crpr2-LECTURE.docx

**CROP PROTECTION 2** **Approaches and Practices in Pest Management** **[INSECT PEST CONTROL]** -The regulation of the insect pest population below the economic threshold level Factors influencing the regulation of Insect Population 1. Climate 2. Competition **Principles of Insect Control**...

**CROP PROTECTION 2** **Approaches and Practices in Pest Management** **[INSECT PEST CONTROL]** -The regulation of the insect pest population below the economic threshold level Factors influencing the regulation of Insect Population 1. Climate 2. Competition **Principles of Insect Control** - **Reduction of Population of Insect Pests** - [Exclusionary measures] - applied directly against insect pests to keep out those pests that are already outside the field, farm, region, or the country. - [Eradicative measures] - get rid of insect pests already present in an area. - [Therapeutic measures] - control insect pests by acting directly against the pests, but only after the pest-victim relationship has begun. - [Vertical resistance] - heritable capacity of the plant species to withstand the onslaught (fierce attack) of a would-be pest. - **Decelerating the Rate at which Insect Pest Population Increase** - [Horizontal Resistance] - inherited polygenically, quantitative, or relative. It permits some infection/infestation (colonization) by insects or pests. - [Protection or protective measure] - any effort that control pests; their effects slow down the rate of increase of insect population. - [Avoidance] - control measure in which people work with the environment to enable their plants to escape contact with pest. **Methods of Insect Pest Control** - **Natural Control --** nature's own methods of keeping populations within bounds. - Examples: - 1\. heavy rain - 2\. low temperature - 3\. warm and humid habitat - a\. quiescence -- state of hibernation somewhat resembling pupation wherein insect requires little nourishment. - b\. hibernation -- a suspended animation due to low temperature - c\. diapause -- a condition of suspended animation in the insect embryo. - 1\. Competition - 2\. Natural Predation and Parasitism - **Artificial Control** - **Cultural control** -- management practices which are supposed to be beneficial to the plant but detrimental to pest survival. - **Biological Control -** use of living organism to regulate pest population. 1. **Conservation** -- preventing the accidental eradication of natural enemies. 2. **Inoculation** -- introduction of natural enemies to a new locale where did not originate or occur naturally. 3. **Inundation** -- mass release of natural enemies +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Characteristic of good biological control agent: | | | | - 1\. Host specific | | | | - 2\. Can attack more vital parts of the insect pest body | | | | - 3\. Safe to introduce and do not harm other species | | | | - 4\. Prolific | | | | - 5\. Attack host of all kinds of environment | | | | - 6\. High ability to disperse successfully and locate host/ prey | | | | - 7\. Should be amiable to culture and laboratory | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ - ***Chemical Control Method*** - ***The pest control using chemical pesticides.*** - ***A pesticide is a chemical used to prevent, destroy, or repel pests.*** - ***They combat pest and diseases occurring on our crops.*** - Conventional pesticides refer to **[synthetically]** produced compounds that act as direct **[toxins]**. - - - - - - - - **Classification of pesticide** - - - - - 1. 2. 3. - - **Inorganic insecticides** which include the following: - **Organic insecticides** which include the following: - - - **Synthetic organic insecticides (Second generation insecticides)** Comprise two types of classes: - - - - **Carbamate insecticides** - chemicals that break down easily/readily and leave no harmful residue. Ex. Sevin (carbaryl), furadan (carbofuran), and lannate(methomyl). - **Synthetic pyretroids** - synthesized from petroleum-based chemicals. - **Insect growth regulators (IGRs)** - juvenile hormones and growth regulators which are naturally found in animals and plant; may interfere with hatching, molting, and pupation in insects. Ex. Nomolt, diaract, and methoprene. - **Chemo-sterilants** induce varying degrees of sterilization in insects. Ex. Apholate, tepa, metepa and thiopeta. - **Insect attractants** comprise natural substance such as sugar, molasses, yeast extract, fatty acids, Eugenol and Geraniol. The use of these substances as a method in pest control is also called **insect behaviour-related techniques.** - **Fumigants** are volatile substances that are toxic and repellent to insects. - a. b. c. - **Acute toxicity** - - - - - - **Chronic toxicity** - **REFERRENCES:** - **K.D. Gallagher, P.A.C. Ooi, T.W. Mew, E. Borromeo and P.E. Kenmore1, Integrated pest management in rice.** - **Erica Jenkins and Carolyn Randall Eric McCumber, January 2006,** A Guide for Commercial Applicators, - **University of nebraska-lincoln, Principles of pest control.** - **Harold Coble, Ph.d**., **2003, The practice of integrated pest management (ipm) the pams approach** - **Diane g. Alston, entomologist**, **July 2011. The integrated pest management (ipm) concept. Published by utah state university extension and utah plant pest diagnostic laboratory.** - **Rex Dufour, July 2001.** **BIOINTENSIVE INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)**, NCAT Agriculture Specialist - **IPM Research Brief No. 6,** The System wide Program on Integrated Pest Management Incorporating Integrated - **CropLife International aisbl**, Avenue Louise 326, Box 35, 1050 Brussels, Belgium, , , [www.croplife.org](http://www.croplife.org), Published 2014 - **Master Gardener Journal, MG-601, March 1, 2002** - [Concepts of Insect Control - Page 193 - Google Books Result](https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=IgjeORPkORwC&pg=PA193&lpg=PA193&dq=regulatory+control+of+insect+pests+and+diseases&source=bl&ots=_-he-T8k8N&sig=_L92H3m5kb10dTWZS_h8KpHcRgk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRrpiHxPrRAhUHkJQKHY4SAOQQ6AEIPzAH) - *https://books.google.com.ph/books?isbn=8122400884* - [M R Ghosh](https://www.google.com.ph/search?biw=1012&bih=430&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22M+R+Ghosh%22&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRrpiHxPrRAhUHkJQKHY4SAOQQ9AgIQDAH) -- 1989, Fundamental principles of ***regulatory control of insect pests*** involve (i) \... be used in prevention of plant ***pests and diseases*** likely to be introduced into the country \... - Six Tactics of IPM --- Pennsylvania Integrated Pest Management --- Penn State Extension **[VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL]** 1. **Rodent Control** - - - **Vegetative to Booting** **Booting to Harvest** **Harvest to Transplanting** ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ------------------------ -------------------------------------- Rats location Moving to rice fields In rice fields Movement to other fields Management strategy to use Baiting in the field Trapping Ease in managing the rat at this stage Degree of bait acceptance decreases Poor bait acceptance Easy; high degree of bait acceptance Breeding time No Yes No - **Physical Control** - involves direct killing or exclusion by mechanical means burning or smoking of burrows - **Physical Control Methods** 1. 2. 3. Use of Flame Thrower - The nozzle with flame is placed into the opening of one rat burrow while other burrows are closed to suffocate the rat. - **Resistant varieties** - rats have been observed to show preference to certain varieties when these are planted side by side. - **Synchronous or homogenous planting** - these reduces the time favorable when food and shelter are present - **Trap crop may be planted earlier** - its purpose is to attract rodents into the area and once they are concentrated on this field, more intensive and/or acute control measures can be effectively applied - **Genetic manipulation** - **Reduction of carrying capacity and sanitation** - **Biological Control** - Predation - Disease and Parasitism - has temporary effects as rats can easily adapt and become resistant. Also, most of the infective agents like salmonella can produce disease in man and therefore unsafe for use. - **Cultural Control** - Practice proper sanitation by removing all straw piles in the paddies after harvest. - Practice synchronous planting. Planting within a month of the regular planting time. - Minimize size of levees to 15 cm wide x 20 cm high (6x8 in) to avoid rat burrows. - **Chemical Control** 1. Using baits a. Pre-baiting. Distribute baits 3-5 days prior to massive acute baiting to familiarize the rats with the bait. This should be done (a) before seeding and (b) before transplanting - to target the rats that attack the seedbed. b. Apply acute rodenticide in areas where pre-baiting was successful to avoid the establishment of new rat population in the same area. This will increase the chances of killing them by about 70%. c. Two weeks after transplanting, install 5 initial baiting stations per hectare. Place chronic baits in the baiting stations at 6 tbsp./station to further reduce the remaining 30% population. Inspect all baiting stations every day to replace consumed baits. - - - - - - - - 2. **Using the trap barrier system (TBS)** - - - - - - **About the rat trap** - The trap is made of metal screen wire (rectangular in shape), having a cone-shaped inclined entrance tunnel narrowing to the end with bent metal wire. Rats are caught in the traps while trying to enter the trap barrier system. - The TBS capitalizes on the rat's behavior of entering holes and running along sides of the rice paddy in search for food. - More effective when adopted as a community -- wide action to control rats. Farmers spend less when they pool their resources to set up the TBS in strategic areas of their community than individually buying rodenticides. - Rat control using the TBS should start right at the seedbed to protect the seedlings. Seedbeds should be fenced with plastic and installed with the rat traps. - Requires P2700 (P1900 for plastic,P600 for four rat traps and P200 for labor) to control rats in a 10-ha rice field. - At PhilRice Maligaya, only 2% average rat damage was observed in fields with the TBS against 33% in fields without TBS. - Acute rodenticide - quick acting poison, a single dose is enough to cause death e.g. **Zinc phosphide** - kills a rodent within 17 minutes after feeding. - **Cholecalciferol** (Vitamin D~3~) is a calcium-mobilizing chemical that upsets the rodent's blood-calcium level and the animal dies of hypercalcemia. Most other mammals are not as sensitive to changes in blood-calcium levels so the poison has relatively low to moderate toxicity to most non-target animals. - Chronic rodenticide - slow acting poison requiring multiple dose feeding, resulting in death from internal bleeding. e.g. Warfarin, Diphacinone - Fumigants -Phosphine gas, Cyanide, Carbon monoxide, Methyl bromide - Chemosterilants - Attractants - Repellents - nicotine sulfate, lime sulfur, sodium silicofluoride, creosote, coal tar, thiram, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin **Other Methods (Crop Insurance)** **2. Bird Control** **Importance of birds** - Feed on grain crops - Carriers of diseases - Nuisance in aviation control **Control** - **Habitat modification** **-** means limiting a bird's food, water or shelter \- destruction of nests and eggs - **Exclusion** - **Using sticky repellents** \- tacky gels and liquids are designed to be sticky enough to make a bird uncomfortable but not - **Trapping** In many instances, trapping can be an effective supplemental control measure. Trapping is - **Frightening Devices** - Auditory Frightening Devices Broadcast of recorded distress or alarm calls have been used successfully to drive birds from fields and orchards. Most calls are species -- specific, so it is important to identify the birds causing damage. - **Visual Frightening Devices** - The use of frightening devices can be effective in protecting crops from flocks of feeding birds, but their use also requires hard work and long hours for the farmer. Devices need to be employed especially in the early morning and in late afternoon when the birds are most actively feeding. In addition, birds tend to adjust or adapt to frightening devices. It is usually best to use two or more devices or methods of bird control. - **Cultural Control Practices** - Controlling insect populations in field crops may sometimes reduce the pest bird populations that feed on them. - Establish new fields away from cover or perch sites (snags or power lines), or remove attractive habitat features from areas next to plantings. - To reduce feeding by blackbirds, plant non-attractive crops such as soybeans, wheat, potatoes, or hay - **Lethal Alternatives** - **Avitrol** - is a poison bait with flock-alarming properties used to control many kinds of birds. There are different Avitrol baits for each pest bird species---whole corn for pigeons, smaller grains for other birds. - Within 15 minutes of eating a toxic dose of Avitrol, birds flutter erratically and go into convulsions. They may fly away from the baiting site, they may fly into windows, or they may "dive bomb" into the ground. - **Ornitrol**- is a chemosterilant, often called the "birthcontrol pill for pigeons." When fed to pigeons, it inhibits ovulation in the female and sperm production in the male. The effects of treatment last for six months in the female and three months in the male. When applied as directed on the label, it will not kill birds, but populations will slowly decline over the years from the natural mortality in aging pigeon populations. It is used in situations where long-term control is desired with no expectations of immediate results. **[MOLLUSK CONTROL]** **What are mollusk?** Mollusk are member of invertebrates of Phylum Mollusca having a soft, unsegmented body protected usually by a calcareous shell. **Golden Apple Snail (*Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck\]*** - It was introduced into Asia during the 1980's from South America as a potential food for people. - Unfortunately, the golden apple snail has become a major pest of rice having spread to the Philippines, Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam.  **Why Control Golden Apple Snails?** The golden apple snail eats young and emerging rice plants and can completely destroy a crop during crop establishment. **Critical Times for Golden Apple Snail Control** The critical time to control golden apple snail is during the first 10 days for the transplanted crops and the first 21 days for direct wet-seeded crops. After this, the crop growth is typically greater than the rate of snail damage. **LIFE CYCLE** - Has a life cycle of 65 days \*A female lays 25-500 globular pink colored eggs \*When about to hatch (about 7-14 days), the eggs shall become light pink to white \*The newly hatched snail has soft shell but hardened in 2 days \*Three weeks after hatching, they are 2-5 mm in size. They grow fast being voracious feeders. \*In 44-59 days, these snails are sexually matured. **How to manage Golden Apple Snails?** - **Biological Control** - Red ants feed on the snail eggs while ducks (and sometimes rats) will eat young snails. - Ducks can be put into fields during final land preparation or after crop establishment when plants are big enough (e.g., 30-35 DAT ) snails can be harvested, cooked and eaten. - **Cultural Control** - **Handpicking**: Handpick snails and crush egg masses. This is best done in the morning and afternoon when snails are most active. Place bamboo stakes to attract adults for egg laying. - **Use attractants**: Place leaves of plants that attract snails to make hand picking easier (possible plants include: banana \[*Musa paradisiaca L.\], and papaya* \[*Carica papaya L.\])* - **Water control:** Snails are active in standing water and thus, good land leveling and field drainage can help reduce damage. - Also small canals (or canalettes) (e.g., 15-25 cm wide and 5 cm deep) can be constructed, after the final land preparation. Construct canalettes at 10-15 m intervals or around edges of rice paddies by pulling a sack containing a heavy object. - **Use of toxic plants:** Place the toxic plants **(e.g.,** leaves of *Monochoria vaginalis, tobacco leaves* \[*Nicotiana tabacum L\], Derris (Tubli) and calamansi leaves \[Citrus microcarpa Bunge\]) in strips across the field or in* canalettes. - **Preventing field entry:** Place a wire or woven bamboo screen on the main irrigation water inlet and outlet to prevent the entry. However benefit from such action is quite limited as most snails bury themselves and "hibernate" in the field as the soil dries. - **Transplanting:** Plant healthy vigorous seedlings that tiller well. Sometimes transplanting can be delayed (e.g., 25-30 versus 12-15 day-old seedlings), or multiple seedlings per hill can be planted. - - - - - **[WEED CONTROL]** **Objectives of weed control and management** - To reduce weed population to levels that will not significantly reduce crop yield. Presence of weeds in a crop does not necessarily lead to significant reduction in yield. **Methods of weed control** 1. **Cultural** - includes preventive methods or approaches that reduce production and germination of weed seeds and vegetative propagules and minimize their establishment and spread. - Use of high quality, disease and weed seed -- free planting materials \- use certified seeds of planting materials in order to prevent the introduction of unwanted weeds and diseases in the area. - Control of weeds before they produce seeds or vegetative propagules \- Control the weeds before they produce flowers or even earlier to prevent seed formation. 2. **Mechanical Control** - consists of methods that kill or suppress weeds through physical disruption. - Proper land preparation and management of weed seeds and vegetative propagule reserves in the soil - Handweeding/slashing - weeds are controlled by uprooting or with the use of various small local implements like bolos, by slashing. - Hoe weeding - is suitable for many vegetable crops - Interrow Cultivation \- may be done with animal or tractor drawn implements \- require less labor than uprooting weeds or hoe weeding but does not provide effective control of weeds within crop rows. - Mulching - a protective covering, usually of organic matter such as leaves, straw, or peat, placed around plants to prevent evaporation of moisture, the freezing of the roots and the growth of weeds. Effects of mulching - May reduce light available to the crops and serving as a barrier to weed emergence - Organic mulch improves soil fertility - It conserve soil moisture - Water Management or Flooding - effectively used in transplanted lowland rice - Use of competitive crop varieties -use plant varieties which are adapted to the locality and grows rapidly - Multiple cropping \* Spatial (intercropping) \* Temporal (multiple cropping) - Burning - used in areas not planted with crops and vacant areas which needed clearing out of weeds. 3. **Biological Control** - the use of weed's natural enemies, such as insects and pathogens to suppress or reduce the weed population. **Types of biological control** - **Classical or Inoculative-** is the introduction of natural enemies to a new locale where they did not originate or do not occur naturally. Usually host specific Examples of imported species of insects used against weeds are: - *Cyrtobagous salviniae --* a curculionid beetle which was successfully used against the floating fern, *Salvinia molesta* in Passi , Iloilo in 1989.  - Uroplata girardi -- a chrysomelid beetle used against Lantana camara in Mindanao in 1985.  - **Inundative or Augmentative** - this uses very large numbers of existing and locally occurring natural enemies by mass rearing and periodically releasing them in the field to augment the natural populations. - Fungal pathogens are the common biocon agents utilized in inundative approach commonly known as mycoherbicide. - De Vine - the first fungal pathogen commercially made available in 1981. - Collego -- made available in the US in 1982. - a dry formulation of *Colletotrichum gleosporoides sp. aeschynomene*. **Pathogens of aquatic weeds** ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ***Plant species*** ***Pathogens*** Algae (Cyanobacteria) Cyanophages (viruses) and bacteria Alligator weed *(Atternathea philoxeroides)* Stunt virus Hydrilla *(Hydrilla verticillata)* *Aspergillus* sp., *Penicillium* sp., *Phytophthora parasitica, Trichoderma* sp. *Salvinia (Salvinia* sp.*)* *Alternaria* sp. Water hyacinth *(Echhornia crassipes)* *Acremonium natum, Alternaria eichhorniae, Bipolaris stenospila, Cercospora piaropi,* *C. rodmanii, Fusarium roseum* Water lettuce *(Pistia stratiotes)* Virus ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Templeton *et. al.* (1979) sprayed the spores of C. *gloeosporioides* (1.5 x 10^6^/ml) by aeroplane, in fields at the rate of 96 liter water per hectare and estimated about 95-100 per cent killing of weeds in 17 rice fields. Orr *et al.,* (1975) used a host specific pathotype of *Phytophthora citrophthora* as a biocontrol agent for *Morrenia odorata* (milk weed vine) in *Citrus* spp. Templeton *et al.* (1979) reviewed the biocontrol of weeds where fungi have been used as myco-herbicides. - A B International Institute of Biological Control, U.K. has been developing a mycoherbicide for the control of *Rottboellia cochinchinensis* which is a serious weed. An isolate of *Colletotrichum* from Thailand was selected against *R. cochinchinensis.* Field trails have demonstrated that the mycoherbicide has potential for controlling this weed, particularly in combination with low does of chemical herbicides (Natural Resource Institute, Newsletter 5, 1992). - Freeman (1977) enumerated five characteristics of plant pathogens that make them desirable candidates as biocontrol agents for aquatic weeds : *(i)* they are numerous and diverse, *(ii)* they are often host specific, and their use of control noxious species would not endanger desirable plant species, *(c)* they are easily disseminated and self maintaining; therefore, there is no need of reapplication, *(iii)* they have ability to exert a limiting influence on plant populations without eliminating the species, and *(iv)* they are non-pathogenic to animals. 4. **Chemical Control** - involves the use of herbicides for selective control of weeds with minimum or no injury to the crop. **ADVANTAGES:** a\. reduces the labor requirement for weed control b\. provides early season control of weeds within crop rows a. improper use may result to crop injury, poor or ineffective weed control and drift or residue problems. - According to time of application 1. Preplant herbicides - are applied after land preparation but before the crop is planted. (E.G. glyphosate) - is volatile and needs to be incorporated in the soil before planting. 2. Pre emergence herbicide - applied after the crop is planted but before the weeds or crop emerge.(E.G. butachlor) 3. Post emergence herbicide - applied after the emergence of the crop or the weeds. (2,4-D) - According to movement in plants 1. Contact herbicide - phytotoxic effects are manifested at the sites on the plants where the spray droplets are deposited. 2. Translocated herbicide- phytotoxic effects are manifested at and away from the sites on the plants where the spray droplets are deposited. E.g. Glyphosate, 2,4-D - According to selectivity 1\. Non -- selective herbicide \- are those that have a broad spectrum. It kills all plants. (Glyphosate) 2\. Selective herbicide \- are those that kill some plants leaving others practically unharmed. (2,4-D) **RICE HERBICIDES** - Anilides: Butachlor, Pretilachlor \- selective, pre-emergence, mainly for grass control Propanil \- selective, post-emergence, mainly for grass control at 1-4 leaf stage. - Dinitroanilines: Pendimethalin \- selective, pre-emergence for grass control - Phenoxy's: 2,4-D, MCPA \- selective, post emergence, foliar applied; for broadleaf and sedge control - Carbamates: Thiobencarb, Molinate \- selective, preemergence; mainly for grass control - Bentazon \- selective, postemergence herbicide for broadleaf and sedge control - Glyphosate \- non selective, translocated, broad-spectrum control herbicide. For use in no till rice. - Bipyridilium:Paraquat \- non selective, contact, broad spectrum herbicide. Applied post emergence (foliar applied)