Agricultural Botany - CPP Fruits (Rutaceae, Musaceae, Cucurbitaceae) PDF
Document Details
Uploaded by BeauteousVector
Oladejo A.S. Ph.D
Tags
Summary
This document provides a lecture note on the families of crops and their distinguishing characteristics, focusing on fruits from the Rutaceae, Musaceae, Cucurbitaceae families. It details various species within each family, including important hybrids and varieties, and mentions economic significance.
Full Transcript
Course Code -201 Course Title - AGRICULTURAL BOTANY Unit: 3 Lecturer: Oladejo A.S. Ph.D Department: Crop Production and Protection NB: Information in this lecture note is obtained from: 1. Botany for Degree Students by AC Dutta 2. Field identification of t...
Course Code -201 Course Title - AGRICULTURAL BOTANY Unit: 3 Lecturer: Oladejo A.S. Ph.D Department: Crop Production and Protection NB: Information in this lecture note is obtained from: 1. Botany for Degree Students by AC Dutta 2. Field identification of the 50 most common plant families in temperate regions (including agricultural, horticultural, and wild species) by Lena; 3. Diverse Internet sources TOPIC: FAMILIES OF CROPS AND THEIR DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS Sub-Topic: Fruits (Rutaceae, Bromoliaceace, Cucurbitaceae, Rosaceae and Musaceae) Fruits are made up of many crop families. Some are annual, while some are perennial. Some important among these families are: 1. Rutaceae This is the family of citrus (oranges). Many of the named species are hybrids, clonally propagated through seeds (by apomixis) and there is genetic evidence that even some wild, true-breeding species are of hybrid origin. Most cultivated Citrus seem to be natural or artificial hybrids of four core ancestral species — the citron, pummelo, mandarine, and papeda. Natural and cultivated citrus hybrids include commercially important fruit such as oranges, grapefruit, lemons, limes, clementines and some tangerines of which are generally eaten fresh. Grapefruit is more commonly halved and eaten out of the skin with a spoon. There are special spoons (grapefruit spoons) with serrated tips designed for this purpose. Orange and grapefruit juices are also very popular breakfast beverages. Important species: Citrus maxima –Pomelo Citrus medica – Citron Citrus micrantha – Papeda Citrus reticulata – Mandarin orange Citrus maxima – Pomelo (pummelo, shaddock) Important hybrids: Citrus × aurantiifolia – Key lime Citrus × aurantium – Bitter orange Citrus × latifolia – Persian lime Citrus × limon – Lemon Citrus × limonia – Rangpur Citrus × paradisi – Grapefruit Citrus × sinensis – Sweet orange Citrus × tangerina – Tangerine Varieties of oranges include: 1. Citrus maxima – Pomelo (shaddock) 2. Citrus reticulata – Mandarin orange 3. Citrus trifoliata – Trifoliate orange 4. Citrus medica – Citron from India 5. Citrus crenatifolia – species name is unresolved, from Sri Lanka 6. Citrus japonica – Kumquats, from East Asia ranging into Southeast Asia 7. Citrus platymamma – Byeonggyul, from Jeju Island, Korea 8. Citrus australasica – Australian Finger Lime 9. Citrus australis – Australian Round lime 10. Citrus glauca – Australian Desert Lime 11. Citrus garrawayae – Mount White Lime 12. Citrus gracilis – Kakadu Lime or Humpty Doo Lime 13. Citrus inodora – Russel River Lime 14. Citrus warburgiana – New Guinea Wild Lime 15. Citrus wintersii – Brown River Finger Lime ∙ Papedas- are bitter fruit oranges, mostly common in Asian countries and their examples include: 1. Citrus halimii – limaukadangsa, limaukedutkera, from Thailand and Malaya 2. Citrus indica – Indian wild orange 3. Citrus macroptera - Indochina and Melanesia 4. Citrus micrantha - Southern Philippines bitter orange 5. Citrus latipes – Khasi Papeda 2. Bromelioideae is a subfamily of the bromeliads (Bromeliaceae), the pineapple family. This subfamily bromeliaceace is the most diverse, represented by the greatest number of genera with 32, but the fewest species with 861. Most of the plants in this group are epiphytes, though some have evolved in, or will adapt to, terrestrial conditions. This subfamily features the most plant types which are commonly cultivated by people, including the pineapple. ∙ The pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) is a tropical plant with an edible multiple fruit consisting of coalesced berries that constitute a crown. It is the most economically significant plant in the Bromeliaceae family. ∙ Pineapples may be cultivated from a crown cutting of the fruit, possibly flowering in 5–10 months and fruiting in the following six months. Pineapples do not ripen significantly after harvest. ∙ Pineapples can be consumed fresh, cooked, juiced, or preserved. They are found in a wide array of cuisines. In addition to consumption, the pineapple leaves are used to produce the textile fiber piña in the Philippines. The fiber is also used as a component for wallpaper and other furnishings. 3. Cucurbitaceae The fruits of this family contains main genus Cucurbita. These fruits are good sources of nutrients, such as vitamin A and vitamin C, among other nutrients according to species. The plants also contain other phytochemicals, such as cucurbitin, cucurmosin, and cucurbitacin. The domesticated species are 1. Citrulluslanatus - Watermelon 2. Citrulluscolocynthis - Bitter apple with local name ‘Tangiri’ in Yoruba 3. Cucumis sativus - Cucumber - 4. Cucurbita argyrosperma 5. Cucurbita ficifolia, 6. C. maxima, 7. C. moschata, and 8. C. pepo – Pumpkin 9. Momoridica chorantia - Bitter melon with local name ‘Ejinrin’ in Yoruba. All of these can be treated as winter squash because the full-grown fruits can be stored for months; however, C. pepo includes some cultivars 4. Rosaceae, This is rose family; and it is a medium-sized family of flowering plants, including 4,828 known species in 91 genera. Several economically important products come from the Rosaceae, including many edible fruits (such as apples, pears, quinces, apricots, plums, cherries, peaches, raspberries, loquats, and strawberries), almonds, and ornamental trees and shrubs (such as roses, meadowsweets, photinias, firethorns, rowans, and hawthorns). ∙ The name is derived from the type genus Rosa. Among the most species-rich genera are Alchemilla, Sorbus, Crataegus, Cotoneaster , Rubus, and Prunus (plums, cherries, peaches, apricots, and almonds) with about 200 species. ∙ The rosaceae family includes herbs, shrubs, and trees. Most species are deciduous, but some are evergreen. They have a worldwide range, but are most diverse in the Northern Hemisphere. Distinguishing characteristics of rosaceace include: ∙ Herbaceous or woody, often shrubs or trees ∙ Sepals 5, petals5, free Hypanthium (cup-like structure composed from the fused petal, sepal, and stamen bases). ∙ Stamens usually numerous Fruitty pevariable, often pome (apple-like), drupelets (blackberry like), drupe (stone fruit) ∙ dry capsules, or dry nutlets Examples ∙ Malus communis Desf. -pears ∙ Malus domestica Borkh. nom. illeg. ∙ M. frutescens Medik. ∙ M. paradisiaca (L.) Medikus ∙ M. sylvestris Mil. - apple ∙ Pyrus malus L. ∙ Pyrus malus var. paradisiaca L. ∙ Pyrus dioica Moench 5. Musaceae This family mainly comprises banana and plantain. The banana is an edible fruit – botanically a berry – produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus Musa. In some countries, bananas used for cooking may be called plantains, in contrast to dessert bananas. The fruit is variable in size, color and firmness, but is usually elongated and curved, with soft flesh rich in starch covered with a rind which may be green, yellow, red, purple, or brown when ripe. The fruits grow in clusters hanging from the top of the plant. Almost all modern edible parthenocarpic (seedless) bananas come from wild species: Examples are Musa acuminata - wild species Musa balbisiana.- wild species The scientific name of most cultivated bananas Musa × paradisiaca is the hybrid formed from Musa acuminata × M. balbisiana, The old scientific name Musa sapientum is no longer used. Musa species are native to tropical Indomalaya and Australia, and are likely to have been first domesticated in Papua New Guinea. They are grown primarily for their fruit, and to a lesser extent to make fiber, banana wine and banana beer and as ornamental plants. Worldwide, there is no sharp distinction between "bananas" and "plantains". Especially in the Americas and Europe, "banana" usually refers to soft, sweet, dessert bananas, particularly those of the Cavendish group, which are the main exports from banana growing countries. By contrast, Musa cultivars are with firmer and starchier fruit are called "plantains". The term "banana" is also used as the common name for the plants which produce the fruit. Other members of the genus Musa include: 1. Scarlet banana - Musa coccinea 2. Pink banana - Musa velutina 3. Snow banana - Ensete glaucum) and 4. False banana - Enseteven tricosum (economically important in Feeding)