CSS Box Model and Color Introduction PDF

The box model diagram shows the following parts of the box: Content: This is the innermost part of the box where the actual content of the element, such as text or images, is displayed. The width and height properties determine the size of this area. Padding: This refers to the space between the con...

The box model diagram shows the following parts of the box: Content: This is the innermost part of the box where the actual content of the element, such as text or images, is displayed. The width and height properties determine the size of this area. Padding: This refers to the space between the content and the border of the element. The padding property allows for setting the size of this space individually for each side (top, right, bottom, left) or for all sides simultaneously. The padding is transparent and does not affect the background color or image of the element. Border: This is the line that surrounds the padding and content of the element. The border property allows for specifying the width, style, and color of this line for each side or for all sides at once. The border is considered part of the element\'s background and may have a different color or image compared to the content or padding areas. Margin: This refers to the space outside the border of the element. The margin property allows for setting the size of this space individually for each side or for all sides simultaneously. The margin is transparent and does not affect the background color or image of the element or its parent element. It is used to create space between the element and other elements on the page. Coloring in CSS: Utilizing color in CSS serves as a means to enhance the visual appeal of web pages. There exist different methods to specify colors in CSS, including: Color names: One can employ any of the 140 predefined color names supported universally by browsers, such as red, blue, green, and others. Hexadecimal values: It is possible to utilize a six-digit hexadecimal value in the format \#rrggbb, where rr, gg, and bb represent the red, green, and blue components of the color, respectively. Each component\'s range is from 00 to ff (0 to 255 in decimal). For instance, \#ff0000 represents red, \#00ff00 represents green, and \#0000ff represents blue. 51 RGB values: By using the rgb() function, one can specify a color as a combination of red, green, and blue intensities. Each intensity level ranges from 0 to 255. For example, rgb(255, 0, 0) represents red, rgb(0, 255, 0) represents green, and rgb(0, 0, 255) represents blue. RGBA values: The rgba() function allows for the specification of a color as a combination of red, green, blue, and alpha (opacity) values. The red, green, and blue values range from 0 to 255, while the alpha value ranges from 0 to 1. For instance, rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5) represents a semi-transparent red, rgba(0, 255, 0, 1) represents a fully opaque green, and rgba(0, 0, 255, 0) represents a fully transparent blue. CSS provides the ability to apply color to various elements and properties, such as text, background, border, shadow, and others. There are various methods to specify colors in CSS, including the utilization of color names, hexadecimal values, RGB values, HSL values, and other alternatives. The syntax for implementing color relies on the chosen property for applying the color. For instance, if there is a desire to modify the text color of a paragraph, the color property can be employed in the following manner: p { color: blue; /\* using a color name \*/ color: \#0000ff; /\* using a hexadecimal value \*/ color: rgb(0, 0, 255); /\* using an RGB value \*/ color: hsl(240, 100%, 50%); /\* using an HSL value \*/ } If one desires to alter the background color of an element, the background-color property can be employed in the following manner: div { background-color: green; /\* using a color name \*/ background-color: \#00ff00; /\* using a hexadecimal value \*/ 52 background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0); /\* using an RGB value \*/ background-color: hsl(120, 100%, 50%); /\* using an HSL value \*/ } Floating in CSS: The CSS float property is utilized to specify the desired floating behavior of an element. This property can be assigned one of the following values: left: This value causes the element to float towards the left of its container. right: This value causes the element to float towards the right of its container. none: This value indicates that the element should not float, and instead be displayed in its original position within the text. This value is the default setting. - inherit: This value allows the element to inherit the float value from its parent element. In its most basic usage, the float property is employed to wrap text around images. To illustrate, the following code snippet demonstrates the use of the float property to make an image float towards the right within a textual context: img { float: right; } What is Positioning in CSS: Positioning in CSS is a fundamental aspect of web page design as it allows for the precise placement and arrangement of elements. The position property plays a crucial role in determining the type of positioning method employed for an element. This can range from static positioning, which is the default behavior, to more dynamic options such as relative, fixed, absolute, or sticky positioning. Each of these positioning values has distinct implications for how an element interacts with the normal flow of the document, the viewport, as well as its surrounding parent and sibling elements. To further refine the element\'s position, the top, right, bottom, and left properties are leveraged to adjust its placement along both the vertical and horizontal axes. 53 Additionally, the z-index property serves as a means to modify the stacking order of the element relative to other positioned elements. This enables designers to control the layering and visual hierarchy of elements on the web page, enhancing the overall user experience. For instance the following code will produce the following output. /\* This element is positioned according to the normal flow of the document \*/ div.static { position: static; border: 3px solid \#73AD21; } /\* This element is positioned relative to its normal position \*/ div.relative { position: relative; left: 30px; border: 3px solid \#73AD21; } /\* This element is positioned relative to the viewport and stays in the same place even if the page is scrolled \*/ div.fixed { position: fixed; bottom: 0; right: 0; width: 300px; border: 3px solid \#73AD21; } /\* This element is positioned relative to its closest positioned ancestor or the initial containing block \*/ div.absolute { position: absolute; top: 80px; right: 0; width: 200px; height: 100px; border: 3px solid \#73AD21; } /\* This element is positioned according to the normal flow of the document, and then offset relative to its nearest scrolling ancestor and containing block \*/ div.sticky { position: sticky; top: 50px; border: 3px solid \#73AD21; } Definition of Border in CSS: In the realm of CSS, the border property serves the purpose of establishing a defined border surrounding an element. This property grants the ability to set the desired 54 style, color, and width of the border. It is applicable to a multitude of HTML elements, encompassing a , , +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | , and even an **Error! Filename not specified.**. The border property | | can be specified through the utilization of shorthand syntax, wherein | | the style, width, and color values are consolidated within a singular | | declaration. An exemplification of this can be observed in the | | following example:.example-border { border: 1px solid red; } In this | | instance, the.example-border class is defined, and the border | | property is established to a solid red border with a width of 1 | | pixel. Alternatively, it is possible to indicate the individual | | constituents of the border property independently. Here is an | | illustration:.example-border { border-style: dashed; border-width: | | 2px; border-color: blue; } In this particular case, the border-style | | property is employed to establish a dashed border style, the | | border-width property determines a width of 2 pixels, and the | | border-color property designates the color as blue. It is also | | possible to specify alternative border styles such as dotted, double, | | groove, ridge, inset, outset, and more. Additionally, you can use the | | border-radius property to round the corners of the border. Here\'s an | | example that combines different border properties others. Moreover, | | the border-radius property allows for the rounding of border corners. | | An illustrative example that amalgamates various border properties is | | provided below:.example-border { border-style: dashed; border-width: | | 2px; border-color: blue; border-radius: 5px; } The font property is | | utilized to determine the visual presentation of text on a webpage. | | It enables the specification of different attributes of the font, | | including the typeface, size, weight, style, and additional | | characteristics. The font property serves as a concise mechanism that | | consolidates numerous font-related properties into a singular | | declaration. 55 font: \[font-style\] \[font-variant\] \[font-weight\] | | \[font-size\]/\[line-height\] \[font-family\]; The syntax for the | | font property is as follows: selector { } Let\'s break down each | | component of the font property: Font Style: This component determines | | the style of the font, such as normal, italic, or oblique. It is | | represented by the font-style property. The available options | | include: normal: This displays the text in a regular style. | | italic: This displays the text in an italicized style. oblique: | | This displays the text in an oblique style, which is similar to | | italic but with a different slant angle. Font Variant: This component | | defines the variant of the font, such as normal or small caps. It is | | indicated by the font-variant property. The possible choices are: | | normal: This displays the text in a regular variant. small-caps: | | This displays the text in small capital letters. Font Weight: This | | component determines the thickness (weight) of the font, such as | | normal, bold, or a specific numeric value. It is represented by the | | font-weight property. The available options are: normal: This | | displays the text with a regular weight. bold: This displays the | | text in a bold weight. Numeric values: Specific numeric values, | | such as 100, 200, 300, \..., 900, can also be used to define | | different levels of font thickness. Font Size: This component | | determines the size of the font. It is indicated by the font-size | | property. The available choices are: Absolute size values: These | | values can be specified using units like pixels (px), points (pt), | | em, rem, etc. Relative size values: These values can be specified | | using terms like larger, smaller, xx-small, x-small, small, medium, | | large, x-large, xx-large, etc. Line Height: This component determines | | the height of each line of text. It is represented by the line height | | property. The available options include: 56 Normal: This displays the | | text with the default line height. Numeric values: Specific numeric | | values can be used to define a particular line height. Relative | | values: Relative values like normal, inherit, initial, etc., can also | | be utilized. Font Family: This component determines the font family | | to be used for the text. It is represented by the font-family | | property. Multiple font families can be specified, separated by | | commas, as a fallback option. The browser will attempt to apply the | | first font in the list, moving on to the next if it is unavailable, | | until a suitable font is found. Now, let us examine an example that | | illustrates the usage of the font property: p { font: italic | | small-caps bold 16px/1.5 Arial, sans-serif; } In this example: | | font-style is set to italic. font-variant is set to small-caps. | | font-weight is set to bold. font-size is set to 16px. line-height | | is set to 1.5. font-family is set to Arial, followed by a fallback of | | generic sans-serif fonts. This will result in the paragraphs ( | | | | ) on the web page being displayed in italicized style, with small | | capitals, in bold weight, with a font size of 16 pixels, a line | | height of 1.5 times the font size, and using the font family | | \"Arial\" if available. If Arial is not available, the browser will | | use a generic sans-serif font as a fallback. Text Alignment: In CSS | | (Cascading Style Sheets), the concept of alignment pertains to the | | positioning of elements within their containing elements, as well as | | the alignment of text within a text block. CSS offers a variety of | | properties that can be utilized to control alignment. Let us delve | | into some commonly employed alignment properties in CSS, accompanied | | by illustrative examples: text-align: This particular property is | | used to align the horizontal position of text within its container. | | It can be applied to both block-level elements and inline elements. | | The potential values are as follows: i. left: Aligns the text to the | | left. ii. right: Aligns the text to the right. 57 center: | | Horizontally centers the text. iii. iv. p { justify: Adjusts the | | spacing between words in a line in order to justify both the left and | | right edges. text-align: center; } In this example, the text within | | | | (paragraph) elements will be centered horizontally. Vertical | | Alignment: This property serves the purpose of vertically aligning | | inline or inline-block elements within their container elements. It | | can also be employed to align table cells. The available values are: | | baseline: Aligns the element\'s baseline with the baseline of its | | parent. top: Aligns the top of the element with the top of the | | tallest element on the line. middle: Aligns the middle of the | | element with the middle of the parent element. bottom: Aligns the | | bottom of the element with the bottom of the parent element. | | text-top: Aligns the top of the element with the top of the parent\'s | | font. text-bottom: Aligns the bottom of the element with the bottom | | of the parent\'s font. img { vertical-align: middle; } In this | | example, the images will be vertically aligned to the middle within | | their containing elements. justify-content: This property is employed | | to align flex items along the main axis of a flex container. It is | | applicable when utilizing flexbox for layout purposes. The potential | | values include: flex-start: Aligns items to the start of the flex | | container. flex-end: Aligns items to the end of the flex container. | | center: Centers items along the main axis of the flex container. | | space-between: Distributes items evenly along the main axis, with the | | first item at the start and the last item at the end. space-around: | | Distributes items evenly along the main axis, with equal space around | | them. space-evenly: Distributes items evenly along the main axis, | | with equal space between them. Example: css 58 Copy.container { | | display: flex; justify-content: center; } In this example, the flex | | items within the container will be horizontally centered. | | align-items: This property serves the purpose of vertically aligning | | flex items within a flex container, specifically in the context of | | flexbox layout. The available values for this property are: | | flex-start: Aligns items to the start of the flex container. | | flex-end: Aligns items to the end of the flex container. center: | | Centers items vertically within the flex container. baseline: | | Aligns items such that their baselines align. stretch: Stretches | | items to fill the flex container vertically. Example: css Copy | |.container { display: flex; align-items: center; } In this example, | | the flex items within the container will be vertically centered. | | These are just a few examples of alignment properties in CSS. There | | are other alignment properties available, such as float, position, | | and margin properties, which can also influence the alignment of | | elements on a web page, depending on the specific layout | | requirements. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+