Principles of Biology_ Cell Structure and Organization.pdf

Science Unit Test #1 Reviewer HI GUYS LOOK AT ME I'M THE GUIDE THAT HELPS YOU READ THE REVIEWER!! PLEASE READ THIS THANK YOU: Bold - exciting words, but you don’t have to remember/memorize them Highlighted - important, key terms and ideas Cell Chronology [No Need to Study for This]...

Science Unit Test #1 Reviewer HI GUYS LOOK AT ME I'M THE GUIDE THAT HELPS YOU READ THE REVIEWER!! PLEASE READ THIS THANK YOU: Bold - exciting words, but you don’t have to remember/memorize them Highlighted - important, key terms and ideas Cell Chronology [No Need to Study for This] (1608) - Zacharias Janssen was the founder of the compound microscope. (1674) - Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek founded a more advanced compound microscope. (1667) - Robert Hooke developed an improved microscope and coined the term “cell”. (1839) - Theodor Schwann founded several cells (blood, intestinal, liver, stem, muscle, nerve). (1931) - Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska developed the Electron microscope. Cell Structure and Organization ✦ What are cells? Cells are the basic units of life. They are the simplest and smallest unit in the biological level of organization. All organisms are composed of cells. Consists of a mass called “protoplasms” ↳ Described to be a jelly-like substance ↳ Numerous functions and chemical activities take place in the protoplasm to sustain life of the cell. ↳ Includes the cytoplasm and the nucleus, whereas the cytoplasm includes all organelles except for the nucleus and cell membrane. There are eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic Prokaryotic  From the prefix “eu” (true), and “karyo” From the prefix “pro” (before), “karyo” (nucleus), they have nuclei. (nucleus), they do not have nuclei. They have organelles. They do not have organelles. They are more complex. They are unicellular. They are multicellular. They do not have a division of labor. They have a division of labor. Animals, plants, protists, fungi Bacteria ✦ Primary components of a eukaryotic cell 1. Nucleus Carries genetic material and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) ↳ Authorizes cell growth, therefore making them multicellular and possess division of labor. Site of protein synthesis. Has nucleolus, nucleoplasm, and nuclear membrane. Has chromatin. ↳ Chromatin is what makes up chromosomes. DNA simplifies into chromatin, and chromatin constitutes chromosomes. DNA is simplified into structures known as chromosomes. ↳ There are 46 chromosomes in the human body. ↳ “Chromosomes are like the action figures of DNA.” - by the awesomest person alive, Stella. 2. Cytoplasm Fills the inside of the cell. Jelly-like substance. Cell activities take place in the cytoplasm. Works with the cytoskeleton, which has microfilaments and microtubules that help retain structure of the cell. 3. Cell Membrane or Cell Surface Membrane Semi-permeable, therefore only specific resources can enter and exit the cell. Phospho-lipid bilayer; it is composed of lipids and proteins. ↳ Lipids are substances that are not soluble in water Encloses and protects organelles within a cell.  Dictates and regulates movement of materials in and out of the cell; influx or efflux. ✦ Overview of organelles Organelles are auxiliary and specialized components of a cell to facilitate efficiency within it. They are cellular structures with specific responsibilities and functions. Other than the nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm, other organelles include: 1. Ribosomes Responsible for protein synthesis. Are produced in the nucleolus. Can be membrane-bound or free. Membrane bound ones are ribosomes that attach to the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas free ribosomes roam or move across the cytoplasm. 2. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Acts as a passageway for materials. There is rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it. Rough ER transports, sorts, and synthesizes proteins. Smooth ER produces substances such as fats and steroids (sex hormones). Smooth ER turns harmful substances into harmless ones through detoxification. Vesicles emerge from the ER and are received by the Golgi body. 3. Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Body Modifies substances from the endoplasmic reticulum so that it can be utilized by the cell. Adds lipids or carbohydrates. Vesicles fuse with the golgi apparatus and release substances so they can be modified. Secretory vesicles [from golgi apparatus] fuse with the cell membrane and exit the cell. 4. Vesicles (Vacuoles and Lysosomes) Vacuoles store materials like water and food.  Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down cellular debris. 5. Mitochondria During aerobic or cellular respiration, food molecules and other substances are broken down to produce energy. Transforms food to energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ✦ Overview of organelles (exclusively plants) 1. Chloroplasts Are crucial to photosynthesis, a process in which plants make their own food (glucose). Contains green pigment called chlorophyll, which enables photosynthesis and other functions. Light energy to chemical energy 2. Larger Vacuole Has a larger vacuole to accommodate for high water and mineral demand. Contains cell sap, which is made of dissolved sugars, mineral salts, amino acids. 3. Cell Wall Fully permeable Made of cellulose Fixed shape for protection, considering plants are more vulnerable to external forces or environment. Plant Cells Animal Cells Rigid, fixed shape Loose, flexible shape Regular shaped Irregular shaped Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Cellulose cell wall Has no cell wall, chloroplasts, and larger Has chloroplasts and larger vacuole vacuole May have flagella Are autotrophs: they can produce their  own food Are heterotrophs: they cannot produce their own foods (similar to fungi and protists). Specialized Cell Table Cell Type Location Function Adaptations 1. Epithelial Glands, lining surfaces of organs Secretion, absorption, and Has microvilli (fingerlike (Main Types) (skin, respiratory system, female diffusion of substances or structures) for absorption. reproductive system, digestive nutrients. Columnar tract, etc.) and body cavities. Acts as a protective Cuboidal barrier. Squamous Sensation (sensory Transitional movement) Has cilia (hairlike) for secretion of enzymes and mucus. Flattened surface for diffusion and protection. Cell junctions for intercellular communication. 2. Muscle Skeletal: attached to the Contractile function and Cardiac and skeletal bones locomotion. muscle cells are Skeletal Cardiac: exclusively the Relaxation/contraction of multinucleated to adapt to Cardiac heart muscles. high protein demand. Smooth Smooth: walls of soft Exertion or generation of Have enhanced  internal organs other than force. mitochondrial function the heart Storing nutrients. due to increased energy demand. Myosin and actin facilitate movement. Cell junctions for intercellular communication. 3. Nerve Cells Spinal cord (central Transmits and receives Dendrites nervous system) electrical and chemical (tree-branch-like) receive Sensory Sensory organs signals to and from the signals. They are input Motor Brain brain. portions of neurons. Interneuron All throughout the body Sensory: other neurons Axons (bar-like) carry ultimately to the brain signals. Motor: brain to the Myelin sheath speed up muscles signals, and are sometimes Interneuron: brain to thicker to transport other neurons signals faster. 4. Blood Fluid is found all Red: transports oxygen Red: lack nuclei so they throughout the body. and other nutrients can store more oxygen, as Red Veins, arteries, and throughout the body. well as transform shape (erythrocytes, capillaries White: fights infections more easily. They are also RBC) Suspended in unicellular and eliminates foreign biconcaves for optimal gas White plasma or liquid tissue. materials, as well as exchange (hemoglobin, (leukocytes) removes waste or debris. iron). Platelets Platelets: cell fragments (thrombocytes) that prevent excessive Plasma bleeding by producing blood clots. Plasma: maintains blood pressure.  Note: Red blood cells can still multiply without a nucleus because they are produced in the body’s bone marrow. 5. Connective Tendons, ligaments, blood, Binds other tissue. Has elastin fibers for Tissue bones Provides structural enhanced flexibility and All throughout the body support and protection. strength. Macrophages Produces Has collagen for enhanced Cartilage anti-inflammatory and flexibility and strength. (chondrocytes) immunity responses to Fibroblasts pathogens. Mast cells Insulations Adipocytes Can sometimes be Osteoblasts overprotective; reacts to Collagen phenomena that appear harmful but are really benign.