laws Come into Effect from July 1 14 4.3. Joint Doctrine for Cyberspace Operations ___ 60 1.7.2. Telecommunications Act, 2023 _____________ 15 4.4. About Aircraft Carrier ____________________ 61 1.7.3. The Post Office Act 2023 comes into effect ____ 15 4.5. Forensic Science ________________________ 63 1.7.4. 74 Women MPs in 18th Lok Sabha ___________ 15 4.6. Financial Action Task Force (FATF)__________ 64 1.7.5. Self Declaration Certificates ________________ 16 4.7. News in Shorts _________________________ 66 2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ______________18 4.7.1. United Nations Security Council (UNSC) ______ 66 2.1. India: Global Peacemaker ________________ 18 4.7.2. Multilateral Peace Operations ______________ 66 2.2. Rise of Minilaterals______________________ 20 4.7.3. Project 28 ______________________________ 66 4.7.4. Nagastra-1______________________________ 67 2.3. India-Bangladesh Relations _______________ 22 4.7.5. Rudram-II ______________________________ 67 2.4. Group of 7 (G7) _________________________ 23 4.7.6. Microwave Obscurant Chaff Rocket (MOCR) __ 67 2.5. India-France Relations ___________________ 26 4.7.7. Javelin Anti-tank Weapon System ___________ 67 2.6. India-Eurasia Relations ___________________ 28 4.7.8. Exercises in News ________________________ 68 2.7. India-Japan Relations ____________________ 29 5. ENVIRONMENT ________________________ 69 2.8. Nuclear Weapons Arsenal ________________ 31 5.1. Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and Climate 2.9. News in Shorts _________________________ 34 Change ___________________________________ 69 2.9.1. India-Italy Strategic Partnership _____________ 34 5.2. Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) ____________ 71 2.9.2. INDUS-X Initiative Marks one-year Anniversary 35 5.3. Great Nicobar Island_____________________ 73 2.9.3. Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity 35 2.9.4. Colombo Process _________________________ 36 5.4. Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) _______ 76 5.5. Offshore Wind Energy ___________________ 77 3. ECONOMY _____________________________37 5.6. News in Shorts _________________________ 79 3.1. Revised Priority Sector Lending Norms ______ 37 5.6.1. New Ramsar Sites ________________________ 79 3.2. Finfluencers ___________________________ 39 5.6.2. Bonn Climate Change Conference Concluded __ 79 3.3. Bridging Global Workforce Gaps ___________ 41 5.6.3. 67th Global Environment Facility (GEF) Council 3.4. India’s Trade Deficit _____________________ 42 Meeting _____________________________________ 80 3.5. Agriculture Extension System _____________ 43 5.6.4. 30th Anniversary of UNCCD ________________ 80 3.6. Technical Textiles _______________________ 45 5.6.5. Montreal Protocol _______________________ 81 3.7. Indian Railways Safety ___________________ 46 5.6.6. Antarctic Treaty _________________________ 81 3.8. Offshore Minerals in India ________________ 48 5.6.7. Collective Intelligence (CI) Initiatives _________ 82 3.9. News in Shorts _________________________ 49 5.6.8. UNESCO Releases State of the Ocean Report (2024) 3.9.1. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) _____________ 49 ____________________________________________ 83 3.9.2. India’s Outlook to positive from stable _______ 50 5.6.9. Carbon Pricing ___________________________ 83 3.9.3. Global Economic Prospects Report __________ 50 5.6.10. Water Credit ___________________________ 84 3.9.4. UNCTAD’s Report on Growing Public Debt ____ 51 5.6.11. NASA’s Mission PREFIRE __________________ 84 3.9.5. World Employment and Social Outlook: May 2024 5.6.12. Sustainable Development Report 2024 ______ 85 Update ______________________________________ 51 5.6.13. UNESCO’s Greening Education Partnership __ 85 3.9.6. Preston Curve ___________________________ 52 5.6.14. EU’s Nature Restoration Plan (NRP) ________ 86 3.9.7. Reserve Bank of India (RBI) joins Project Nexus 52 5.6.15. Global Soil Partnership (GSP) ______________ 86 3.9.8. RBI Launches Various Initiatives _____________ 52 5.6.16. 50th year of Crocodile Conservation Project __ 86 3.9.9. Variable Repo Rate (VRR) __________________ 53 5.6.17. Microalgae ____________________________ 87 3.9.10. Secured Overnight Financing Rate __________ 53 5.6.18. Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus) ______________ 87 3.9.11. Pump and Dump Scheme _________________ 53 5.6.19. Pench Tiger Reserve _____________________ 87 3.9.12. SEBI amends Infrastructure Investment Trusts 5.6.20. Bhuvan Panchayat and NDEM 5.0 __________ 88 (InvITs) Regulations 2024 _______________________ 53 5.6.21. Heat Dome ____________________________ 88 3.9.13. Clearing Corporations ____________________ 54 6. SOCIAL ISSUES _________________________ 89 3.9.14. Derivatives Trading ______________________ 54 6.1. Failing Public Examination Systems _________ 89 1 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 6.2. News in Shorts _________________________ 91 7.5.10. WHO Launches its First Investment Round __ 109 6.2.1. Global Gender Gap Report 2024 ____________ 91 7.5.11. Biopharmaceutical Alliance ______________ 110 6.2.2. UNICEF releases “Child Nutrition Report, 2024” 91 7.5.12. Recombinant Proteins __________________ 110 6.2.3. Child Labour_____________________________ 92 7.5.13. Jumping Genes ________________________ 111 6.2.4. Global Food Policy Report 2024 _____________ 92 8. CULTURE ____________________________ 112 6.2.5. Migration and Development Brief 2024 _______ 93 8.1. Devi Ahilyabai Holkar ___________________ 112 7. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ______________94 8.2. Nalanda University _____________________ 112 7.1. Quantum Science and Technology _________ 94 8.3. News in Shorts ________________________ 115 7.2. Outer Space Governance _________________ 96 8.3.1. Shree Jagannath Temple _________________ 115 7.3. Trans-fat Elimination ____________________ 98 8.3.2. Jyotirmath or Joshimath __________________ 116 7.4. Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) _______ 102 8.3.3. Swami Vivekananda _____________________ 116 7.5. News in Shorts ________________________ 105 8.3.4. Bavikonda Monastery____________________ 116 7.5.1. New CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing Platform _____ 105 8.3.5. Kozhikode: India’s First ‘City of Literature’ ___ 117 7.5.2. DeepTech startups in India ________________ 105 8.3.6. World Craft City (WCC) ___________________ 117 7.5.3. AlphaFold-3 ____________________________ 106 8.3.7. UNESCO’s Prix Versailles Award ____________ 117 7.5.4. Nuclear Technologies for Food Safety _______ 106 9. ETHICS ______________________________ 119 7.5.5. Daksha project__________________________ 107 9.1. Ethics of Whistleblowing ________________ 119 7.5.6. TRISHNA: Indo-French Thermal Imaging Mission 9.2. Frauds in Civil Services Examination _______ 120 ___________________________________________ 108 10. SCHEMES IN NEWS ___________________ 123 7.5.7. EarthCARE Mission ______________________ 108 10.1. Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana __________ 123 7.5.8. Symbiotic System _______________________ 108 7.5.9. Amendments to International Health Regulations 11. PLACES IN NEWS _____________________ 125 (IHR) _______________________________________ 109 12. PERSONALITIES IN NEWS ______________ 126 2 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 3 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE 1.1. COALITION GOVERNMENT Why in the News? Recently concluded 2024 General Elections of Lok Sabha resulted in formation of a coalition government at the centre as no political party got a clear majority in the Lower House of the Parliament. About Coalition Government It refers to a political arrangement where multiple parties collaborate to form a government when no single party secures a clear majority in the legislature. Factors contributing for Coalition Government in India: Multi-party system, regional diversity and rise of state parties, anti-incumbency factors, etc. Coalition governments in India can form through two main routes: o Pre-election alliances: Parties form coalitions before elections, presenting a united front to voters. o Post-election coalitions: Parties negotiate to form a government after election results, often when no pre- election alliance gains a majority. Significance of Coalition Government Broader representation: Coalitions often represent a wider range of interests and regions, potentially leading to more inclusive policies and programmes. Checks and balances: Coalition partners can act as a check on each other, potentially reducing the risk of authoritarianism and hasty policy decisions. Consensus building: Coalitions necessitate negotiation and compromise, potentially leading to more widely accepted policies. Role of Lok Sabha: Coalition governments result in more vibrant and substantive debates in the Lok Sabha, increased accountability of government. Cooperative federalism: Coalition governments have often included regional parties resulting in increased bargaining power of states and decentralized approach to governance. Challenges due to Coalition Government Political instability: Divergent interests of coalition partners can lead to frequent disagreements and government instability. e.g., Fall of first NDA government in 1998 after just 13 months. Policy paralysis: Decision-making can be slow due to the need for consensus among coalition partners. o e.g., Withdrawal of support by Left parties from the UPA-I government over Indo-US nuclear deal in 2008. Myopic decision-making: Frequent changes in coalition dynamics can result in hindering the implementation of long-term strategies. o e.g., Frequent changes in the Human Resource Development Ministry during the 2004-2014 led to inconsistent policies in the education sector. Compromise on ideologies: Political parties may have to dilute their core ideologies to maintain the coalition. 4 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Regionalism: Regional parties in coalitions often leverage their position to push for state-specific benefits, allocation of resources to satisfy regional allies, etc. Foreign policy: Coalition dynamics can influence foreign policy decisions, particularly regarding regional issues. o e.g., Stalled decision on Teesta Water Agreement in 2011. Way Forward Political stability: Amend the Rules of Procedure of the Legislatures for adoption of a system of constructive vote of no confidence. (NCRWC) o Constructive vote of no-confidence means motion of no-confidence should be accompanied by a proposal of alternative Leader to be voted simultaneously. o If one or more parties in a coalition realign midstream with one or more parties outside coalition, then members of that party/ parties shall seek fresh mandate from electorate. (ARC-II) Election of Prime Ministers: Provide for a mechanism for election of the Leader of Lok Sabha, along with the election of Speaker, under the Rules of Procedure who may be appointed as the Prime Minister. (NCRWC) Transparency in functioning of coalition: Mandate regular public reporting on the progress of Common Minimum Program implementation and introduce 'coalition impact assessments' for major policy decisions. Long-term policy strategies: Use of constitutional bodies like Inter-State Council and non-partisan bodies like NITI Aayog in national policy formulation that transcends coalition politics. 1.2. DEMAND FOR NEW STATES Why in the news? Recently, June 2 marks the ten years of formation of Telangana State. More on the news Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, reorganizes the state of Andhra Pradesh by creating a separate state called Telangana with Hyderabad as its capital. The move for a separate Telangana state was motivated by perceived regional inequality in the development. Recently, Bhil tribe demanded an independent tribal state i.e., Bhil Pradesh, comprising parts of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Maharashtra. Procedure for Formation of New States Article 3: Provisions for formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States. As per this, o Power: Parliament may by law form a new State by separating territory from any State, uniting two or more States, uniting parts of States and uniting any territory to a part of any State. o Presidential Recommendation: Such Bill shall be introduced in either House of Parliament only on President’s recommendation. o Consultation with State Legislatures: Before recommending a Bill, which affects area, boundaries or name of any of States, President shall refer this Bill to Legislature of that State to express its view within a specified time. Parliament can create a new state through ordinary legislation (i.e. with simple majority). Factors driving Demand for New States in post-independence India Linguistic diversity: Language has been one of the major factors driving demand for creation of new states. o For instance, creation of Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960. Regional disparities: Underdevelopment in specific regions prompts statehood demands. o Example: Demand for Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. Cultural identity: Various ethnic groups attempt to protect and preserve their ethnic, social and cultural identity like language, race, language, customs etc. o For example, the demand for the Statehood for the Bodoland region of Assam has been raised mainly on the issue distinct tribal culture of the region, which is different from rest of the State. 5 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Administrative efficiency: Smaller states are perceived to enhance governance and administrative efficiency. o Example: Demand of Harit Pradesh from Uttar Pradesh State Reorganization Commission/Committees S.K. Dhar Commission, 1948: Recommended re-organization on basis of administrative convenience rather than linguistic factor. JVP Committee (named after its members Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, and Pattabhi Sitaramayya), 1948: Rejected language as basis for reorganization of states. Fazl Ali Commission, 1953: Identified 4 factors for state reorganization i.e. o Preservation and strengthening of unity and security of country. o Linguistic and cultural homogeneity. o Financial, economic and administrative considerations. o Planning and promotion of welfare of people and nation as a whole. Fazal Ali Commission recommended for formation of 14 states and 6 UTs. o Parliament implemented its recommendations through Constitution (7th Amendment) Act, 1956. Argument in favour for creation of new states Argument in against for creation of new states Effective administrative efficiency: It leads to proper Economic Strain: Setting up a new state's utilization of resources. administrative machinery, infrastructure, and o E.g. Telangana was able to utilise its water institutions requires significant financial resources, resulting in increase of paddy resources. production from 4.57 million metric tonnes (mmt) o For instance, according to estimates, about Rs. in 2015 to over 20 mmt in 2023. 40,000 crore will be required to build Innovation: Smaller states can experiment more infrastructure and various government buildings easily with innovations in governance and service in new capital of Telengana (Amravati). delivery, which can be replicated across states if found Resource Allocation: Dividing resources like to be successful. water, power, or mineral wealth between a new o E.g. Following the success of Organic farming in state and the existing one can lead to inter-state Sikkim, Kerala Government has created an disputes. Organic Farming Mission (in 2023) to turn the state o For instance, bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh into an organic farming hub. and Telangana resulted in disputes over water Trade: Small States like Uttarakhand, Himachal sharing of river Krishna. Pradesh and Goa tend to trade more than larger state Boundary Disputes: Drawing new state like Utter Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh etc (Economic boundaries can lead to territorial disputes with Survey 2016-17). neighbouring regions. These disputes can be long- Better Development: It resulted in narrowing regional lasting and create tensions between communities. disparities. o For instance, Belgavi dispute between o In Uttarakhand, number of people living in Karnataka and Maharashtra. multidimensional poverty has decreased to 9.67 Pandora box: Creation of new states can further % from 17.67% between 2015-16 and 2019-21 lead to the demand for and creation of other new (Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023, NITI Aayog). states. 6 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Way ahead Development: Steps should be taken for equitable development of all regions within existing states, address economic disparities and grievances that fuel demands for statehood. Expert committee: Creation of an expert committee engaging all stakeholders to investigate the demand/ impact of creation of new states. Economic viability: No new state should be created unless it has the resources or revenue to incur at least 60% of its expenditure from the day of its coming into existence. Clear Guidelines: Develop clear and objective criteria focussing on economic and social viability rather than political considerations for creation of new states. 1.3. INTERNAL EMERGENCY Why in the news? The year 2024 marks the beginning of the 50th year since the imposition of internal Emergency on June 25, 1975. About Emergency Emergency is a situation when democratic rights of people are suspended, and central government assumes powers over state governments. Suspension of fundamental rights during emergency was incorporated from Weimar Constitution of Germany. Emergency Provisions are outlined in Article 352 to Article 360 under Part XVIII of Constitution. Rationale behind the incorporation of these provisions is to safeguard sovereignty, unity, integrity and security of country, democratic political system, and Constitution. Types of Emergencies National Emergency: President may, on advice of Cabinet headed by Prime Minister, issue a proclamation of emergency if security of India or any part of country is threatened by “war or external aggression (external emergency) or armed rebellion” (Internal Emergency). (Article 352) o Till now, three times an emergency has been imposed in India i.e., 1962, 1971 on the grounds of war (India- China; India- Pakistan), and 1975 due to an internal disturbance. Note: This ground of “internal disturbance” was substituted by “armed rebellion” by Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, 1978. President’s Rule (State or Constitutional Emergency): An emergency due to failure of constitutional machinery in states. (Article 356) Financial Emergency: Due to threat to financial stability or credit of India or of any part of territory. (Article 360). Procedure of Proclamation of Emergency Approval: o It must be approved by both houses of Parliament within one month from date of its issue. o If approved by both houses, Emergency continues for 6 months and can be extended to an indefinite period with an approval of the Parliament for every six months. (44th Amendment Act 1978) ✓ If the dissolution of Lok Sabha takes place during period of six months without approving further continuation of the emergency, then proclamation survives until 30 days from first sitting of Lok Sabha after its reconstitution, provided Rajya Sabha in the meantime approved its continuation. o Every resolution approving the proclamation of emergency, or its continuance must be passed by either House of Parliament by a special majority. (44th Amendment Act 1978) Revocation o Revoked by President at any time by a subsequent proclamation. Such proclamation does not require parliamentary approval. o Resolution for disapproval of continuation of National Emergency is required to be passed by Lok Sabha by simple majority. 7 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Reasons for imposing Internal Emergency (1975-77) Economic context: Prices increased by 23 per cent in 1973 and 30 per cent in 1974. Such a high level of inflation caused much hardship to the people. Gujarat and Bihar movements: Students’ protests in Gujarat and Bihar had far reaching impact on the politics of the two States and national politics. Conflict with Judiciary: This was also the period when the government and the ruling party had many differences with the judiciary such as appointment of Justice A. N. Ray as the Chief Justice of India. Implications/Criticism of imposing Internal Emergency (1975-77) Political Impact o Suspension of Civil Liberties: Government gets the power to curtail or restrict all or any of the Fundamental Rights during the emergency. ✓ Newspapers were subjected to pre-censorship. Press Council was abolished, and many journalists, activists were imprisoned. o Centralization of power: Practically suspended federal distribution of powers and all the powers are concentrated in the hands of union government (Prime Minister Office). Thus, altering legislative power of states. ✓ 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act (CAA), 1976 extended duration of Lok Sabha from five to six years. o Crackdown on Dissent: Opposition leaders were arrested without trial under laws like Maintenance of Internal Security Act, 1971 (MISA). Social Impact: o Misuse of Power: There was widespread torture, custodial deaths, authoritative slum clearance drives were conducted in major cities without adequate resettlement plans, displacing thousands of people. o Impact on organisations: Religious and cultural organizations like Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, Jamaat-E- Islami, etc. were banned on apprehension of disturbance to social and communal harmony. o Forced Sterilizations: The push for population control and family planning intersected with citizens’ rights to personal autonomy and reproductive freedom. Institutional Impact: o Judicial Independence: Independence of judiciary was compromised, with judges who were perceived as unsupportive of government being transferred or side-lined. ✓ Government introduced 42nd constitutional amendment act, 1976 aimed at limiting scope of judicial review. Erosion of trust: Arbitrary use of powers during Emergency eroded citizens' trust in governmental institutions. Changes brought after Internal Emergency through 44th Amendment Act, 1978 Written approval: Emergency can be proclaimed only on basis of written advice by Cabinet to President. Fundamental Rights: Restricted scope of Article 359 i.e. Right to protection in respect of conviction for offences (Article 20) and right to life and personal liberty (Article 21) remain enforceable during emergency. o It omitted right to property as a fundamental right and made it a constitutional right under Article 300A. Term of Lok Sabha: Back to 5 years from 6 years by amending Articles 83 and 172. Removal of Article 275A: It dealt with power Government of India to deploy any armed force of Union or any other force to deal with any grave situation of law and order in any State. Judicial review: All doubts and disputes arising out of or in connection with election of a President or Vice- President shall be inquired into and decided by Supreme Court. Conclusion The suppression of dissent and curtailment of civil liberties during the Emergency underscore the citizens’ role in safeguarding democracy. Further, there is need to strengthen checks and balances within the democratic framework to prevent concentration of power and uphold democratic principles. 8 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 1.4. PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION Why in the news? Recently, experts in India have called to consider Proportional Representation (PR) for Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections instead First-Past-The-Post (FPTP) electoral system. Difference between First-Past-The-Post (FPTP) and Proportional Representation First-Past-The-Post (Simple majority system) Proportional Representation Geographical Country is divided into small geographical Large geographical areas are demarcated unit units called constituencies or districts. as constituencies; the entire country may be a single constituency. Representation Every constituency elects one More than one representative may be representative. elected from one constituency Voting Process Voter votes for a candidate. Voter votes for the party Seat A party may get more seats than votes in Every party gets seats in the legislature in Distribution the legislature. proportion to the percentage of votes it The winning candidate may not secure the receives. majority (50%+1) of votes. Examples U.S., U.K., Canada, India (Lok Sabha and Israel, Netherlands. State Legislative Assemblies). Benefits Simple to understand for common voters. Ensures representation of all parties Facilitates the formation of a stable based on their vote share. government. Fairer treatment of minority parties and Encourages voters from different social independent candidates. groups to come together to win an election Fewer votes are wasted as more people’s in a locality. preferences are taken into account. Concerns Over or under-representation of political Can lead to fragmented legislatures with parties compared to their vote share. multiple small parties. Does not ensure due representation for May result in coalition governments which minorities (small groups). can be less stable in parliamentary democracy. 9 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Reasons for not adopting PR system by Constitution Difficulty for voters to understand the PR system due to its complexity. Unsuitability to parliamentary government due to tendency of system to multiply political parties leading to instability in government. Highly Expensive and does not give any scope for organising by-elections. Eliminates intimate contacts between voters and representatives. Increases the significance of party system and decreases that of voter. Way ahead Law commission Recommendation (170th report): Introduction of MMPR system on an experimental basis. It had suggested that 25% of seats may be filled through a PR system by increasing strength of Lok Sabha. o Incorporating MMPR system for incremental seats or allocating at least 25% from each State/UT could alleviate apprehensions of smaller states (like Meghalaya) about FPTP system dominance by larger States. Increasing number of seats based on 2026 Delimitation Exercise: Over past five decades, uneven population growth across regions complicates allocating Lok Sabha seats solely by population, potentially undermining federal principles and causing state disenchantment. 1.5. MISSION KARMAYOGI Why in the news? Recently, Capacity Building Commission (CBC), launched in 2021, as part of National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building (NPCSCB) - Mission Karmayogi has completed three years. About NPCSCB - Mission Karmayogi NPCSCB aims to create a professional, well-trained and future-looking civil service, that is imbued with a shared understanding of India's developmental aspirations, national programs and priorities. NPCSCB cover all civil servants (including contractual employees) across different ministries, department organisations and agencies of the Union Government. o The willing state governments will also be enabled to align their capacity building plans on similar lines. Guiding Principles of Mission Karmayogi o Shift from rule to role based training and capacity building: This means a shift from rule-based, supply-driven capacity building to role-based, demand-driven capacity building. o Moving to a competency driven approach for capacity development: Competencies can be defined as a combination of attitudes, skills and knowledge (ASK) that enable an individual to perform a task or activity successfully in a given job. o 70-20-10 Mandate: 70% of learning comes from on the job experiences and reflections, 20% is derived from working with others; and 10% comes from planned training. 10 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS o Link goal setting, planning & achievement: Mission Karmayogi aims to align learning and capacity building with organisational goals and career goals of individual officials and performance measurement. o Establishment of unbiased systems of evaluation: Under Mission Karmayogi, there will be objective, fair and independent assessments to determine performance. o Democratising and enabling continuous, lifelong learning opportunities. o Move beyond silos in the Government Integrated Government Online Training (iGOT) Karmayogi Platform: Act as a launchpad for Mission Karmayogi. o It is a comprehensive online portal to guide government officials in their capacity building journey. o Performance of all users of iGOT-Karmayogi platform is monitored and evaluated on key performance indicators including individual learner, supervisor, content provider and creator etc. Significance of NPCSCB - Mission Karmayogi Professional Growth: Evolving roles of civil servants offer opportunities for officers to continuously build and strengthen their behavioural, functional and domain competencies enhancing professional growth. Uniform Training Approach: It harmonises training standard nationwide, promoting a uniform approach in managing and regulating capacity-building through collaboration and shared resources. Reducing Training Cost: Encourage Central Ministries and departments to prioritize online courses, invest resources in co-creating and sharing learning processes, and reduce spending on foreign training. ⁠Inspiring to-be Civil Servants: The values and ideals propagated by Mission Karamyogi would inspire ethical conduct in aspiring Civil Servants as well. This could help check the rising cases of dishonesty in Civil Services examination (refer to Article 9.2 of the magazine for detailed analysis on frauds in Civil Services Examination). Ease of Doing Business: Creating policies and delivering services conducive to economic growth. Citizen-centric: The shift from traditional rule-based governance to a more dynamic, role-based approach will to address challenges like working in silos, foster teamwork, and enhance service delivery. Other initiatives taken for Civil Servants National Standards for Civil Service Training Institutions (NSCSTI): It was developed by Capacity Building Commission to create a baseline for Central Training Institutes (CTIs) on their current capacity for elevating their quality and capacity of training delivery and to harmonise standards for training. o Standards will equip CTIs to help civil servants tackle emerging challenges of 21st century. Aarambh: Launched by Government of India in 2019, it is first ever common foundation course for civil servants training. National Training Policy: It was adopted in 1996 and reviewed in 2012 to develop professional, impartial and efficient civil servants that are responsible to needs of citizens. Concerns associated with NPCSCB - Mission Karmayogi Scalability: Given the vast number of government officials (1.5 crore) across different levels, effectively scaling training and capacity-building initiatives could be difficult. Over-centralization: It emphasis on training and learning through a centralized institutional framework may lead to resistance from states, affecting implementation and desired outcomes. Resistance: Indian bureaucracy is alleged to be status-quoist, reluctant to change and thus, a reform at this scale may face several resistances within the bureaucracy. Relevance to Job Functions: Designing training modules for civil servants, tailored to address the specific issues, needs, and demands of citizens poses a challenge. o For example, the issues faced by civil servants in Himalayan states differ significantly from those in desert areas. Conclusion Mission Karmayogi is a bold initiative of Government of India to democratize the training process and address the issues in existing system, such as complexity and red-tapism, silo culture etc. Further, constant evolving training programs to match needs to civil servants, cooperation with states etc. can reform civil services and empower them to deliver services effectively and efficiently. 11 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Capacity Building Commission It was constituted through Gazette of India in 2021, issued by Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT). It was established as an independent body with complete executive and financial autonomy. CBC comprises of three Members and is supported by an internal Secretariat. Secretariat is headed by an officer in grade of Joint Secretary to GoI (designated as Secretary to CBC). o Members have been appointed from diverse backgrounds to ensure adequate representation of multiple perspectives like those of state governments, public sector, private sector, academia etc. Its core purpose is to build credibility and shape a uniform approach to capacity building on a collaborative and co-sharing basis. Functions of CBC o Facilitate preparation of Annual Capacity Building Plans of departments, ministries and agencies. o Preparing an Annual State of Civil Services Report. o Approving Knowledge Partners for Mission. o Evolving a harmonious, de-siloed approach to capacity building initiatives. 1.6. ONLINE MISINFORMATION Why in the News? United Nations unveiled the “Global Principles for Information Integrity: Recommendations for Multi-stakeholder Action” for curbing the spread of online misinformation, disinformation, hate speech. About Online Misinformation Misinformation refers to false or misleading content shared without harmful intent, though it can still be harmful. o False or misleading content spread with the intent to deceive or gain economically or politically, causing public harm are termed as disinformation. The speed and ease of spreading posts on social media exacerbate the problem, making it difficult to provide corrective information. o Around half of the world's population has internet access, enabling the rapid creation, sharing, and consumption of information. What could be negative impacts of online misinformation Information Bubbles: Algorithms create information bubbles that reinforce prejudices such as racism, misogyny, and various forms of discrimination. Threats to Democracy: Misinformation can influence election outcomes by misleading voters about candidates, undermines trust in public institutions and the media. Difficulty in Achieving SDG: Online misinformation can worsen existing vulnerabilities in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). For example, o misinformation and coordinated disinformation campaigns undermine climate action, with activities like Green washing, etc. o Misinformation on social media about fertility issues, increased rates of cancer, and potential autoimmune diseases was spread regarding COVID-19 vaccines. 12 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Adverse Impact on Economy: Online misinformation can create panic or unrealistic expectations in financial markets within a short span of time causing unnecessary volatility and potential economic losses. Challenges in tackling online misinformation Rapid Digital Platforms: The unprecedented speed of digital platforms, including artificial intelligence, poses significant threats to information integrity. Remoteness of Readers: Fact-checkers are often disconnected from readers, who may be unaware of any corrections or invalidations provided. Data Encryption Technologies: Encrypted platforms like WhatsApp make it difficult to monitor and counteract misinformation. Media Illiteracy and Vulnerability: Older adults are more susceptible to misinformation online. o For instance, those over 65 are three to four times more likely to share false news compared to younger individuals. Engaging Content: Simple and humorous memes, tweets, and multimedia messages (videos or audio) are easily digestible for all audiences, including those less accustomed to text-heavy content. Initiatives taken to tackling online misinformation Social Media 4 Peace: By UNESCO aims to strengthen the resilience of societies to potentially harmful content spread online in particular hate speech inciting violence. Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 prevents intermediaries from hosting, storing or publishing any unlawful information, which is prohibited under any law. Information Technology (IT) Act, 2008 can be used to penalize those who spread fake news through electronic communication. Bharatiya Nyaya (Second) Sanhita, 2023 has provisions for fake news including through electronic means PIB-Fact Check Unit (FCU): FCU is mandated to counter misinformation on Government policies, initiatives and schemes either SUO MOTU or under a reference via complaints. Way ahead UN’s “Global Principles for Information Integrity” provides following 5 principles for curbing online misinformation and upholding human rights such as freedom of expression: Societal Trust and Resilience: Enforce robust and innovative digital trust and safety practices, across languages and contexts with a focus on protecting vulnerable groups (women, older persons, children, etc.) Healthy Incentives: Adopt business models guided by human rights that do not depend on algorithm-driven advertising based on behavioural tracking and personal data. Public Empowerment: Technology companies should empower users to provide input on trust, safety, privacy policy, and data and should ensure interoperability with services from different providers. o Focus on digital literacy training, especially for new Internet users and those lacking access. Independent, Free and Pluralistic Media: States and tech companies should ensure press freedom and journalist safety. Support public interest news organizations, journalists, and media workers, Transparency and Research: Increase transparency by tech companies to understand information spread, data use, and risk management. o Improve data access and quality for diverse researchers while ensuring privacy to fill research gaps and inequalities. Protect academics, journalists, and civil society from fear or harassment. At a time when billions are exposed to false narratives, distortions, and lies, it is crucial to prioritize a safer and more trustworthy information ecosystem. In the words of UN Secretary-General António Guterres, “No one should be at the mercy of an algorithm they don’t control, which was not designed to safeguard their interests, and which tracks their behaviour to collect personal data and keep them hooked”. 13 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Related News World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) India participated in International Telecommunication Union’s (ITU) WSIS+20 Forum High-Level Event 2024 in Geneva, Switzerland. WSIS+20 Forum marks 20 years of progress made in implementation of outcomes of WSIS, which took place in two phases in Geneva (2003) and Tunis (2005). About WSIS WSIS forum is co-organised annually by ITU, UNESCO, UNDP and UNCTAD and co-hosted by ITU and Swiss Confederation. Aim: Create multi- stakeholder platform to address issues raised by information and communication technologies through inclusive approach at national, regional and international levels. Goal: To build a people-centric, inclusive and development-oriented Information Society, enabling universal access, utilization, and sharing of information. 1.7. NEWS IN SHORTS 1.7.1. NEW CRIMINAL LAWS COME INTO Bharatiya Criminal Detention of EFFECT FROM JULY 1 Nagarik Procedure undertrials: Accused Suraksha Code, 1973 detained for half the The three new criminal laws were passed by Parliament Sanhita maximum sentence in 2023. 2023 must be released on Section 106(2) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita bond, except for death (BNS), which provides for punishment in hit and run penalty or life cases, has been put on hold. imprisonment cases, Significance of new criminal laws or those with multiple o Reformative justice: Such as community pending charges. service instead of imprisonment. Signatures and finger o Modernising the justice system: for ex Indian impressions: Penal Code (1860) is outdated and does not Magistrate of the first reflect current norms of criminal jurisprudence. class can order an o Seamless flow of information: Designed to accused person, to improve coordination and collaboration give specimen between parties involved in investigation and signatures or finger judicial proceedings. impressions or handwriting or voice New Act Replacing Major Points samples. Bharatiya Indian Community services Bharatiya Indian Electronic and digital Nyaya Penal for petty offense such Sakshya Evidence records are granted Sanhita Code,1860 as including Adhiniya Act, 1872 equal legal status as 2023 attempted suicide to m 2023 paper documents. obstruct public Oral evidence servants' duties. comprises all Sexual acts against statements, including women under 18 are electronic ones, classified as rape, permitted or required regardless of consent. by the Court from Terrorist act is defined witnesses regarding as a separate offence. matters under inquiry. 14 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS To know more about the 3 criminal laws, refer to Article ✓ DGPS will have powers to make regulations 1.1 Criminal Law Reform Acts of the December 2023 on matters such as charges for services, Monthly Current Affairs Magazine. supply and sale of postage stamps. o Powers to intercept postal articles: 1.7.2. TELECOMMUNICATIONS ACT, 2023 ✓ Government can intercept an article Multiple sections of Telecommunications Act, 2023 transmitted through India Post on specified came into effect. grounds ✓ Grounds include security of the State, It aims to amend the law relating to development, friendly relations with foreign states, expansion and operation of telecommunication services public order, emergency, or public safety. and telecommunication networks and is guided by o Exemptions from liability: Post office will not principles of Inclusion, Security, Growth, and incur any liability with regard to its services, Responsiveness. except such liability as may be prescribed with It repeals Indian Telegraph Act 1885 and Indian regard to a service provided by the Post Office. Wireless Telegraphy Act 1933 owing to huge o There are no penal provisions prescribed in the technical advancements in telecom sector and Act. technologies. Importance of the Act Salient features of Act that comes into force o It creates a simple legislative framework for Define various terminologies like delivery of citizen centric services, banking telecommunication, spectrum, user etc., thereby services and benefits of Government reducing uncertainties and improving investor schemes at the last mile. confidence and ease of doing business. o It enhances the ease of doing business and RoW (Right of Way) framework shall be granted on ease of living. a non-discriminatory and non-exclusive basis. Central Government may notify standards and Postal System During British Era conformity assessment measures for The East India company opened its first post telecommunication services, networks, security, office in 1727. distribution and sale of telecommunication Lord Dalhousie recognized the Indian Post Offices equipment; etc. as a separate organization of national Protection of users (by Central government) importance. which include prior consent to receive specified Present site of the General Post Office of Kolkata messages like advertising messages, creation of Do was the site of the first Fort William. Not Disturb registers, etc. Expands scope of Universal Service Obligation 1.7.4. 74 WOMEN MPS IN 18 TH LOK Fund which will now become Digital Bharat Nidhi SABHA (under control of central government). o This fund can be used to support research and Election of 74 women to 18th Lok Sabha (LS), accounting development of telecommunication services, for 13.6% representation in Lok Sabha, is a slight dip in technologies, products and pilot projects. women representation as 78 women were elected to 17th LS (14.4% representation). Significance of Act Status of women representation in Legislature Enhancing security and quality in telecommunication services. 9.7% of 797 women contestants won in 18th LS Gives greater emphasis to consumer protection elections while in 17th LS elections, 10.74% of 726 and national security. women contestants won. Women’s representation in LS increased from 5% in 1.7.3. THE POST OFFICE ACT 2023 COMES first LS to its highest in 17th LS (14.4%). INTO EFFECT Presently, women members constitute 14.05% of Rajya Sabha members. It repeals the Indian Post Office Act, 1898. Globally, share of women in national parliaments is Provisions of the Post Office Act, 2023 26.9%. o Director General of Postal Services (DGPS) will be appointed to head India Post. 15 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Significance of women representation: 1.7.5. SELF DECLARATION CERTIFICATES Women legislators perform better in their Ministry of Information and Broadcasting declares constituencies on economic indicators than their Self-declaration certificate (SDC) mandatory for all new male counterparts. advertisements Accounting for around 50% population, legislative representation is fundamental to political As per the Supreme Court (SC) directive, no empowerment. advertisement will be permitted to run on Women are less likely to be criminal and corrupt, television, print media, or the internet without a more efficacious, and less vulnerable to political valid SDC. opportunism. SDC, signed by an authorized representative of the advertiser/advertising agency, needs to be Challenges to women’s legislative representation: submitted through these portals. Societal Prejudices, male dominated political o Broadcast Seva Portal for TV and Radio structures, and family obligations. Advertisements. Structural disadvantages: Election campaigns are o The Press Council of India's portal for print and costly, time-consuming and are marred by digital/internet advertisements. inappropriate commenting, hate speeches, abusive SDC will certify that the advertisement: threats and muscle power. o Does not contain misleading claims. Internalised patriarchy: Women themselves are o Complies with all relevant regulatory often influenced by patriarchal societal norms. guidelines, including: ✓ Those stipulated in Cable Television Networks Rules, 1994. ✓ The Norms of Journalistic Conduct of the Press Council of India. 16 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Significance of the step unfair trade practices and false advertisements which are prejudicial to the interest of the public. Ensure transparency and accountability: By Ensure better implementation of Legislations and preventing misleading advertisements being Rules: Like complaints registered under Guidelines published with no accountability on the part of the for Prevention of Misleading Advertisements and manufacturers, promoters and advertisers. Endorsements of Misleading Advertisements, 2022. Ensure consumer protection: By preventing violation of the rights of the consumers, 17 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2.1. INDIA: GLOBAL PEACEMAKER Why in the news? Recently, the Summit on Peace in Ukraine titled “Path to Peace Summit” was held in Switzerland. About Peace summit Objective: To develop a common understanding of a path towards a just and lasting peace in Ukraine. India's Representation: The Secretary of the Ministry of External Affairs attended the summit. o India's participation aligns with its consistent approach to facilitating a peaceful resolution through dialogue and diplomacy. o India abstained from signing the joint communique released at the summit, advocating for practical engagement through dialogue between the conflicting parties. Why is Global Peacemaking in India’s interest? Contemporary shocks across the globe: Issues like wars in Ukraine and Gaza and the threat of conflict around Taiwan have global impacts, such as trade disruptions, inflation, energy crises, food insecurity, supply chain disruptions etc. o Global impact of wars like, could derail its vision of becoming a developed economy by 2047. Ineffective UN System: The United Nations Security Council has traditionally been responsible for global peacemaking, but its credibility has diminished due to the active involvement of the permanent members in current global conflicts. Potential Global player: Success in mediating peace can improve India’s stature in the international arena and help fulfil its aspirations to play the role of a net security provider. External security: India also has a direct interest in de-escalating tensions on the Korean Peninsula, given the alleged connections between Pakistan's nuclear weapons program and North Korea's ballistic missile program. India’s Contributions/Potential to promoting International Peace Voice of the Global South: India acts as a bridge between Global South and North, clearly evident from its efforts to include African Union (AU) into G20, amplifying southern voices. o It is also a clear sign of its. Non-Alignment Movement (NAM): Established India as a neutral mediator during the Cold War. o E.g., India helped Austria to become free from the Soviet occupation in 1953 utilising India’s neutral and diplomatic tools with Soviet Union. Conflict Resolution Experience: India’s experience in addressing both internal and regional conflicts, positions it as a potential peacemaker. Examples- o India’s role in stabilizing Afghanistan, mediating the Sri Lankan civil conflict, and resolving domestic issues in Mizoram demonstrates its capacity for effective conflict resolution capabilities. Growing influence in emerging global order: India’s healthy bilateral relations with various nations have helped develop a positive image in international order. Know the term o E.g., Iran asked India to play peacemaker role to de- UN peacekeeping: UN peacekeeping is a escalate tension with US, after killing of Iran military unique global partnership which brings commander in 2020. together the General Assembly, the Security Peacebuilding through Development Partnership: E.g., in Africa Council, the Secretariat, troop and police and Afghanistan through ITEC Programmes, building contributors and the host governments in a infrastructure (such as Salma dam), etc. combined effort to maintain international Cultural Diplomacy: India’s civilisational ethos is widely peace and security. recognised and respected and the philosophy of ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’ resonate globally, promoting harmony. Multialignment: India's potential as a bridging power stems from its longstanding commitment to engaging all major poles of influence (Russia, USA, Israel, Iran, Japan) in the international system. 18 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Active participant in UN peacekeeping: India's active participation in multilateral forums like the United Nations Peacekeeping underscores its commitment to global peace and cooperation. (refer to the infographic) India’s contributions to UN peacekeeping missions Participation Troops Training Participated in >49 missions. Contributed > 2, 53, 000 troops, Indian Army established a Currently, Indian Armed Forces deployed the largest number from any Centre for UN across 9 countries in peacekeeping country. Peacekeeping (CUNPK) in missions like UN Disengagement Observer First country to deploy All New Delhi to impart niche Force (UNDOF) (Golan), UN Interim Force in Women Contingent in 2007 to training in peacekeeping Lebanon (UNFIL), etc. United Nations Mission operations. in Liberia (UNMIL). India’s peacemaking role in Ukraine-Russia War Humanitarian aid: India had provided several consignments of humanitarian assistance to Ukraine comprising of essential medicines, medical equipment etc. Diplomatic balancing act: India’s non-aligned position and well-established diplomatic relationships with Ukraine and Russia provide it with a solid foundation to spearhead advocacy for peace in the region. o While India has not explicitly condemned the Russian invasion, it has called for an international probe into the Bucha massacre and expressed concern over nuclear threats issued by Russia. Mediator: India’s ability to speak to Russia as a trusted partner means it is uniquely positioned to play a mediator in the on-going conflict. Barriers to India’s leadership in global peace-making efforts Regional Conflicts: Persistent tensions with neighbouring Pakistan and unresolved border disputes with China can limit India’s ability to be perceived as an impartial peacemaker. Domestic Challenges: Internal issues such as internal conflicts, insurgencies, and political instability detract from India's ability to project itself as a model for peace. o For instance, UN raised alarms on human rights violations in Indian state of Manipur. Resource Constraints: Due attention and investment needed for domestic development challenges like poverty and infrastructure deficits. Geopolitical Alignments: India's strategic partnerships, particularly with the United States and its involvement in the Quad, may be perceived as aligning with Western interests, potentially undermining its neutrality in certain global conflicts. Diplomatic Capacity: Compared to established global powers like USA and UK, India’s diplomatic network and influence are relatively limited, affecting its capacity to mediate complex international disputes effectively. Passive involvement: India’s involvement in Russia-Ukraine has largely been passive, whereas China proposed a set of principles for ending the conflict in Ukraine. Way Forward India's Role as Vishwabandhu (the world’s friend): India must adopt a more proactive stance in global peacemaking. Partnerships: India can contribute more to peace-making efforts, alongside like-minded nations powers (like South Africa, Brazil, Indonesia etc) and traditional Western peacemakers (Switzerland, Norway, etc.) Capacity building: Form peace teams within the Ministry of External Affairs and think tanks to study global conflicts and develop resolution strategies similar to Norway's peace unit in Oslo. Related News Manama Declaration Declaration, adopted by the Arab League, called for deploying UN Peacekeepers (UNPK) in occupied Palestinian territory until a two-state solution to the Israel-Palestine conflict is implemented. o Arab League was founded in 1945 to promote regional cooperation and resolve disputes. It consists of countries from Middle East and North Africa. 19 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 2.2. RISE OF MINILATERALS Why in the News? Chinese aggression in the Indo-Pacific has prompted the emergence of ‘Squad’, a minilateral grouping between the US, Japan, Australia and the Philippines. More on the News Squad is seen as an addition to the series of security minilateral groupings in the Indo- Pacific such as the QUAD, AUKUS, US- Philippines-Japan trilateral and the US- Japan-South Korea trilateral etc. Its formation has highlighted the growing preference for minilateralism as the means of cooperation in the global world order. What are Minilaterals? Minilaterals are informal and targeted grouping with fewer states (usually 3 or 4) which intends to address specific threat, contingency or security issue sharing the same interest for resolving it within a finite period of time. Reasons behind rise of Minilaterals Failure of the Multilateral Institutions: o Existing multilateral institutions are facing difficulties to address new and emerging global challenges such as climate change, cyber security etc. ✓ E.g. ASEAN members failed to condemn Chinese action in South China Sea. o Heightening Great-Power Rivalry impeding consensus E.g. Dysfunctional WTO's dispute settlement system, demand of reforms in the UN security council etc. o Changing ‘Balance of Power’ and emergence of more aggressive and assertive China is leading to emergence of groupings such as QUAD, AUKUS, etc. o Fallout of COVID-19 pandemic which revealed vulnerabilities of multilateral institutions. E.g. WHO handling of the Pandemic. o Tyranny of Majority: Developed countries view the high bargaining power of the developing countries as tyranny of the majority. E.g. Developing countries like USA disagree with demand of Common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR) principle by developing countries in trade and climate actions. Advantages of Minilateralism o Pragmatic alternative to cumbersome multilateralism as it allows increased flexibility and agility in decision making, striking convergences. o Issue based cooperation allows like-minded countries to come together E.g. Supply-Chain Resilience initiative between Australia, India, and Japan etc. o De-globalization and rise in protectionist tendencies makes it difficult to cooperate on multilateral platforms: E.g. US-China Trade War. Reasons for Rise of Minilaterals in Indo-Pacific Vast maritime geography with the varied interests of different member nations and to ensuring a free, open and inclusive Indo-Pacific order. Differing national interests, threat perceptions, and desires for alignment. For example, multiple territorial and border disputes exist in the region, such as the Indo-China border dispute and the South China Sea dispute. Response to China’s rise and challenge to the regional balance of power. 20 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Failure of the region to develop much faith in the UNSC system to resolve issues. E.g. Korean Peninsula, Middle East turmoil. Little tradition of the region (except few) to be a part of formal military alliances E.g. NATO Benefits of Minilaterals for India Maintaining strategic autonomy, enhance its policy of multi-alignment and ensure regional security. o E.g. QUAD partnership between Australia, India, Japan, and the United States is committed to supporting an open, stable and prosperous Indo-Pacific that is inclusive and resilient. Emerge as a voice of global south by reconciling Western interests with the developmental agenda of the Global South. o E.g., India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Trilateral for reform in global institutions and South-South Cooperation Co-opting partners with similar interests in the Indo-Pacific framework can help in addressing specific issues. o E.g., Australia, France, and India trilateral focuses on regional security; India-Iran-Armenia Trilateral- to boost International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) etc. Solve transnational as well as specific challenges in the areas of water, energy, food security etc. o E.g. India-France-UAE trilateral cooperates on defence and energy. Allows India to be part of diverse Networks. o E.g. part of U.S. alliances (QUAD) and the Middle East (I2U2). Restructuring the China-centered Asian integration by encouraging the shift of industrial supply chains out of China and building new coalitions. o E.g. “Chip 4” semiconductor alliance (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and the United States) Other benefits: o Maximize return on the geopolitical rivalry between the United States and China by partnering with different countries on different issues. o Cement India’s growing centrality in the emerging Indo-Pacific strategic architecture by an increased presence in smaller regional coalitions. Challenges with Minilaterals Legitimacy and inclusiveness: Lack of inclusiveness can undermine interests of countries in Global South and impact their legitimacy. o E.g. India-France-Australia Trilateral excludes various members of Indo-Pacific region. Limited resource and capabilities: Smaller groups lack sufficient collective resources to address complex global challenges like Climate Change. Tensions and divisions among countries: Due to potential for growth of exclusionary bloc politics, particularly in areas of strategic cooperation. o China characterizes Quad as an ‘Asian NATO’. Accountability and Transparency: Less formal structure and processes in minilaterals raise concerns of inadequate democratic oversight. Promote soft law mechanisms, i.e. voluntary and non-binding targets thereby leading to reduced accountability in global governance. o E.g. SCRI (Australia, India, and Japan) countries have differences in their trade and economic outlooks. Informal Nature and lack of proper structures required for focused debates may lead to less effectiveness in shaping of state policies, interests, and behaviour for rules-based framework in the global order. o Moreover, they may have a detrimental effect on countries that are not part of negotiations. o E.g. WTO is an consensus based organisation and has proper structural mechanisms Diminished sanctity of multilateral frameworks by disrupting process of international interdependence and globalisation. o This may lead to fragmentation of the global governance mechanisms. E.g. Ambiguity of QUAD’s strategic interests to curtail Chinese influence. Conclusion As India should embrace the concept of Minilateralism along with Multilateralism in line with philosophy of Sarvajan Hitaya Sarvajan Sukhaya (Everyone's benefit, everyone's happiness). Moreover, India should keep pushing for 21 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS reforms at the multilateral level to safeguard a universal rules-based framework while utilising the minilateral route in the short term. 2.3. INDIA-BANGLADESH RELATIONS Why in the News? Recently, Prime Minister of Bangladesh paid a state Visit to India continuing the golden chapter of the bilateral relationship between the two countries. Key outcomes of the Visit Both countries signed MoU for cooperation in the various areas: Shared Vision for ‘India-Bangladesh Digital Partnership’ ‘India-Bangladesh Green Partnership’ for a sustainable future MoU on Maritime Cooperation, Blue Economy and Oceanography Commercial agreement between NPCI and Bangladesh Bank for launch of UPI. Joint Technical Committee for discussions on renewal of the Ganga Water Treaty Significance of India- Bangladesh relations For Both Countries Important trade partners: Bangladesh is India’s biggest trade partner in South Asia and India is the second biggest trade partner of Bangladesh in Asia. o Bilateral trade stands at USD 14.01 billion (2023-24). Security and Border Management: Both countries actively cooperate on police matters, anti-corruption activities and issues of illicit drug trafficking, fake currency, human trafficking, among others. o Examples of Defence Cooperation: Military exercises like SAMPRITI and MILAN. Peaceful and cooperative border managements: Both countries cooperate for the security of 4,096 kms long international border focusing on border fencing, joint inspection of boundary pillars, etc. o Land Boundary Agreement (2015) and Delimitation of Maritime boundary are examples of peaceful resolution of boundary disputes. Convergence for Sub-Regional Cooperations: Both countries have share vision for the Indo-pacific in terms of maritime security and development of ocean economy. o Engagement at multiple multilateral platforms: E.g. SAARC, BIMSTEC, BBIN (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal), IORA. Enhanced Connectivity: E.g. Protocol on Inland Waterways Trade and Transit (PIWTT), operationalization of Agreement for the usage of Chittagong and Mongla Ports Cultural and People to People Relations: The Indira Gandhi Cultural Centre and the Indian Cultural Centre in Dhaka both play an important role in celebration of common cultural links. Significance for India Internal connectivity: Easier access to India's North-Eastern states. E.g. Akhaura-Agartala cross-border rail link Regional integration: Bangladesh is situated at the convergence of our ‘Neighbourhood First’ Policy, Act East Policy, Vision SAGAR and Indo-Pacific Vision. Help in India’s vision for regional leadership: By countering China's assertive regional presence. Significance for Bangladesh Developmental partnership: In last 8 years, India has extended ~US$ 8 billion of Lines of Credit (LOC) for Bangladesh. 22 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Human Resource development: India trains Bangladesh’s Civil Service officials, police officials Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR): Vaccine Maitri (Covid-19 vaccines) Challenges in Bilateral Relationship River Water Dispute: Absence of proper mechanism for sharing of interstate waters. E.g. Teesta. Role of China: China is Bangladesh’s strategic partner and its largest arms supplier. Moreover, military exercises such as China-Bangladesh Golden Friendship 2024 further raise concerns for India. Internal Security Issues: Illegal migration from Bangladesh as well as from Myanmar (E.g. Rohingyas) have been causing conflicts in India, especially in the Northeastern region. Rising Radicalization and ill treatment of minorities in Bangladesh: It could impact security of Bangladesh with consequences for India as well. Impact of India’s domestic policies: Policies like Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) and National Register of Citizens (NRC) may affect India-Bangladesh relations. Recent developments in India-Bangladesh Bilateral Relations Regional cooperation: Bangladesh joined Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative. Power and Energy cooperation: India-Bangladesh Friendship Pipeline (transports High-Speed Diesel to Bangladesh), Maitree Super Thermal Power Plant (supplies electricity to Bangladesh grid) Partners in Digital Public Infrastructure: MoU on Cooperation in Digital Payment mechanisms was signed between National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) and Bangladesh Bank for facilitation of cross border UPI payments. Space Diplomacy: Joint development of Small Satellites and its launch using Indian launch vehicle. Medical tourism: India announced the extension of e-Medical visa facilities to Bangladeshis/ Steps to be taken Early commencement of negotiations for a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), early operationalization Special Economic Zones (SEZs) offered by Bangladesh to India. Hydro diplomacy and conclusion of Water Sharing Treaty especially Teesta to resolve transboundary river management. o Joint Rivers Commission can be used to formulate framework for interim water sharing. Expansion of power and energy collaboration to develop intra-regional electricity trade. Acceleration of Connectivity Project can yield 172 % increase in India’s exports to Bangladesh. (World Bank, 2021). o E.g. Early operationalization of the BBIN Motor Vehicle Agreement India should envision Bangladesh as major anchor for regional and sub-regional integration under the BIMSTEC, SAARC and IORA architectures and also promote common interests of Global South. Conclusion of new Framework Agreement for Development Partnership to expand reach of projects and programmes. Cross border immigration management through digitalization at grass root level. Conclusion India-Bangladesh ties should move to next level, based on Shared Vision of Connectivity, Commerce and Collaboration. By recognizing each other as indispensable partners, both can realize their respective national development visions of “ViksitBharat2047” and "Smart Bangladesh Vision 2041”. 2.4. GROUP OF 7 (G7) Why in the News? India participated in the 50th Group of Seven (G7) Summit in Apulia, Italy, where India was invited as an Outreach Country. More on the News Key Highlights of India’s Speech: o Technology: To Convert technology monopolies into mass usage. o Energy: India is the first country to fulfil all the commitments made under COP before time. 23 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS ✓ Under Mission LiFE launched "Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam" on Environment Day (5th June.) o Global South: India has taken upon itself the responsibility to raise concerns of the countries of the Global South. About Group of 7 (G7) Nature: The G7 is an informal grouping of advanced democracies that meets annually to coordinate global economic policy and address other transnational issues. E.g., Migration, Climate change, conflicts, etc. Genesis: 1975 in response to economic and financial cooperation due to energy crisis. Its working: The G7 lacks a permanent structure; its rotating Presidency sets the agenda annually. o The G7 Summit ends with a communiqué detailing political commitments. Members: 7. The US, Germany, Canada, the UK, Japan, Italy, France. Russia joined G7 in 1998, creating the G8, but was excluded in 2014 for its takeover of Crimea. o The EU is not a member of the G7 but attends the annual summit. Major Outcomes of the Summit: Regional affairs: o Ukraine-Russia war: Committed to raise the costs of Russia’s war. E.g., G7 pledged $50 billion using frozen Russian assets. o Israel-Hamas conflict: Reiterated commitment to the two-state solution and the right of countries to defend their vessels in Red Sea. E.g., Maritime operations like EU's Aspides and US-led Prosperity Guardian. Promote economic resilience: Through supply chain diversification (e.g., G7 PGII initiatives, IMEC, etc.), coordinated initiatives on critical minerals (e.g., Partnership for Resilient and Inclusive Supply-chain Enhancement, the Mineral Security Partnership), etc. 24 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Energy, climate and the environment: Aim to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by 43% this decade and 60% by 2035, compared to 2019 levels. o Launched: The Energy for Growth in Africa to invest in sustainable development and will provide Africa with an alternative investor to China. Health and food security: G7 launched Apulia Food Systems to enhance food security and sustainable agriculture. Leaders also committed to support Gavi for immunization coverage. Significance of G7 in the current Geopolitics Play a Central Role in Global Governance: E.g., o A.I Governance: Global Partnership on AI (GPAI) for A.I. governance was proposed in 44th G7 summit (2018), and later hosted by OECD. ✓ Also, Hiroshima AI Process (HAP) initiated at G7 summit in Hiroshima (Japan) is a significant step towards regulating AI. o Tax governance: The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) was established in 1989 by the G7 to examine and develop measures to combat money laundering. Act as a defender of the rules-based international system: E.g., Strictly defend free and open Indo-Pacific, based on the rule of law, which is inclusive, prosperous, and secure, grounded on sovereignty, territorial integrity. A platform to discuss and resolve prominent international crisis and disputes: E.g., Presently, Ukraine-Russia war; Israel-Hamas conflict, the Red Sea crisis, etc. o The present Summit emerged as a platform to represent the voice of the ‘Global South’ G7 Summits have generated results: E.g., successful launch of Global Apollo Program for multinational clean energy research (2015). o Also, the G7 has also been successfully addressing the issue of tax avoidance through the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) initiative. The G-7 'Club of Democracies': It has emerged as a dynamic coalition, positioned at the political epicentre of global efforts to defend democratic societies and what its leaders call the “rules-based international order.” Limitations of G7 Effectiveness G7 fails to reflect current global economic landscape: G7's economic dominance declined from over 60% in the 1970s to 26.4% in 2023. o Emerging economies now represent 50.1% of global economy, increasing their demand for representation in global governance systems. Without broader participation: The focus of global economic governance is shifting to more inclusive, representative and democratic governance mechanisms. o E.g., the G20, BRICS, and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, etc. o Also, G7's representation of Global Democracy and South like India, Brazil are missing as well as formidable, emerging blocs like African Union (AU). G7 lacks institutional continuity: The annual leadership changes and every member tries to prioritise their own strategic concerns, thereby hindering consistent and collective action. o Also, there are no permanent organization or staff to implement communiqués (an official statement or announcement). G7 unity is undermined by discord between the countries: U.S. Refused to Join G7 Climate Change Declaration in G7 meet in Canada and at the end U.S. withdrew support for any communiqué. India and G7 Significance of India’s participation in G7 and as a Potential future Relevance of G7 for India member: India as a Voice of the Global India's frequent invitations to G7 summit indicate its growing South: A platform where India it can importance in global affairs. place the priorities and concerns of o E.g., India has been invited 11 times. the countries of the Global South on India's growing economic and military power make it a potential the world stage. future member. Among the comity of o E.g., India will soon surpass Japan, becoming the world's fourth- democracies: Unlike, BRICS, SCO, largest economy. G20 where there are non- 25 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS As a responsible democratic power, India offers an alternative to democratic states, G7, reflects the China in representing emerging economies. concerns and agendas of o E.g., China defied the Permanent Court of arbitration (PCA) 2016 democracies like India. verdict on South China Sea favouring Philippines, whereas, India For India, the outreach session of respected the verdict of the PCA, when it adjugated in favour of the G-7 meeting, has always been Bangladesh in 2014. an important platform to showcase India's inclusion helps G7 better understand and engage with the its achievements and outlook to the Global South perspective. world. o E.g., The focus on the Global South started with 49th Summit in G-7 platform gives India the Japan. opportunity to meet global leaders India's G20 chairmanship complements its G7 participation, bridging and set priorities. developed and developing world interests. Conclusion U.S. National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan's description of the G7 as the "steering committee of the free world" underscores its pivotal role in shaping global policy. As democracies face complex challenges, the G7's unified approach to critical issues demonstrates its enduring relevance and influence in international affairs. 2.5. INDIA-FRANCE RELATIONS Why in the News? Prime Minister met with President of France on the sidelines of the G7 Summit. More on the News In the Meet, both the countries focused on the ‘Horizon 2047’ Roadmap and the Indo-Pacific Roadmap. The ‘Horizon 2047’ Roadmap constitutes 3 pillars. o Partnership for security and sovereignty: Make Indo-Pacific an area of stability; Counter online radicalisation and combat terror through the No Money for Terror (NMFT), etc. o Partnership for the planet: Through the Indo-Pacific Parks Partnership, International Solar Alliance and the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI) o Partnership for the people: The Partnership Agreement on Migration and Mobility (2021) will enhance the mobility of students, graduates. They also agreed to further intensify strategic defence cooperation with increased focus on ‘Make in India’. The growing convergence between India-France Relations Defense Cooperation: France (33%) is India’s second largest arms supplier as per the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Key projects e.g., Rafale aircraft purchases and the P-75 Scorpene Project. o India and France have announced a “defence industrial roadmap”: Aiming for co-design, co-development, and co-production to meet India’s defense needs and export to friendly nations. ✓ Key project, e.g., Maintenance Repair and Overhaul (MRO) facilities for leading-edge aviation propulsion (LEAP) and Rafale engines. 26 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS o Military exercises: bilateral exercises e.g., VARUNA and FRINJEX-23, and multilateral exercises e.g., as La Perouse and ORION. Geo-Strategic: The India-France Indo-Pacific Roadmap, released in 2023 broadened the scope of bilateral cooperation from the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) to encompass the entire Indo-Pacific region. Space Cooperation: France remains a major supplier of components for the Indian space programme. o Both agreed to collaborate on future launch vehicles and the TRISHNA Earth Observation mission. Economic Cooperation: France is one of the largest investors in India with FDI inflow of $659.77 million for FY 2022- 23. o India’s Tata Group and France’s Airbus have agreed to manufacture civilian helicopters. o In the aviation sector, CFM International secured an agreement with India’s Akasa Air for the purchase of over 300 LEAP-1B engines. Digital Cooperation: Launched Unified Payments Interface (UPI) from Eiffel Tower offering secure and convenient transactions for Indian visitors and NRIs. o French company has developed 14 supercomputers including the fastest supercomputer Param Siddhi at 4.6 petaflops/second. Multilateral Cooperation: France has been a consistent supporter of a permanent seat for India on the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). o It has also actively supported India’s stances on Kashmir and terrorism at the United Nations (UN) as well as bodies like the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). o Helped India’s accession to the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), Wassenaar Arrangement (WA) and Australia Group (AG). Challenges in India and France relation Bilateral Trade Figures: In 2022, bilateral trade between India and France stood at US$15.8 billion, which is consistently increasing but still below its potential when compared to other partnerships. Visa restrictions: Correspondents based in India issued a letter of protest over the case, saying that they were all “grappling with increased visa restrictions in recent years”. Inordinate delay in Nuclear Agreement: There are technical, financial, and civil nuclear liability issues that both sides have to resolve on Jaitapur nuclear power reactors. Differing 27ecogniz of Strategic Autonomy: India’s foreign policy prioritizes non-alignment and sovereignty, while France engages in pragmatic alliances to balance major powers’ influence in the Indo-Pacific region. 27 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS o This difference in approach poses a substantial challenge to aligning their goals effectively, particularly in the face of China’s growing assertiveness. Way forward Balance diverging ‘strategic autonomy’: Which means, more flexibility in accommodating each other’s strategic imperatives while pursuing one’s stated objectives. Leverage existing cooperation mechanisms: E.g., the India-France Joint Working Group on counterterrorism, can facilitate greater convergence in addressing shared security concerns in the Indo-Pacific. Effective coordination: Regular dialogue at diplomatic, security, military, level to align strategic objectives. Expand defense cooperation: E.g., through joint military exercises and knowledge-sharing through joint patrols. Active engagement in multilateral forums. E.g., the Quad and I2U2, etc., and foster cultural exchanges. France’s Ambassador quoting the 19th-century French historian Jules Michelet who described India as “the matrix of the world” said that the India-France partnership is “universal” as it goes from the “sea to the space” and beyond. 2.6. INDIA-EURASIA RELATIONS Why in the news? The complex and deepening interconnections between European and Asian security offer new strategic opportunities for countries like India. Factors highlighting the Changing geopolitics of the Eurasian region Hotbed of conflicts: E.g., the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the Armenia- Azerbaijan conflict (Nagorno- Karabakh), which have significant geopolitical implications. Growing Chinese influence: China’s Belt and Road Initiative, extending across Central Asia and Russia to the Atlantic shores, along with Europe’s increasing economic ties with China, has significantly strengthened China’s influence in Eurasia. Changing strategic priorities of US: Geopolitical instances such as withdrawal from Afghanistan, shifting focus from Middle East to Eurasia and Indo-Pacific, Strengthening NATO and involvement in the Three Seas initiative in the context of Ukraine war. Regional geostrategic alliances: E.g., China and Russia ‘no limits’ partnership to counter the USA; emergence of a Russia-Iran-China axis, China-Iran-Russia-Turkey-Pakistan strategic pentagonal etc. Tilt in Russia’s foreign policy toward Asia: It is evident in the recent visits of the Russian president to North Korea and Vietnam. Alignment of East Asian countries with Western European: Japan, South Korea and Australia (through AUKUS) are eager to bring Europe into Indo-Pacific, bridging the divide between Asia and Europe. Shift of global order towards Eurasia: E.g., India-Middle East- Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) signifies the commitment of the US, Europe, and emerging powers such as India, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE to promoting a more balanced and intercon

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