Cells PDF

Cells 1 Prayer Why study cells? 3  Cork and Onion Lab How were cells discovered?  Robert Hooke ⚫ used a crude light microscope that magnified 30X ⚫ discovered cork cells...

Cells 1 Prayer Why study cells? 3  Cork and Onion Lab How were cells discovered?  Robert Hooke ⚫ used a crude light microscope that magnified 30X ⚫ discovered cork cells 4 Anton Von Leeuwenhoek Dutch shop keeper who had great skill in developing lenses By 1700 he discovered and described a number of cells which he identified as “animalcules” These organisms included protists (pond water), sperm and even bacteria 5 Cartoon Evidence Startling Impact of Microscopic Observations on 19th Century England (movie clip on next slide) 6 Cell Theory  All organisms are composed of cells  The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of organisms  All cells come from preexisting cells 7  Why study cells? (sort cards first) pictures words  Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ System ⚫ Organisms are made up of cells ⚫ Cells are part of living things 8 The structures present in some single- celled organisms act in a manner similar to the tissues and systems found in multi-cellular organisms, thus enabling them to perform all of the life processes needed to maintain homeostasis. (mu 1.3a) 9 So….What do cells do? The work of life  Release energy in the form of ATP  Get rid of wastes  Use food  Maintain Balance (homeostasis)  Build Molecules  Respond to the environment  Reproduce 10 11  Types of Cells Eukaryotic Eu-Nu True Nucleus Prokaryotic Lacks a True Nucleus 12  Cell Organization How is a cell like a factory? 13  movie camera Cells have particular structures that perform specific jobs. These structures perform the actual work of the cell. Just as systems are coordinated and work together, cell parts must also be coordinated and work together. (mu 1.2f) 14 What part of the cell holds all the information needed for the cell to do its job? Nucleus Animal Cell  What is the job of the nucleus? Nucleus Holds all the cells DNA Nucleus DNA contains the directions for making molecules DNA Directions are taken out of the nucleus and into the cell where molecules are produced 16 Organelles That Store, Clean Up and Support Vacuole Lysosome Contain digestive Store materials Move materials enzymes that help like water, salts, between break down lipids, Proteins and sugars cell parts and to and sugars and proteins. from the cell also break down Vesicle membrane dead cell parts 17  How do these parts all work together? ….like a well oiled machine small food particle vacuole filled w/ digestive enzymes vesicle vesicle filled w/ digested nutrients 18  Lysosomes digest food and break down dead organelles lysosomes digesting broken small food organelles particle vacuole digesting food 19 The cytoskeleton of the cell allows the cell to move and also helps organelles to move within the cell 20 One of the jobs of the cell is to build proteins Ribosome Make Proteins by putting together amino acids using the RNA code from the nucleus 21 One of the jobs of the cell is to build proteins “Shipping station” of the cell Changes, sorts and packages proteins Golgi Body 22 One of the jobs of the cell is to build proteins Membrane system where proteins are put together 23  nucleus endoplasmic reticulum protein DNA on its way! TO: RNA vesicle TO: TO: vesicle ribosomes TO: protein finished protein Golgi apparatus Making Proteins 24 Proteins do all the work! one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… proteins do all the work! structural enzymes signals receptors DNA proteins cells 25  Many organic and inorganic substances dissolved in cells allow necessary chemical reactions to take place in order to maintain life. Large organic food molecules such as proteins and starches must initially be broken down (digested to amino acids and simple sugars respectively), in order to enter cells. Once nutrients enter a cell, the cell will use them as building blocks in the synthesis of compounds necessary for life. (mu1.2h) 26 How do cells get their energy? Mitochondria Mitochondria are able to release energy from glucose (food) in the cell so that it forms usable energy packets called ATP Animal Cell 27 How do cells get their energy? Mitochondria are able to release energy from Chloroplast glucose (food) in the cell so that it forms usable energy packets called ATP in plants, too! Plant Cell 28 Mitochondria are in both cells!! animal cells plant cells mitochondria chloroplast 29  Identify the cell organelles of Animal Cells (Eukaryotic) Cell Membrane 1 2 Vacuole 5 Nucleus Ribosome Mitochondria Golgi Body ER 30 Animal Cell Identify the Structures of the Plant Cell Nucleus Cell Wall Vacuole Chloroplast Cell Membrane Ribosomes Mitochondria 9 31 Similarities and differences between Plant and Animal Cells Animal Cell Plant cell 32  Match the Parts Similarities and Differences Similarities Differences  Respiration  Plant cells carry on (breakdown of Photosynthesis Glucose (green chloroplasts)  Contain a membrane  Plant cells have a to let some things in Cell wall and large and some things out Vacuole  Have DNA for  Animal cells have information for traits Centrioles (cell  Contain similar division) structures 33 Inside the cell a variety of specialized structures, formed from many different molecules, carry out the transport of materials (cytoplasm), extraction of energy from nutrients (mitochondria), protein building (ribosomes), waste disposal (cell membrane), storage (vacuole), and j0299125 information storage (nucleus). (mu 1.2i) Quiz 34 35 Cell Membrane 36  Cell Membrane Structure  Bilayer of phospholipids with proteins on its surface or embedded in the membrane  Proteins and phosphlipids are free to move laterally within the layer 37 Cholesterol Molecules and the Cell Membrane Phospholipid Molecules  Cholesterol molecules stabilize the cell membrane  Prevents fatty acid molecules from sticking together Cholesterol Molecule 38  Each cell is covered by a membrane that performs a number of important functions for the cell. These include: separation from its outside environment, controlling which molecules enter and leave the cell, and recognition of chemical signals. The processes of diffusion and active transport are important in the movement of materials in and out of cells. j0299125 (mu 1.2g) Quiz Quiz 39  Oxygen Glucose File:D-glucose-chain-3D-vdW.png Water File:Water molecule 3D.svg Carbon Dioxide File:Carbon-dioxide-3D-vdW.svg File:Carbon-dioxide-3D-vdW.svg File:D-glucose-chain-3D-vdW.png File:Water molecule 3D.svg File:Water molecule 3D.svg File:Carbon-dioxide-3D-vdW.svg File:D-glucose-chain-3D-vdW.png File:D-glucose-chain-3D-vdW.png File:D-glucose-chain-3D-vdW.png File:Water molecule 3D.svg File:Water molecule 3D.svg File:Carbon-dioxide-3D-vdW.svg File:Carbon-dioxide-3D-vdW.svg File:Water molecule 3D.svg File:Carbon-dioxide-3D-vdW.svg File:Carbon-dioxide-3D-vdW.svg File:Carbon-dioxide-3D-vdW.svg File:Water molecule 3D.svg File:Water molecule 3D.svg File:Carbon-dioxide-3D-vdW.svg File:Carbon-dioxide-3D-vdW.svg File:D-glucose-chain-3D-vdW.png File:Carbon-dioxide-3D-vdW.svg File:Water molecule 3D.svg File:Water molecule 3D.svg File:D-glucose-chain-3D-vdW.png File:D-glucose-chain-3D-vdW.png File:Water molecule 3D.svg File:Carbon-dioxide-3D-vdW.svg File:D-glucose-chain-3D-vdW.png File:Carbon-dioxide-3D-vdW.svg 40 Answer some questions……  Workbook 7.2 41 Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function 7.3 Cell Transport  What substances do cells need to move into and out of the cell and why are they so important?  Watch the video and brainstorm why you think that the parts of the cell are important  Click the next slide 42 cell Giant Cell Lab Creating a Model of the Cell Membrane  Using construction paper provided, cut out models of proteins and phospholipids as shown in the diagram  Punch holes where indicated and run string through the holes  Hang up in the room and demonstrate movement of the materials through the membrane 43  Building a Cell to Scale in the Classroom  You will be assigned to a particular group  Your group will choose a cell part which you will build to scale in the classroom based on calculations made from the conversion scale given. Parts will be displayed in the room  Each group will present the structure and function of their part and describe its interaction with other organelles within the cell. 44  phosphate “head” Cell membrane  Function ⚫ separates cell from outside ⚫ controls what enters or leaves cell lipid “tail”  O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste ⚫ recognizes signals from other cells  allows communication between cells  Structure ⚫ double layer of fat  phospholipid bilayer ⚫ receptor molecules  proteins 45  Permeability: Cell Membranes  The cell membrane is semi permeable like the screen on your windows.  It allows some things in while keeping other substances out  Permeability does not depend on whether or not something is helpful or harmful 46  Osmosis and How Do Materials Pass Diffusion through the cell membrane?  PASSIVE TRANSPORT ⚫ movement of materials from an area of greater to lesser concentration  CHANNEL PROTEINS ⚫ provide openings for materials (ions) to pass through by passive transport 47  PBL: Hold Your Wee for a Wii Passive transport  OSMOSIS- movement of water from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration  DIFFUSION- movement of a substance from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration 48 CLICK HERE> 49 Active Transport  Movement of materials from an area of lesser to greater concentration  A transport protein binds to with a substance to be transported  ATP allows the carrier protein to change shape so the particle is moved and released on the other side of the cell 50 51 Endocytosis and Exocytosis (solve this problem) Endocytosis Exocytosis 52 Substances Needed for a Healthy Cell  Raw materials of the cell come from foods that are digested or made by the whole organism  Organic and Inorganic (lack carbon) substances are dissolved in the cell ⚫ used for building enzymes (proteins) ⚫ used to form starch or glycogen (storage of energy; carbohydrates) 53 Answer some questions……  Workbook 7.3  Vocabulary Survey for Concept Map 54 Types of Cell Receptors and Junctions Connections in Cells Between Cells Between Cells and Other Things 55 Areas of the cell can connect with another cell 56 Receptors (proteins) between cells hold cells together! 57 Receptor molecules play an important role in the interactions between cells. Two primary agents of cellular communication are hormones and chemicals produced by nerve cells. If nerve or hormone signals are blocked, cellular communication is disrupted and the organisms stability is affected. (mu 1.2j) 58  Cells can be “Sticky Business” Alias….The Receptors  Receptors on the outside of cells have certain jobs ⚫ connect to different substances to take them into the cell ⚫ connect cells together ⚫ help the cell take in invaders ⚫ receive messages from hormones 59 Some types of Receptors allow cells to perform a job! 60 Some receptors on cells allow them to take in things that they need! 61   Explain how organisms, including humans, reproduce their own kind.  The processes of meiosis and fertilization are key to sexual reproduction in a wide variety of organisms. The process of meiosis results in the production of eggs and sperm which each contain half of the genetic information. During fertilization, gametes unite to form a zygote, which contains the complete genetic information for the offspring.  The zygote may divide by mitosis and differentiate to form the specialized cells, tissues, and organs of multicellular organisms. (PI 4.1 mu 4.1c, 4.1d) 62  Sockosome Mitosis Lab and Cell Reproduction Drawing Sheet MITOSIS MEIOSIS  One parent cell  Sex cells are formed forms two new with half the genetic identical cell with information as the identical genetic parent cell information ⚫ Sexual ⚫ Asexual Reproduction Reproduction in ⚫ Formation of sex one celled cells (sperm and organisms eggs) ⚫ Replacement of body Cells 63 Cell Reproduction (click the next slide) 64 CLICK HERE> 65 Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis 66 Photosynthesis and Respiration both involve many Chemical Reactions  ENERGY is required for reactions to occur 67 Photosynthesis and Respiration both involve many Chemical Reactions  Once “over the hill” the potential energy is released  ENZYMES lower the amount of “starting energy” 68  “It takes an Enzyme!”  ENZYMES are proteins that help reactions take place  Enzymes decrease the amount of energy it takes for a reaction so it happens more easily and faster 69 Enzyme Lab 70 The energy from ATP is used by the organism to obtain, transform, and transport materials, and to eliminate wastes.  Biochemical processes, both breakdown and synthesis, are made possible by a large set of biological catalysts called enzymes. Enzymes can affect the rates of chemical change. The rate at which enzymes work can be influenced by internal environmental factors such as pH and temperature. (mu 5.1e, 5.1f) 71  Plant Game Lab Photosynthesis  Plants and…………….. ⚫ Organisms with Chlorophyll  Production of Glucose from carbon dioxide and water ⚫ 6CO2 + 12H2O ------->C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O  Light Reaction ⚫ Water is broken apart  Dark Reaction ⚫ Glucose is put together 72 chloroleaf Chloroplast 73 CLICK HERE> 74   The energy for life comes primarily from the Sun. Photosynthesis provides a vital connection between the Sun and the energy needs of living systems.  Plant cells and some one-celled organisms contain chloroplasts, the site of photosynthesis. The process of photosynthesis uses solar energy to combine the inorganic molecules carbon dioxide and water into energy-rich organic compounds (e.g., glucose) and release oxygen to the environment.  In all organisms, organic compounds can be used to assemble other molecules such as proteins, DNA, starch, and fats. The chemical energy stored in bonds can be used as a source of energy for life processes. (mu 5.1a; 5.1b; 5.1c) 75 CLICK HERE> 76 Problem Based Learning Unit: Moving to Gilbert, Nevada: The Case of Two Sick Dogs Teacher Instructions for PBL: Moving to Gilbert, Nevada: The Case of Two Sick Dogs with CNN Report and Vocabulary Review for Research Article 77  Cellular Respiration  There is to much energy in each Glucose molecule to be used by the cell…..it’s like burning a whole tank of gas in a car  It must be broken down into usable form: ATP molecules (7-11 kcals each) 78  ATP: Small Energy Packet  In usable form for the cell  High energy phosphate bonds This is what ATP is like  Releases 7-11 kcal for every phosphate bond broken Molecule of 79 ATP Mitochondria and ATP 80 What cellular process is occurring in this persons muscle cells? 81  Glycolysis vs. Fermentation  Sprinter does not have time to get O2 to the cells  cells get energy by yeast muscle Anaerobic Respiration 82 Example of Aerobic Respiration Skater uses O2 in muscle cells in order to complete routine. Aerobic Respiration 83  Cellular Respiration  ALL ORGANISMS  Breakdown of Glucose into Usable form ⚫ ATP Molecules  Aerobic Respiration ⚫ Release of 36 ATP molecules (net)  Anaerobic Respiration ⚫ Release of 2 ATP molecules (net) 84  In all organisms, the energy stored in organic molecules may be released during cellular respiration. This energy is temporarily stored in ATP molecules. In many organisms, the process of cellular respiration is concluded in mitochondria, in which ATP is produced more efficiently, oxygen is used, and carbon dioxide and water are released as wastes.  Enzymes and other molecules, such as hormones, receptor molecules, and antibodies, have specific shapes that influence both how they function and how they interact with other molecules. (mu 5.1d, 5.1g) 85  Aerobic Respiration  Starts with Anaerobic Glycolysis in the Cytoplasm (2 ATP)  If oxygen is available Aerobic Respiration proceeds in the Mitochondria (36ATP) 86 Stem Cells 87  Gene mutations in a cell can result in uncontrolled cell division, called cancer. Exposure of cells to certain chemicals and radiation increases mutations and thus increases the chance of cancer. (mu 5.2i) Work on the NIH Cell Biology and Cancer Unit 88