CPE414 CPE Practice and Design PDF

CPE414 CPE PRACTICE AND DESIGN throughout the design process, often even after a product ships to customers. ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS  A series of steps that engineers follow to 7. Build Prototype produce a...

CPE414 CPE PRACTICE AND DESIGN throughout the design process, often even after a product ships to customers. ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS  A series of steps that engineers follow to 7. Build Prototype produce a solution to a problem.  A prototype is an operating version of a solution. 8. Test and Redesign  The design process involves multiple iterations and redesigns of your final solution. 9. Communicate Results  To complete your project, communicate your results to others in a final report and/or a display board. ENGINEERING DESIGN  A process of devising a system, component, or process to meet desired needs and specification within constraints.  It is an iterative, creative, decision-making process in which the basic sciences, mathematics, and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources into solutions.  Involved identifying opportunities, developing 1. Define the Problem requirements, pefroming analysis and  What is the problem? synthesis, generating multiple solutions,  Who has the problem or need? evaluating solution against requirements.  Why is it important to solve?  [Who] need(s) [what] because [why]. CONSTRAINT  A condition that must be met. 2. Do Background research  Sometimes dictated by external factors such as  Users or customers orbital mechanics (schedule) or the state of  Existing Solutions technology  Constraints may also take the form of 3. Specify Requirements compliance with standards, codes, and  Design requirement state the important technical regulations. characteristics that your solution must meet to succeed. INTEROPERABILITY  Interoperability is a characteristic of a product 4. Brainstorm Solution or system, whose interfaces are completely  Good designers try to generate as many understood, to work with other products or possible solutions as they can. systems, present or future, in either implementation or access, without any 5. Choose the best solution restrictions.  Reject solution that do not meet the requirements STANDARDS  Standards provide a proven basis for 6. Develop the solution establishing common technical requirements  Developments involves the refinement and across a program or project to avoid improvement of a solution, and it continues incompatibilities and may in some instances actually lower implementation cost. CODES POWER CONSUMPTION  Laws that specify minimum standards to  Power efficiency is often exchanged for results protect public safety and health such as codes or cost savings. for construction of buildings.  Codes which apply to product development HARDWARE and workmanship are included in the product  The hardware of the embedded system is specifications. assembled with a microprocessor or a micro-controller. TECHNICAL REGULATION  A Government document that defines product Generally, an embedded system comprises of the characteristics or their related processes and following production methods, including the applicable Power Supply administrative provisions, with which Memory compliance is mandatory. Processor  The difference between standards, codes, and Timers technical regulations lies in compliance. While Output/Output circuits compliance with standards is voluntary, codes Serial communication ports and technical regulations are by nature SASC (System application-specific circuits) mandatory. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES ORGANIZATIONS THAT DEFINE STANDARDS,  Comprehensive analysis and presentation of CODES, AND REGULATIONS literature and studies that are related to the current research/thesis/dissertation. Organizations that Define Standards, Codes, and  Literature reviews are designed to identify and Regulations critique the existing literature on a topic to  ASTM (American Society for Testing and justify your research by exposing gaps in Materials) current research.  IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) WHAT IS RRLS FOR?  ASME (The American Society of Mechanical 1. To Gain better and in-depth understanding of Engineers) your study focus  ANSI (American National Standards Institute) 2. To examine gaps  NASA Standards 3. To gain insights from previous studies,  ISO (International Organization for presentation, processes, techniques (Total Standardization) Exposure) DESIGN GOALS PURPOSE OF RRL  The precise shape of a computer system is  Provide foundation of knowledge on topic determined by the constraints and objectives  Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent for which it was designed. duplication and give credit to other  Other variables, such as features, scale, weight, researchers reliability, expandability, and power  Identify inconstancies: gaps in research, consumption, are also taken into account. conflicts in previous studies, open questions left from other research COST  Identify need for additional research (justifying  Generally kept constant, and are dictated by your research) device or commercial criteria.  Identify the relationship of works in context of its contribution to the topic and to other works PERFORMANCE  Place your own research within the context of  Overall performance of the device existing literature making a case for why functionality further study is needed. CHARACTERISTICS 3. Think - Analyze information in a systematic  RELEVANT - Highly reco manner and begin your literature review.  RECENT - Not long ago, current 4. Complete - Write your paper, proof & revise  SUFFICIENT - Not too few, not too many and create your finished bibliography. POSSIBLE SOURCES ANALYTIC READING  A skilled researcher evaluates their sources and evidence very carefully by asking questions of the readings. TYPES OF LITERATURE REVIEW ARGUMENTATIVE REVIEW  This form examines literature selectively in HOW TO WRITE RRL order to support or refute an argument,  Decide on the themes deeply embedded assumption, or  Read and evaluate philosophical problem already established in  Write the topic sentence and the organized the literature. and paraphrased literature and studies.  Use transition words INTEGRATIVE REVIEW  Recheck the contents and make adjustments  Considered a form of research that reviews, critiques, and synthesizes representative WHAT TO AVOID literature on a topic in an integrated way such  Writing one paragraph per source that new frameworks and perspectives on the  Not analyzing the contents topic are generated.  Copying and pasting of paragraphs  Lack of transition words HISTORICAL REVIEW  Inaccurate in-text citations  Focused on examining research throughout a  Some authors are not included in the period of time, often starting with the first reference parts. time an issue, concept, theory, phenomena emerged in the literature, then tracing its LITERATURE REVIEW STEPS evolution within the scholarship of a discipline. METHODOLOGICAL REVIEW  A review does not always focus on what someone said [content], but how they said it [method of analysis]. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW  This form consists of an overview of existing evidence pertinent to a clearly formulated research question, which uses pre-specified and standardized methods to identify and critically appraise relevant research, and to collect, report, and analyze data from the studies that are included in the review. 1. Topic - Decide on a research topic or question. THEORETICAL REVIEW 2. Research - Preform Searches; choose sources  The purpose of this form is to concretely and collect information to use in your paper. Make examine the corpus of theory that has sure you cite the sources used. accumulated in regard to an issue, concept, theory, phenomena. PRIMARY SOURCES DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH  Used broadly to embody all sources that are  Level of Health Literacy original.  Level of Reading Comprehension  Provide first-hand information that is closest  Tracer Study to the object of study.  EQ and IQ of Students  Passing Rate of CTEd students (2015-2016) SECONDARY SOURCES  A source that provides non-original or CORRELATIONAL / COMPARATIVE secondhand data or information.  Correlation between age and decision-making skills MORE EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY  Mathematical skills between men and women SOURCES EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH  Effectiveness of Art-based Intervention Program to the Psychological Well-being of Students  Online vs Face-to-Face Class: Which one is more effective? DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH  Level of Anger Management of Government Employee in SPC: A Basis for a Mood Tracker Booklet  Development of Psychosocial Support Program SYNTHESIS for the Rescued Street Children in San Pablo  Means to combine a number of different City pieces into a whole.  Is about concisely summarizing and linking SAMPLING TECHNIQUES different sources in order to review the literature on a topic, make recommendations, BEFORE WE COMPUTE THE SAMPLE SIZE, WE and connect your practice to the research. MUST IDENTIFY OUR RESEACRH POPULATION  Synthesis usually goes together with analysis because you break down a concept/idea into its important parts/points (analysis), so you can draw useful conclusions or make decisions about the topic or problem (synthesis). RESEARCH DESIGN SAMPLING METHODS COMMONLY USED QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES  DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLE  CORRELATIONAL / COMPARATIVE  A subset of statistical population in which each  EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH member of the subset has an equal probability  DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH  of being chosen and is meant to be unbiased CLUSTER SAMPLING TECHNIQUE representation of a group.  Defined as a sampling method where the researcher creates multiple clusters of people Simplified from a population where they are indicative of This is like drawing names out of a hat. Each person in the homogeneous characteristics and have an group has an equal chance of being chosen. It's random equal chance of being a part of the sample. and aims to represent the entire group fairly.  Consider a scenario where an organization is looking to survey the performance of SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING smartphones across the Philippines. They can  Let us say that you have 100 students as your divide the entire country’s population into population, and you wanted to select 25 as cities (clusters), select further towns with the your research respondents highest population, and filter those using  Divide the population with the sample size: mobile devices. 100/25 = 4 Simplified Simplified Think of this as grouping people by location or other Imagine you have a list of 100 people, and you want a shared traits (like dividing a country by cities). You sample of 25. You pick every 4th person (100 ÷ 25 = 4). So, randomly select a few clusters (like a few cities) and then if you start with person #3, you’d then pick #7, #11, and so sample people only from those clusters. This is helpful on. This keeps it simple and spread out across the list. when working with large, spread-out populations. STRATIFIED SAMPLING TECHNIQUE CONVENIENCE SAMPLIG TECHNIQUE  A probability sampling technique in which the  Research sampling strategy that involves total population is divided into homogenous selecting participants based on their groups (strata) to complete the sampling accessibility and availability to the researcher. process. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING Simplified  A sampling technique in which researcher Here, you first divide people into categories or "strata" relies on his or her own judgment when based on something they have in common (like age groups or gender). Then, you pick a few people from each group. choosing members of population to participate This makes sure all types of people in the group are in the study. represented. Simplified EXAMPLE Here, you hand-pick people because you think they’ll give the most useful information. For example, if you're studying doctors' opinions on a new treatment, you’d only pick doctors who specialize in that area. QUOTA SAMPLING  Quota sampling is a non-probability sampling method that relies on the non-random selection of a predetermined number or proportion of units. This is called a quota. Simplified This involves setting a goal, or "quota," for each type of person you want to include. For instance, if you want 50 men and 50 women, you’ll stop collecting data once you reach that number for each group, even if you don’t pick randomly. SNOWBALL SAMPLING  Snowball sampling is a non-probability sampling method where new units are  recruited by other units to form part of the sample.  Snowball sampling can be a useful way to conduct research about people with specific traits who might otherwise be difficult to identify Simplified This is like a chain reaction. You start with a few people, and they help you find more people to participate, Comparison Test especially if it’s hard to find them (like people with rare  Look for differences among group means. hobbies). Each person you talk to refers you to someone else.  They can be used to test the effect of categorical variable on the mean value of WHAT STATISTICAL TREATMENT TO USE some other characteristics. STATISTICAL ASSUMPTIONS T-test are used when comparing the means of 1. Independence of observations - The precisely two groups. observations or variables you include in your test are not related. ANOVA and MANOVA test are used when 2. Homogeneity of variance - the variance within comparing the means of more than two groups each group being compared is similar among all groups. If one group has much more variation than other, it will limit the test effectiveness. 3. Normality of Data - the data follows a normal distribution(Bell Curve). This assumption only applies to quantitative data  If your data do not meet the assumptions of normality or homogeneity of variance, you may be able to perform a non-parametric statistical treatment, which allows you to make comparisons without any assumptions about data distribution. NON PARAMETRIC TEST Correlation Tests  Don’t make as many assumptions about the  Checks whether variables are related without data, and are useful when one or more of the hypothesizing a cause and effect relationship. common statistical assumption are violated. However the inferences they make arent as Pearson’s r - 2 continuous variables stong as with parametric test. Regression Tests  Looks for cause and effect relationship.  They can be used to estimate the effect of one or more continuous variables on another variable.