CRI 023 Forensic Chemistry & Toxicology PDF

CRI 023: Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology Module #4: Student Activity Sheet Lesson title: Forensic Drug Analysis Materials: References: Le...

CRI 023: Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology Module #4: Student Activity Sheet Lesson title: Forensic Drug Analysis Materials: References: Learning Targets: https://www.drugs.ie/drugs_info/ab At the end of the module, students will be able to; out_drugs/the_nature_and_states_of _drug_use/ 1. define and discuss Physiology of drugs, Drug Test and specimen Tampering, and https://www.medicalnewstoday.com /articles/323378#procedure-and-typ 2. differentiate Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis es-of-urine-test of Drug Specimens. https://www.yourdrugtesting.com/d rug-test-tampering/ A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW Introduction Hi! It’s good you're back, are you excited for today’s lesson? Before we continue the discussion, let us review first your understanding of the last lesson, below are questions regarding that, please answer it. Kindly answer the succeeding activities. Through this you will be able to know your prior knowledge about the lesson. Direction: Answer the question below; be ready, the teacher/facilitator might call you to share your answer to the class. 1. What would you do if one of your loved ones explored the use of dangerous drugs? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________. After answering that, we can now proceed for the next lesson, which is forensic drug analysis. B. MAIN LESSON Directions. In this activity, you need to read and underline or highlight keywords for you to keep in mind some essential terms/words used in the content notes; this will help you remember facts or This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION 1  CRI 023: Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology Module #4: Student Activity Sheet theories and make the learning session more meaningful. You may also do note-taking for your easy access to the information. PHYSIOLOGY OF DRUGS We need to look at three critical factors if we are to understand why and how people use drugs. These are: Your personality, the type of drug you take, and The context of your drug use. These factors are connected and can’t be separated. They influence your reasons for using a drug and the effects it will have on you. We need to understand that there are different levels of drug use with different types of problems. Stages of drug use This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION 2  CRI 023: Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology Module #4: Student Activity Sheet DRUG TEST A drug test looks for the presence of one or more illegal or prescription drugs in your urine, blood, saliva, hair, or sweat. Urine testing is the most common type of drug screening. Drug screening is used to find out whether or not a person has taken a particular drug or drugs. It may be used for: A drug test generally requires that you give a urine sample in a lab. You will be given instructions to provide a "clean-catch" sample. The clean-catch method includes the following steps: 1. Wash your hands 2. Clean your genital area with a cleansing pad given to you by your provider. Men should wipe the tip of their penis. Women should open their labia and clean from front to back. 3. Start to urinate into the toilet. 4. Move the collection container under your urine stream. 5. Collect at least an ounce or two of urine into the container, which should have markings to indicate the amounts. 6. Finish urinating into the toilet. 7. Return the sample container to the lab technician or health care provider. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION 3  CRI 023: Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology Module #4: Student Activity Sheet A doctor or trained technician will usually carry out the urine drug screen. There are two types of urine drug screens, and both require a sample. An immunoassay (IA) test is the most common type because it is the quickest and most cost-effective. However, it can give a false-positive result. These show the presence of a drug when a person has not used it. The second type of urine screen can confirm the results of an IA test. The second test is called gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-MS is a more reliable method of screening than IA. It can also detect a broader range of drugs. Usually, providers only use GC-MS tests as follow-ups because they are more expensive, and the results take longer to receive. SPECIMEN TAMPERING Fearing a positive result with significant consequences, participants are often willing to go to great lengths to thwart drug tests. They may embrace creative techniques or attempt to foil the results with new-fangled technology. Drug test tampering (also known as adulteration) refers to the ingestion of a foreign substance or the addition of foreign material to a testing specimen to prevent drug use detection. Common Tampering Techniques People attempt to “cheat” or “beat” drug tests in a variety of ways. Common tampering techniques include all of the following: Household Products: To change the urine pH and prevent drug detection, a participant might add a household cleaning product to the specimen. Popular choices include acid, ammonia, lye, vinegar, and bleach. These products may interfere with the initial (screening) test. Substitution: A participant might substitute a urine specimen with lemonade, soft drinks, sports drinks, water, or someone else’s urine. Another popular choice for substitution is powdered urine, which donors mix with water. Dilution: To dilute their urine specimen, hoping to mask or destroy evidence of drug use, participants might consume large quantities of lemonade, soft drinks, sports drinks, or water. Sometimes this happens unintentionally. A diluted sample does not guarantee a negative test result; the lab will detect the diluted sample. In some cases, a participant will This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION 4  CRI 023: Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology Module #4: Student Activity Sheet add a liquid substance directly to the urine specimen. Chemical Additives: Some participants add chemicals to the specimen after collection. These include glutaraldehyde (UrinAid), nitrites (Klear™ Whizzies), chromates (Pyridine, Urine Luck™ Instant Clean ADD-IT-ive), and halogens. Donors can purchase all of these products online. Glutaraldehyde affects the drugs tested in the initial (screening) test. Nitrites, chromates, halogens, and other oxidizing adulterants may negate the initial and confirmatory tests for marijuana and morphine/heroin. Prescription Drugs: Some prescription drugs that are non-steroidal and anti-inflammatory will interfere with the initial (screening) test. For example, Tolectin® can impact a participant’s test results. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF DRUG SPECIMEN ⮚ A qualitative test tells you if a particular substance (analyte) is present in the specimen. ⮚ A quantitative test tells you how much (the quantity) of an analyte is present. After the presence of an analyte has been established (which may involve a second, confirmatory test), the amount of the analyte present in the sample then may be measured. For example, you could test for the presence of alcohol in the blood (qualitative) and check for the actual blood alcohol level (quantitative). Check for Understanding (5 mins) You are doing well! Next, you need to answer the activity below. This will assess your learning about the lesson. Directions: Read each question carefully. Write your answer in the space provided before the number. _________________1. It means that your body craves the drug. _________________2. This tampering practice happens when a participant substitute a urine specimen with lemonade, soft drinks, sports drinks, water, or someone else’s urine _________________3. This test tells you if a particular substance is present in the specimen. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION 5  CRI 023: Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology Module #4: Student Activity Sheet _________________4. It is also known as adulteration, which refers to the ingestion of a foreign substance or the addition of a foreign substance to a testing specimen, to prevent the detection of drugs used. _________________5. This test looks for the presence of one or more illegal or prescription drugs in your urine, blood, saliva, hair, or sweat. _________________6. Is someone who does not take drugs or has been off drugs for a long time and does not want to use them again? _________________7. It is when you feel that you can’t cope without the intake of drugs _________________8. In this stage of drug exposure, a person uses drugs for fun. _________________9. This test tells you how much of an analyte is present in the specimen. _________________10. It is the most common test for drug screening. C. LESSON WRAP-UP FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Since we know you have questions about this lesson, we write 2 items and answer it on your behalf so it will be clear to you. Please read the following questions and the corresponding answers to it. Question 1. Why do people tamper with specimens for a drug test? Answer: Most likely, people tamper specimens because of the fear that traces of drugs would appear in the test and jeopardize their purpose since, most of the time, they underwent drug tests for employment purposes. While most people do that for employment, some are afraid of detention, especially when drug users and pushers are in a critical situation because of the government’s war on drugs. Question 2. What would possibly happen when a person suddenly stops the usage of drugs? Answer: No one can beat drugs in an instant, and if a person suddenly stops using drugs to be sober, he or she will experience withdrawal syndrome symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms are any abnormal physical or psychological features that follow the abrupt discontinuation of a drug that has the capability of producing physical dependence. These symptoms include chills, sweats, fevers, and This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION 6  CRI 023: Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology Module #4: Student Activity Sheet muscle cramps. Thinking about Learning (5 mins) A). My Learning Tracker As part of the learning tracker, we prepared some questions for you to reflect on, please carefully read the question below and give your honest answer. Did you have challenges in today’s learning? How did you overcome those challenges? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________. What surprised you about the lesson today? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________. Job well done! You have reached the end of this lesson. LABORATORY ACTIVITY #4: Forensic Drug Analysis Materials: Learning Targets: References: At the end of the module, students will be able to; https://www.drugs.ie/drugs_info/ab out_drugs/the_nature_and_states_of 1. familiarize on the different forensic drug testing, _drug_use/ 2. explain the effects of prohibited drugs in human https://www.medicalnewstoday.com body, and /articles/323378#procedure-and-typ es-of-urine-test 3. interpret the Forensic drug examination by answering the activity provided. https://www.yourdrugtesting.com/d rug-test-tampering/ This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION 7  CRI 023: Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology Module #4: Student Activity Sheet INTRODUCTION Forensic labs are often called in to identify unknown powders, liquids and pills that may be illicit drugs. There are basically two categories of forensic tests used to analyze drugs and other unknown substances: Presumptive tests (such as color tests) give only an indication of which type of substance is present – but they can’t specially identify the substance. Confirmatory tests (such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) are more specific and can determine the precise identity of the substance. Confirmatory tests (such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) are more specific and can determine the precise identity of the substance. Color tests expose an unknown drug to a chemical or mixture of chemicals. What color the test substance turns can help determine the type of drug that’s present. Here are a few examples of color tests: Type of Test Chemical Reagent Interpretation of Results Marquis Formaldehyde and concentrated Heroin, morphine and most Color sulfuric acid opium-based drugs will turn the solution purple. Amphetamines will turn it orange-brown Cobalt Cobalt thiocyanate, distilled water, Cocaine will turn the solution violet-blue Thiocyanate glycerine, hydrochloric acid, chloroform Dillie-Koppan Cobalt Acetate and isopropyl amine Barbiturates will turn the solution yi violet-blue Van Urk P-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, LSD will turn the solution blue-purple hydrochloric acid, ethyl alcohol Dusquenois-L Vanillin, acetaldehyde, ethyl alcohol, Marijuana will turn the solution purple evine Test chloroform Activity #1 Directions: Research and complete the table about the following drugs below. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION 8  CRI 023: Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology Module #4: Student Activity Sheet What test should we Effects of drugs in Dangerous drugs utilize to have the Color human body result? Opium Morphine Barbiturates Marijuana Amphetamine Heroin Activity# 2 Directions: Analyze the table below, and answer the corresponding questions. 1. Briefly explain the graph above. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________. 2. If you are an administrator, will you be alarmed about the data? Why or why not? Prove your point. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION 9  CRI 023: Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology Module #4: Student Activity Sheet ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________. 3. What are things that you will suggest in improving the data obtained? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________. Activity #3 Negative Testing Directions: Before we conduct presumptive tests, we are assumed to know the difference between these substances just by seeing or touching them, but without tampering with the evidence or the crime scene. In this activity, try to identify physical properties of the substances with just your senses, excluding your sense of tasting, hearing and smelling. Then use the microscope to have deep observations on them. Write your findings to the table provided below. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION 10  CRI 023: Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology Module #4: Student Activity Sheet Substance Appearance Texture Unscented Tawas Pulverized Artificial Fertilizer Iodized Salt Under the Microscope Directions: Observe the substances provided above and compare them to the image of abused drugs provided online. You may check the list through this link (Drugs Under The Microscope - Pop Culture Gallery | eBaum's World (ebaumsworld.com))or by scanning the QR code below. Write the differences between them and the drugs afterwards. Chemicals Observation Difference to Difference to Heroin Cocaine Unscented Tawas Pulverized Artificial Fertilizer Iodized Salt This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION 11  CRI 023: Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology Module #4: Student Activity Sheet Attach the images you’ve taken from the substances under the microscope in the space below. Activity #3.1 ColorTesting Directions: In order to find a positive result, one must submit drugs of the same classification and effects into proper test, and since bringing and even possessing illegal drugs is punishable by law, we cannot do sample testing on them. Hence, we do presumptive tests to other chemicals, and look for near positive, false positive and even negative results. Use different color tests to the chemicals as listed in the table and tally your result, finally write the reason for that kind of result. Chemical Presumptive Test Results Reason 1. Unscented Cobalt Thiocyanate Tawas Marqui color Dillie-Koppanyi Van Urk 2. Pulverized Cobalt Thiocyanate artificial This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION 12  CRI 023: Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology Module #4: Student Activity Sheet Fertilizer(14-14-14) Marqui color Dillie-Koppanyi Van Urk 3. Iodized Salt Cobalt Thiocyanate Marqui color Dillie-Koppanyi Van Urk Documentation Directions: Place pictures of yourself conducting both the observation and presumptive tests in the space provided below. You may use extra paper if needed. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION 13  CRI 023: Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology Module #4: Student Activity Sheet This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION 14  CRI 023: Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology Module #4: Student Activity Sheet This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION 15