History Of Philosophy PDF

encouraging critical thinking and self​ examination. He emphasized the...

encouraging critical thinking and self​ examination. He emphasized the famously stating known for developing a importance of that an method of teaching through living a life of "unexamined life is asking questions reflection not worth living."" unchanging world of ideas. and his He believed that teachings "Plato"-"This the soul is greatly philosopher which suggests that reality composed of influenced proposed the consists of both a visible worldthree parts: Western Theory of Forms and an eternal appetites spirit and reason philosophy." "St. Augustine of Hippo"-"This philosopher initially rejected Christianity and famously before embracing it proposing that one part seeks expressed a later in life. He the divine while the other may desire to know explored the duality act immorally. He believed both God and of human nature that free will allows for evil the self." "Rene Descartes"- "A major figure in modern philosophy who merged mathematics and " which scientific methods emphasizes the with philosophical importance of inquiry. He is best thought in known for his defining statement "I think therefore I am existence." "John Locke"-"This thinker argued that personal identity is shaped by experiences rather than by innate logic or the soul. He suggested that the mind starts as a blank slate ("tabula rasa") and is gradually formed by life​ s experiences. His ideas challenge earlier philosophical views on identity." proposing that identity is simply a bundle of perceptions "David Hume"-"A that change over time. He skeptic philosopher argued that there is no who questioned the permanent or continuous but rather a existence of a "self" that persists through series of fleeting lasting self time impressions." proposing that the human mind actively shapes "Immanuel Kant"- experiences. He argued that "This philosopher concepts like space and time made significant are not inherent to the world contributions to but are instead categories epistemology and through which the mind ethics perceives reality." "Sigmund Freud"- "A groundbreaking figure in psychology who introduced the theory of psychoanalysis. He explored how unconscious desires and early childhood experiences influence human behavior and and superego to introduced describe the concepts like the id structure of the ego mind." "Gilbert Ryle"-"A philosopher who criticized the dualist view that the mind is separate from the body. He " arguing that mental introduced the processes should be not as an concept of understood as patterns of independent "category mistakes behavior entity." "Patricia Churchland"-"This contemporary philosopher is known for integrating neuroscience with philosophy. She coined the term "neurophilosophy" and works on understanding how brain functions can explain human consciousness and behavior." "Maurice Merleau​ Ponty"-"A French philosopher whose work focused on the importance of the body in shaping perception and experience. He argued that human understanding of the world is fundamentally tied and his work has had a lasting to our physical impact on phenomenology embodiment and cognitive science." encouraging critical thinking and self​ examination. He "Socrates"-"A emphasized the famously stating classical known for developing a importance of that an philosopher from method of teaching through living a life of "unexamined life is ancient Greece asking questions reflection not worth living."" unchanging world of ideas. and his He believed that teachings "Plato"-"This the soul is greatly philosopher which suggests that reality composed of influenced proposed the consists of both a visible worldthree parts: Western Theory of Forms and an eternal appetites spirit and reason philosophy." "St. Augustine of Hippo"-"This philosopher initially rejected Christianity and famously before embracing it proposing that one part seeks expressed a later in life. He the divine while the other may desire to know explored the duality act immorally. He believed both God and of human nature that free will allows for evil the self." "Rene Descartes"- "A major figure in modern philosophy who merged mathematics and scientific methods " which with philosophical emphasizes the inquiry. He is best importance of known for his thought in statement "I think defining therefore I am existence." "John Locke"-"This thinker argued that personal identity is shaped by experiences rather than by innate logic or the soul. He suggested that the mind starts as a blank slate ("tabula rasa") and is gradually formed by life​ s experiences. His ideas challenge earlier philosophical views on identity." proposing that identity is simply a bundle of perceptions "David Hume"-"A that change over time. He skeptic philosopher argued that there is no who questioned the permanent or continuous but rather a existence of a "self" that persists through series of fleeting lasting self time impressions." proposing that the human mind actively shapes "Immanuel Kant"- experiences. He argued that "This philosopher concepts like space and time made significant are not inherent to the world contributions to but are instead categories epistemology and through which the mind ethics perceives reality." "Sigmund Freud"- "A groundbreaking figure in psychology who introduced the theory of psychoanalysis. He explored how unconscious desires and early childhood experiences influence human and superego to behavior and describe the introduced structure of the concepts like the id ego mind." "Gilbert Ryle"-"A philosopher who criticized the dualist view that the mind is separate from the body. He " arguing that mental introduced the processes should be not as an concept of understood as patterns of independent "category mistakes behavior entity." "Patricia Churchland"-"This contemporary philosopher is known for integrating neuroscience with philosophy. She coined the term "neurophilosophy" and works on understanding how brain functions can explain human consciousness and behavior." "Maurice Merleau​ Ponty"-"A French philosopher whose work focused on the importance of the body in shaping perception and experience. He argued that human understanding of the world is fundamentally tied and his work has had a lasting to our physical impact on phenomenology embodiment and cognitive science." and cultural aspects in everyday life. The term originates "Sociology"-"The from the meaning scientific study of patterns of Latin word companion combined meaning human society focusing on social behavior relationships interactions socius or society with logos study." "Sociologists"- "Experts who analyze human behavior and interactions within various groups and institutions. They investigate the impacts of social influences on individuals and communities considering aspects of religionpolitics and economics." "Charles Horton Cooley"-"An American sociologist born in 1864 who taught economics and sociology. He was a founding member of the American Sociological Association and is widely recognized for introducing the concept of a social self shaped by interpersonal interactions." "The Looking Glass Self"-"A concept explaining how individuals develop their self​ perception based on how they believe others view them. Social interactions serve as a ​ mirror​ where external judgments influence self​ worth and behavior." "The Process of the Looking Glass they interpret Self"-"This process and react to consists of three perceived they form their self​ main steps unique judgments about concept based on to human that appearance; individuals imagine their these perceived interaction: first third appearance to others; second evaluations." "The Summary of the Looking Glass Self"-"Cooley suggesting that individuals which may shift highlighted the role may construct self​ perceptionswith positive of imagination in based on distorted views of social forming identities how others perceive them experiences." "George Herbert Mead"-"An influential philosopher and sociologist known for his work at the University of Chicago. He contributed to pragmatism and was a key figure in developing symbolic interactionism." "​ I​ and the ​ Me​ "- "Fundamental where the "me" represents the while the "I" concepts in Mead's socially influenced aspect of a reflects the social philosophy person active spontaneous self." "Mead​ s Social Self"-"This theory stresses that self​ awareness and personal identity are formed through social interactions and an understanding of societal norms." regarded as one of the most influential sociologists of the twentieth century. He served as the president of the "Erving Goffman"- American Sociological "A prominent Association and is known for sociologist and his work on symbolic social psychologist interactionism." "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life"-"A significant work by Goffman that uses theatrical imagery to illustrate human social interactions. It was pioneering in emphasizing how individuals treating face​ to​ faceattempt to control the interactions as a impressions others form about vital area of them through their behavior sociological study and presentation." and personal and the including identity. Man personally interacting is viewed as established with and a private goals shall nature. maintains individual be of This balance whose primary perspectiveand and personal importance the situates the harmony interdependenthis behavior pursuits and when in understanding self as he with with others. is shaped "Individualistic vs. while the Eastern perspective meanings sit conflict of the operates nature. Social goals by the Collective Self"- views man as a collective at the core of man is with collective self within Man is are more agreed "The Western being. The exploration of the his existence.detached society's is centered on builds social social viewed important than social perspective views individual self focuses on man In from the goals. On how he lives relationshipsstructures as a personal contracts man as an along the concepts of self​ individual individualistic collective the other in unity with and and social part of a goals; and individual development independence differences cultures group hand others connections influences being society consequently obligations." distinguishes him from other individuals. The individualistic view of man and the acknowledgment of the plurality of the Self enabled different conceptions that "The Social make up the Construction of Self Western in Western philosophies of Thought"-"Man as studied in Western thought man." "Solipsism"- "Solipsism represents the viewpoints of the isolated individual and contemplation (idealistic view)." the absolute creative beginning which implies not only itself but also everything that German classical philosophy"- exists as "not "Fichte "The ​ self​ is a substance self."" "Hegel ​ German classical philosophy"-"The social essence of thus the human self is representing a positioned as an standing above concrete world reason estranged force individuals absolute spirit." "Henri Bergson ​ Irrationalism"-"This view represents the self​ confidence of the individual in the which encounters the bourgeois society negation of the self." "Freud ​ Psychoanalysis and Metapsychology"- "Freud conceived of the self as a submersion of the ego in the id (the kingdom of the blind instincts) and a distorted perception of the individual of his societal essence as a result of the control exerted on it by the enraged ​ superego.​ " "Dialectical materialism"-"The real battle of man for accreditation is conceived as a creator of societal relations and the societal norms of life. The biggest and freest expression of each individual as an active subject of his human self becomes possible in the conditions of the all​ encompassing (total) development of the personality." "Patricia Churchland ​ Eliminative Materialism"-"The self is thought of as a sense communis or a product of folk it does not exist psychology and as such in reality." "Daniel Dennett ​ Cognitive Science"- "The self is conceived as a homunculus or ​ a little man​ that controls the performance of the theater of consciousness." "Marya Schectman & Hilde Nelson ​ Narrative ​ Narrative theories for the constitution of the self"-"The self is constructed through an incessant process of interpretation of which is arranged the whole chronologically. Some parts of experiential this experiential richness can richness of the be more constitutive for the individual self in comparison to others." according to which the self is "Social constructed based on the Constructivism"-"A social interactions among reductionist view people." "Alain Morin ​ Inner Speech"-"The phenomenon of "inner speech" is conceived as constitutive of the self due to the fact that it represents a delimiter of the inner and the outer world of man." "The Self as Embedded in Relationships and through Spiritual Development in Confucian Thought"-"Eastern and philosophies focus Confucianism on the spiritual highlight the aspects of the self importance of and link them unlike Western traditions. being closely to religious Major Eastern religions like connected to beliefs Hinduism Buddhism Taoism others." "The Self as Embedded in Relationships and through Spiritual Development in Confucian Thought"- "Confucianism which emphasizes the need teaches that for interdependence and with behavior individuals are very following social rules. The guided by social aware of how main goal of life is to improve approval and others see them oneself to help society expectations." while Buddhism and "The Self as Hinduism Embedded in is essential in teach that Relationships and Eastern selfish through Spiritual philosophies. with Confucianism desires Development in These teachings focusing on family cause Confucian encourage ties. Taoism suffering and Thought"-"Spiritual shown through positive peaceful promotes harmony should be let growth behavior relationships with nature go." "The Self as Embedded in Relationships and through Spiritual Development in Confucian Thought"- "Confucianism highlights the importance of developing virtues by acting according to natural laws based on love and kindness toward others. This approach helps individuals focus on the well​ being of others rather than just themselves. Righteousness guides actions rather than on the results. Key based on what is principles include being as shown by the right considerate and altruistic Golden Rule." showing the value of family. "The Self as These principles Embedded in help shape a Relationships and well​ rounded self through Spiritual meaning individuals should in relationships Development in follow certain social norms. and remind Confucian Filial piety emphasizes the individuals to Thought"-"Propriety need to honor parents with balance is another genuine care for their well​ personal and important principle being social values." AND PHILOSOPHY"- "What makes you different is one can what separates argue that the "you" from what makes "THE SELF the "them." In we also tend to you "you" is BASED ON the search and converge with pointing out what PERSPECTIVES realization of others who closely what makes makes you OF who we really resemble us. you unique at the same similar to ANTHROPOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY are Hence and time others." "THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE SELF"- "Anthropology is focusing on the development the study of human of self and personhood within beings various cultural contexts." "Anthropology"- ​ which means constantly "The new Latin "human being." evolving word ​ anthropologia​ "Logos/Logia" Anthropology is the alongside means "the study " sharing its ultimate root in means "study/to science of human of humanity Greek ​ Anthropos study." Hence humanity beings." "Objective of Anthropology"-"It seeks to explore the origins and present ways of life while pondering the and why as well as possibilities of man addressing when how ways of living." "THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE SELF"- "Anthropology highlighting differences and takes perspective diversities while capturing an using comparative organized whole of the entire and holistic lenses human condition." "THE SELF EMBEDDED IN CULTURE"- "Culture is the collective identity developed by a group of people shaping individual selves living together through shared beliefs customs and practices." "Culture"-"A society has its distinct language and moral expectations and ways of living including its set of beliefs expressions and compass customs traditions."  bonding individuals to one another and reflecting the group and the self as social beings. The presence of culture sets us "Function of apart from other Culture"-"We call which serves as the social this culture personality of a group organisms." "Characteristics of Self​ Embedded Culture"-"The features that define and integrated impacting behavior how culture is into individual and social learned shared lives dynamics." "All Characteristics or of Self​ Embedded maladaptive. Culture"-"Culture is and can be It includes and learned shared symbolic all​ encompassing integrated instrumentaladaptive cultural normsbeliefs values language diversity." "Cultural Norms"- "These are the rules and expectations by which a society guides the behaviors of its members." "Cultural Beliefs"- "These refer to the convictions that which often shape their people hold as true actions and attitudes." "Cultural Values"- "These are the deeply held principles that guide behavior and judgment in a particular culture." "Cultural Language"-"This refers to the specific language or dialect spoken which conveys cultural identity within a culture and expressions." "Cultural Diversity"- "This describes the variety of cultural or ethnic groups contributing to its richness and within a society complexity." "THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE SELF"-"The psychology of the self studies how and relate to individuals view comprehend themselves." "THE SELF AS A COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTION"- "Cognitive construction is the idea that our sense of self is not a fixed entity but is created and maintained through cognitive processes." "KEY ASPECTS OF COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTION"- "The fundamental components that influence how we perceive and categorize our identities and experiences." "Self​ Schema"- "Refers to mental representations that allow us to create a sense of experiences by classifying and organizing personal data." "Self​ Perception"- "This is the development of self​ concept through observing our own behaviors and the surrounding environment." "WILLIAM JAMES AND THE ME​ SELF; I​ SELF"- "William James​ helps theory regarding understand the dual nature of comprising the Me​ Self and I​ individual the self Self identity." "The Me​ Self (Empirical Self)"- "Represents the which can be observed and self as an object reflected upon." "The I​ Self (Pure Ego)"-"Is the self as a subject the aspect that thinks perceives and experiences." "The Self"-"The self is a dual nature composed of the Me​ Self and I​ Self. Different approaches to understanding and conceptualizing the and self include Gestalt Phenomenological/Humanistic Psychoanalysis." "3 Parts of the ME​ SELF"-"A framework proposed by categorizing aspects of the and spiritual William James self into material social dimensions." "Material Self"-"The aspect of the self that encompasses our physical possessions and and HOME AND body including BODY POSSESSIONS ENVIRONMENT." "Social Self"- "Defined by our relationships and SOCIAL and social roles including SOCIAL ROLES IDENTITY RELATIONSHIPS." "Spiritual Self"- "Tackles our inner MORAL AND psychological including INNER THOUGHTS ETHICAL and SENSE OF processes AND FEELINGS BELIEFS CONTINUITY." "REAL AND IDEAL SELF​ CONCEPTS"-"A framework for understanding how individuals perceive their actual self versus their aspirational self." "Self​ Concept"-"An individual​ s knowledge of who they really are." representing "Real Self​ intrinsically who Concept"-"Reflects and they are​ how they and true qualities aptitudes characteristics think feel look behave." "Ideal Self​ Concept"-"Consists representing who of a person​ s one aspires to desires hopes and wishes become." making self​ actualization "Incongruence"- challenging. "When the Ideal Significant Self differs similarities are significantly from vital for a the Real Self it creates incongruence congruent self." "MULTIPLE VS. UNIFIED SELVES"-"A discussion on the presence of different aspects of self that manifest in various contexts and the importance of having a consistent identity." "Multiple Selves (Multiple Personas)"-"Refer to the different ways individuals interact with various situations." "Unified Selves"- shown only to trusted "Represent the individuals or when alone. It is consistent essential to have a coherent personality that self that one presents to especially to remains within us others close people." "True Self"- "Represented by real feelings and desires." "False Self"-"A side and pushed that has changed needs aside to behavior repressed feelings survive." "THE SELF IS PROACTIVE AND AGENTIC"-"The concept that individuals have the power to influence their own lives and circumstances." "Proactive"-"Means creating or controlling a situation by causing something to happen rather than responding to it after it has happened." "Agentic Self"- "Refers to the ability to act and influencing and shaping the make choices environment instead of independently passively reacting."