Critical And Creative Thinking PDF

# CRITICAL AND CREATIVE THINKING - **Thinking:** process of using our mind to determine what to believe or what to do, is a purposeful mental activity. - Most part of thinking is concious activity. However, at times when you are in deep thinking, unconcious mind continue thinking. - Even af...

# CRITICAL AND CREATIVE THINKING - **Thinking:** process of using our mind to determine what to believe or what to do, is a purposeful mental activity. - Most part of thinking is concious activity. However, at times when you are in deep thinking, unconcious mind continue thinking. - Even after the conscious activity stops. - **Ideas:** what thinking produces. - **Problem:** case in which a human has two situations: known and relatively known. - **Problem Solving:** ways and methods used to achieve a solution. - **Uses of thinking:** 1. Purpose goals. 2. Satisfy needs regarding particular situation. - Recognize, define, consider alternatives, decide what to do, determine if satisfied with results, revise. - **How do we think?** Right and left brain theory. | Left Brain | Right Brain | | :-------------------: | :-------------------: | | Verbal | Visual | | Organized/Sequential | Not organized/Random | | Logical | Creative | | Rational | Intuitive | | Objective | Subjective | | Analyzing (deals with parts) | Synthesis (deals with wholes) | | Scientific | Artistic | | Orders the right brain | Obeys the left brain | - **Process of thinking:** 1. Understanding the problem: analysis, comparison, abstraction. 2. Opinion formation: the relationship between two terms or more. - Positive, negative, modalities. 3. Conclusion: result of the act to form a new opinion. - **Inductive inference:** decision is taken from the opinion. - **Deductive conclusion:** drawn from general to specific. - **Analogical conclusion:** obtained by comparing between specific opinions. ## Types of thinking 1. **Convergent thinking:** - Evaluating the possible solutions to find the best answer. - Cognitive processing of information around a common point. - Different direction: union, conclusion. 2. **Divergent thinking:** - Starts from a common point, a variety of perspectives. 3. **Creative thinking:** - Mostly based on divergent thinking. - Generates something new/different. 4. **Critical thinking:** - Convergent, assesses the worth and validity of something existing. | Convergent | Divergent | | :--------------------- | :------------------------------ | | Using logic | Taking risks | | Being accurate | Looking from a new perspective | | Finding the best answer | Generating multiple answers | | Playing by rules | Changing what is known | | Explore possibilities | Decide what to do | | **Divergent** **->** **Creative** **->** **Critical** **->** **Convergent** | - **Intuition:** - Without a certain goal - Introduces various solutions - **Intelligence:** - Directed towards a goal - It has one solution - Doesn't require experience, requires experience - **Right Brain:** - Used in design. - **Left Brain:** - Used in Evaluation ## Creativity - **Process of generating new ideas.** - **Ability to build new ideas and rearrangement of old elements to uplift society.** ## Innovation - **Converting new ideas into something useful.** - **Practical application of creative idea** ## Creative thinking - **Ability to consider something in a new way.** - **Includes:** - Analysis, open-mindness, problem-solving, organization, and communication. - **Creative thinkers always explore new areas, make observations, predictions and new inferences.** - **To Create:** 1. Have knowledge but forget the knowledge 2. See unexpected connections 3. Work hard 4. Create many ideas 5. Listen to experts ## Creative solutions must be: - New, Useful, Feasible (given the real-world constraints) ## Creative Methods - **Common methods:** - **Improvement of ideas (evolution)** - **Combination of ideas (synthesis)** - **Drastic change of idea (revolution)** - **Reapplication (changing direction)** - **Evolution:** - New ideas stem from others. - Creativity lies in the step-by-step improvement. - **Revolution:** - New idea is a completely new one, with the same purpose as previously. - **Synthesis:** - To or more existing ideas are combined into a new idea. - **Reapplication:** - Of old ideas in a new way. - **Changing direction:** - The focus is shifted from one angle of a problem to another. ## Basic principles of creativity 1. **A new idea is composed of several elements.** - The elements = knowledge (skills). - **New arrangement of the elements:** Joining, deleting, replacing. 2. **Creativity is enhanced by the ability to detect connections between ideas.** ## Creative Cycle 1. **Research:** Explore connections. - Study history of problem. - Talk to people involved - Obtain relevant information. - Do case studies. 2. **Explore connections between ideas:** Examine and reflect on information you have. 3. **Relax & wait:** - To stimulate the mind. - Allow yourself to forget the less important and irrelevant ideas. 4. **Review:** Examine new ideas properly, whether they can be improved. 5. **And Apply:** Review the whole process and how they'll be implemented. ## Components of Creativity: The 4 Ps - **Person:** reflect abilities, skills and potential, attitudes, and behaviors. - **Process:** The way people create and use their creativity. - Define the problem - Generating ideas to solve, selecting the idea. - (generate AMAP) - Implementing the idea (&review) - **Product:** The creative product, the final output. - **Press:** Environment or context surrounding the creative person. ## Level of creativity: - **Fluency:** Create many ideas - quantitative - **Flexibility:** Create varied ideas - from different perspectives - **Originality:** Create uncommon ideas - qualitative - **Elaboration:** Ability to expand, develop, or modify an idea. ## Style of creative: - Adaptive or innovative. ## Creative tools for defining a problem: - **AGO** 5W-1H method to analyze the problem: - **Aim:** General statement providing direction. - **Goal:** Statement of intention, more specific than aim. - **Objective:** Specific statement that delineates outcomes. - **The five 'whys?':** Help find the root cause of the problem. - **OPV: Other people's view to understand the problem from a wide perspective.** ## Mind Maps: - Visually organize information. ## Osborn's checklist: - Creativity technique that uses questions to change individual aspects, components of a solution. - Alternative use or change of purpose - Adapt or adjust - Magnify - Regrouping - Minify - Inversion/Reversal - Modify or change - Substitution/replacement - Combine. ## Creative tools for selecting ideas: - **Pros & cons:** List good and bad points for each idea. - **APC:** - **Plus points** - **Consequences** - **Advantages** - **Alternatives:** - **Minus points** - **Sequels** - **Limitations** - **Possibilities:** - **Interesting points** - **Unique connections** - **Choices:** - **CAF** - **FIP** - **SWOT** - **Strengths** - **Weaknesses** - **Opportunities** - **Threats** ## Six Thinking Hats + ONE: How shall I think? - **White:** Facts / Knowledge; Neutral & objective, concerned with data. - **Red:** Emotions; Intuitive view, based on feeling. - **Yellow:** Optimistic & positive, covers hope. - **Green:** Creativity, growth & ideas. - **Blue:** Process Control, organizing hat - start & finish. - **Black:** Judgement careful & cautions. - **ROYAL (purple):** Investment, seeking objectivity. - **Shoes (How shall I act)** - **Six Action shoes:** - **Navy formal shoes:** Routine behavior. - **Grey sneakers:** Collecting information & investigation. - **Brown Brogues:** Practically - **Orange Bum boots:** Emergency response. - **Pink slippers:** Relaxation & comfort, eating. - **Purple riding boots:** Use your authority.