Cropping Systems PDF

Cropping System Vs Pattern  Focus of the class Understanding about – Cropping Pattern – Cropping system Different cropping systems – Mono cropping – Multiple cropping  Cropping Pattern Type and arrangement of crops in time and space Proportion of area under...

Cropping System Vs Pattern  Focus of the class Understanding about – Cropping Pattern – Cropping system Different cropping systems – Mono cropping – Multiple cropping  Cropping Pattern Type and arrangement of crops in time and space Proportion of area under various crops at a point of time in a unit area. It includes yearly sequence and spatial arrangement of crops and fallow on a given area Determined by Climate (rainfall, temperature), soil type and technology; thus it changes over space and time.  Cropping System Cropping pattern and its management to derive benefits from a given resource base under specific environmental condition It is location specific, so it changes when place and environment are changed. Objective - efficient utilization of all resources viz. land, water, solar energy etc. and to maintain stability in production and get higher returns  Types of Cropping System Mono cropping – Growing the same crop or a single crop on the same land year after year. – Cropping intensity is always 100%.  Types of Cropping System Mono cropping  Types of Cropping System Mono cropping – Merits Yields higher amounts of certain crops. Improves efficiency.... Easier to manage.... Helps generate higher earnings  Types of Cropping System Mono cropping – Demerits Widespread to crop failure Less diversity Become more susceptible to harmful organisms Reuse of the same soil can lead to disease & pest Continued degradation of soil is making it unusable  Types of Cropping System Multiple cropping – Cultivation of two or more crops on the same field in a year – It is the intensification of cropping in time and space  Types of Cropping System Multiple cropping – Merits Retains soil’s vigour and fertility to sustain crop growth for a longer period of time Efficient utilisation of resources such as fertilizers and moisture to give optimum productivity. Provides effective control over weeds. Reduces incidence of pests and disease attacks. Decreases risk of economic loss due to failure of a crop. Gives additional income to the farmer Brings nutrient diversity in farmer’s food. Controls soil erosion.  Types of Cropping System Multiple cropping – Demerits Farmers can’t go for large scale mechanisation as different machines are to be procured for different crops. Intercultural operations such as weeding, manuring, fertilization, irrigation etc becomes quite difficult in inter – cropping systems. Incidence of pest and disease attack increases when they find suitable alternate host  Types of Cropping System Multiple cropping – More crops within a year and more crops on the same piece of land during single growing season – Four types of multiple cropping Intercropping Mixed Cropping Sequence/Sequential cropping Relay cropping  Types of Cropping System Multiple cropping – Intercropping Method of growing two or more crop on the same piece of land at a same time. It is designed with effective use of space and resource. Row Intercropping  Types of Cropping System Multiple cropping – Intercropping Method of growing two or more crop on the same piece of land at a same time. It is designed with effective use of space and resource. Patch intercropping  Types of Cropping System Multiple cropping – Intercropping Method of growing two or more crop on the same piece of land at a same time. It is designed with effective use of space and resource. Strip Intercropping  Types of Cropping System Multiple cropping – Intercropping Method of growing two or more crop on the same piece of land at a same time. It is designed with effective use of space and resource. Multi storied intercropping  Types of Cropping System Multiple cropping – Intercropping Method of growing two or more crop on the same piece of land at a same time. It is designed with effective use of space and resource. Alley intercropping  Types of Cropping System Multiple cropping – Intercropping Characteristics of good intercrop – It should not affect the growth and yield of main crop. – It should mature earlier or latter than main crop. – A far as possible it should be a legume crop for maintaining fertility and productivity of the soil. – It should have different growth habits and nutrient requirements. – It should have different rooting depths. – It should differ in canopy development and sunlight requirement  Types of Cropping System Multiple cropping – Mixed cropping Seeds of different crops are mixed together and broadcasted. Cultivation of two or more crops simultaneously on the same land without any fixed row pattern. Main objective is to lessen the risk of total crop failure and to satisfy the farmers in food and fodder.  Types of Cropping System Multiple cropping – Mixed cropping Intercropping Mixed Cropping The main objective is to utilise the space The main objective here is to get at least left between the rows of the main crop one crop in a favourable condition Specific planting patterns followed No planting pattern followed Different fertilizers and pesticides are used Same fertilizers and pesticides used for all for different crops the crops Followed to increase the productivity of Followed to reduce the risk of crop failures crops due to unfavourable climatic conditions There is a considerable difference in the All crops have a similar life cycle and life cycle and the duration of maturity in duration of maturity different crops  Types of Cropping System Multiple cropping – Relay cropping Growing two or more crops simultaneously during the part of life cycle of each Succeeding crop is planted before the harvesting of preceding crop. It means 2nd crop is planted after the 1st crop has reached its reproductive stage of growth, but before it is ready for harvest E.g. potato is planted before the harvesting of maize, and radish is sown before harvesting of potato  Types of Cropping System Multiple cropping – Relay cropping  Types of Cropping System Multiple cropping – Sequence/Sequential cropping Growing of two or more crops in quick succession on the same piece of land in a farming year. It means sowing of succeeding crop and harvesting of preceding crop is done in quick succession or may be done simultaneously There is no overlap between the two or more cropping E.g. Just after harvesting of maize, potato is sown, and just after digging of potato, chili is sown  Types of Cropping System Multiple cropping – Sequence/Sequential cropping Double cropping: Two crops are grown in sequence on the same piece of land in a year Triple cropping: Three crops are grown in sequence on the same piece of land in a year Quadruple cropping: Four crops are grown in sequence on the same piece of land in a year Ratoon cropping: The cultivation of crop regrowth after harvest Cropping Intensity  Cropping Intensity Refers to the ratio of total cropped area to the total farm area over a year as percentage. If a farmer has 20 hectares of land, out of which 08 hectares are cropped in Maha season and 06 hectares are grown in Yala season. The cropping intensity will be calculated as Cropping intensity = (Actual cropped area/total farm area) × 100 = X / Y × 100 = Z%  Cropping Intensity Refers to the ratio of total cropped area to the total farm area over a year as percentage. If a farmer has 20 hectares of land, out of which 18 hectares are cropped in Maha season and 12 hectares are grown in Yala season. The cropping intensity will be calculated as Cropping intensity = (Actual cropped area/total farm area) × 100 = X / Y × 100 = Z% Land Equivalent Ratio (LER)  Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) Relative land area under sole cropping to produce the yield in intercropping from one hectare. Yield of base crop in intercropping Yield of inter crop in intercropping LER = + Yield of base crop in sole cropping Yield of intercrop in sole cropping  Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) Relative land area under sole cropping to produce the yield in intercropping from one hectare. Crop Intercropped Sole Yield Equivalent Yield (kg/ha) (kg/ha) area (ha) Grain 4,000 5,000 P Fruit 9,000 15,000 Q LER R % yield advantage S