CPAR 3RD QUARTER-1 PDF

CPAR Lesson 1 - Elements and Principles of Art Elements and Principles of Art  Spiral (espiral) - are the building blocks or foundation upon which a work of art is created. - You will not use all of them all the time but you will use...

CPAR Lesson 1 - Elements and Principles of Art Elements and Principles of Art  Spiral (espiral) - are the building blocks or foundation upon which a work of art is created. - You will not use all of them all the time but you will use some of them most of all the time. ELEMENTS OF ART 1. Line 2. Shape 3. Form 2. SHAPE - 2-D, flat, when a lines connect to 4. Color itself. 5. Texture  Shape and Form (forma y forma) 6. Space  Large (largo) and (y) 7. Value  Small (pequeño)  Geometric (geometrica) 1. LINE - are the path of a moving point, they  Sphere (esphera) define the edges of shapes and forms.  Examples of Line (linea) and their other  Pyramid (pyramide) name:  Cube (cubo)  Circle (circulo)  Broken (quebrado)  Triangle (triangulo)  Square (quadrado)  Wavy/Curly (ondulado)  Rectangle (rectángulo)  Oval (óvalo)  Cyclinder  Straight (derecho)  Trapezoid (trapezoide)  Diamond (diamante)  Star (estrella)  Varied (variadas)  Pentagon (pentagon)  Thick (grueso)  Heart (corazón)  Thin (Delgado)  Semi-circle (medio-cirulo)  Dotted (linea de puntos)  Hexagon (hexágono)  Octagon (octágono)  Moon (luna)  Organic/Free Form/Natural  Zig-zag Jagged (zig-zag) Organic (orgánico) Free form (forma libre)  Diagonal (diagonal) Natural (natural)  Tapered (termina en punta conico)  Cloud (nuve)  Leaf (hoja)  Long (largo)  Short (corta)  Curved (curva)  Horizontal (horizontal) 3. FORM - 3-D forms can be actual or implied, they have height, width, and depth.  Vertical (vertical)  Actual Form – is a work that you can see from all sides, sculpture.  Perpendicular (perpendicular)  Parallel (paralelas)   Implied Form – created with shading PRINCIPLES OF ART and modelling. 1. Patterns 2. Contrast 3. Balance 4. Emphasis 5. Unity 6. Proportion/Scale 7. Rhythm/Movement 1. PATTERNS – repeat they can be created with lines, shapes, and colors. 4. COLOR - hue of an object when light is reflected off of it.  Primary Colors: red, yellow, blue  Secondary Colors: orange, green, purple 2. CONTRAST – differences in a work of art,  Warm Colors: orange, yellow, red light & dark, rough & smooth, curved line &  Cool Colors: blue, green, purple straight. o Color schemes (plans) – are ways I can use color to improve my art work. 5. TEXTURE – the way something feels or the way it looks like it feels. - are created by using patterns. 3. BALANCE – is the distribution of the visual - Examples: weight of objects in a work of art, color, size, o Smooth texture. o Rough  Symmetrical – evenly places images on o Hard both sides of a mid-line. o Soft  Asymmetrical – balance by size and o Woven weight and variety of images, but not o Bumpy/Lumpy evenly from the mid-lane. o Jagged/Irregular  Radial – repeat shapes and images o Ridged evenly from the centre outward. 6. SPACE – the area around a subject in a work of art. - shown with size, overlap, and proportion. 4. EMPHASIS – main idea, the main focus, the 7. VALUE – the lights the darks of a color thing your eye sees first. within a work of art. - focus- main idea - what “ grabs” the attention.  - It ranges from western-influenced visual forms to works created by folk and indigenous people. - Traditionally, these visual art forms include painting, sculpture, and architecture. However, there are other 5. UNITY – a similar element throughout a functional visual art forms in the country work of art that brings the parts together. that need to be appreciated as well. Some - shows what things have in common, how they are alike. of these forms include advertising art, - is the term that joins the parts together. basketry, metal craft, mat weaving, pottery, and textile weaving. LESSON 1: ART AND ITS VISUAL ELEMENTS 6. PROPORTION/SCALE – the size of something compared to what is next to it. VISUAL ELEMENTS OF ART: - is the size of relationship between two or 1. Line more objects. 2. Color - it can be how the parts fit together to 3. Shape make a whole. 4. Value  A change in proportion can change 5. Texture the way we look at things. 6. Time  Accurate proportions are used more 7. Motion when creating realistic images. LINE  Distorted proportions are used more - This refers to a prolongation of a point, for cartoons and imaginary images. or a mark on a surface. - Solid lines can be used in order to define form from broken lines are typically used to suggest hidden forms. - Lines are also used to suggest dimensions, and to guide visual 7. RHYTHM/MOVEMENT – visual elements movement. in a work of art that create a sense of action or 6 LINE TYPES implied motion. 1. Vertical - a regular repetition of the elements of 2. Horizontal art can created by a sense of 3. Zig zag movement/ rhythm. 4. Diagonal 5. Curved 6. Implied SHAPE AND MASS - This element of art refers to an area with boundaries identified or drawn using lines. - A shape may be based on natural or living forms. This shape is called an organic shape and can be irregular or rounded. VISUAL ARTS - A shape may also be based on measured - the term encompasses a wide range of forms. This shape, on the other hand, is forms created by Filipinos. called a geometric shape.  - In contrast to shape, which is two- dimensional, mass refers to solid 3. COMPLEMENTARY portions of a three- dimensional object. - The complementary color scheme involves the use of a color and its COLOR complement -, meaning the color - This refers to visual perception that located opposite of the first color. allows a person to differentiate objects 4. SPLIT-COMPLEMENTARY due to the way various wavelengths of - This color scheme is a close relative light are reflected. to the complementary color scheme. - Color is a very important element But instead of using the color’s because it can communicate information complement, this scheme uses the and emotion to the viewer. two colors adjacent to the - Color has three properties, which are as complement. follows: 1. Hue 5. TRIADIC - which refers to the basic or pure - This color scheme uses three colors color, and is represented in the color that are of equal distance with each wheel. other. 2. Value - which refers to the lightness and 6. TETRADIC darkness of color. A light color or tint - Also known as double complementary color scheme, this is the result of adding white to a hue, uses two pairs of complementary while a dark color or shade results colors. from adding black to a hue. VALUE - This element refers to lightness or 3. Saturation darkness of an area. - which refers to brightness and dullness of - This element is evident in creating color. shadows for a two- dimensional object to - It is also referred to as purity of the color. give an illusion of depth. - A bright color can be produced by adding more pigment to the same hue, while a TEXTURE dull color can be produced by adding - This element refers to the feel or gray or the color’s complement to the appearance of a surface. pigment. - A person may describe texture if the surface is either smooth or rough. COLOR SCHEMES - Texture may also be described as actual 1. Monochromatic or implied. 2. Analogous - Actual texture can be felt tangibly based 3. Complementary 4. Split-complementary on the material that is used for the 5. Triadic artwork. 6. Tetradic - Implied texture can be exhibited, for instance, in a painting of fur of an 1. MONOCHROMATIC animal. - This color scheme involves using the same hue but with different gradients SPACE of value. - refers to the area that is occupied by an 2. ANALOGOUS object or a subject, as well as the area - The analogous color scheme entails surrounding that object or subject. the use of three or four adjacent colors in the color wheel.  - An illusion of space can still be created in a two-dimensional surface using perspective. - There are two types of perspective: 1. Atmospheric perspective - which utilizes the properties of light and air in depicting the illusion of distance; 2. Linear perspective - which involves the use of vanishing points and receding hidden lines. TIME AND MOTION - Movement in the visual arts can either be an illusion or an actual motion.  Illusion of movement - is more common in two-dimensional artworks.  Actual motion - is easily seen in kinetic sculpture, a type of sculpture that moves with the wind or are vibrating with the surrounding air. Lesson 2: PAINTING Painting - refers to the process of applying color on a flat surface. Forms can be created using a wide variety of materials such as 3. TELON PAINTING watercolor, acrylic, ink, oil, pastel, and  TELON - is described as a backdrop or charcoal. Surfaces for painting include background for the stage. wood, canvas, cardboard, and paper. - These backdrops are used for komedya, - is considered two-dimensional, meaning sarswela, and sinakulo which are it only has height and width. popular forms of theater in the country. FORMS OF PAINTING - Later, even though the popularity of the 1. Easel Painting sarswela decreased, the telon is still used 2. Murals in presentations during carnivals, fiestas, 3. Telon Painting and religious celebrations. 4. Jeepney and Calesa Painting - The telon was later reduced as a 5. Collage backdrop in a photography studio. 1. EASEL PAINTING - is perhaps the most common form of painting. - As the name implies, this involves applying color to a board or canvas that 4. JEEPNEY AND CALESA PAINTING is fixed on an upright support called an  Calesa is typically painted using one easel. color. - are meant to be framed and hanged on a - The borders of the calesa are decorated wall after creating them. with geometric patterns, repetitive patterns, and/ or thin lines.  Jeepney painting evolved from calesa painting. - In a typical jeepney, a logo, number, or painting is covered near the driver's seat, as well as near the seats adjacent to it. - Typical subject matter of jeepney painting ranges from landscapes to 2. MURALS scenes from comic books. - is described as a huge wall-sized painting. - During the 1980's, some artist believed that the mural should be used to impart messages to increase social awareness specially to issues at that time. However, 5. COLLAGE - refers to a form of painting that the new form of mural, a portable mural, involves combine images in a single artwork. was developed in order to prevent the - This entails cutting and pasting materials mural form from being erased from the such as paper, fabric, tin foil and other wall. relatively flat materials onto a board or - The portable mural was created by using canvas. bold strokes in applying bright colors on pieces of cheesecloth or programs carried out by organizations. - Just like during the 1980's, these murals still impart messages on nationalism and on social awareness. THEMES OF PAINTING 1. Genre Painting 2. Historical Painting 3. Interiors 4. Landscapes - Mixed media is now used in creating 5. Portraits landscape paintings. Closely related to 6. Nudes landscapes are 7. Religious Painting - Seascapes, which focus on large bodies 8. Still Life of water, particularly the ocean or the sea. 1. GENRE PAINTING - portrays people in daily activities. - Subjects include painting and harvesting rice, a young woman singing in front of guests, barong-barong, vendors, and fiestas. - During the contemporary period, genre 5. PORTRAITS - this refers to a painting painting took several directions. One of portraying one or more specific individuals. these new approaches is - This usually portrays the physical  Folk genre, which mainly focuses on the characteristics of the subject and seeks to everyday activities of the folk. show an understanding of that person's Another approach is using the style of character.  Cubism in depicting folk or urban subjects. On the other hand,  Folk-naive is another style wherein it uses a lot of color and spontaneity. - This was inspired by children's art. 6. NUDES - these are paintings that portray the human figure. - Nowadays, a wide variety of materials and styles can be used in painting nudes. - Nude painting sessions are conducted in galleries. 2. HISTORICAL PAINTING - depicts a scene from the past. - It often has a lesson concerning national values. 7. RELIGIOUS PAINTING - common subjects of religious painting include a lone religious image, lives of the saints, and scenes based from the scriptures like the nativity scene, and the stations of the cross. 3. INTERIORS - refers to painting of the space inside of a part of a house or a building. - This usually reveals the social class of the family living in that house, as well as the traits of the people living in it. 8. STILL LIFE - this refers to a painting that depicts natural or man-made objects that form a composition in a natural setting. 4. LANDSCAPES - these paintings portray - There are still a modern artists who did natural scenery or urban scenes. still life paintings, such as ang kiukok, ferderico aguilar alcuaz, and manual  baldemor. Each artist uses his own style in portraying still life. A lot of styles can be used by artists in painting, ranging from baroque and rococo, to impressionism expressionism, and abstract. In the Philippines, popular styles during the contemporary period include:  Neorealism - involves creating representational figures that also look abstract,  Hyperrealism or Magic Realism, - the subject is painted a highly realistic way that it resembles a photograph; and  Social Realism - entails creating paintings that depict socioeconomic and political problems. LESSON 3: 3. ASSEMBLAGE - This sculpture is formed by putting SCULPTURE AND OTHER FORMS OF together materials such as found objects, VISUAL ARTS pieces of paper, sponges, wood scarps, and other materials. SCULPTURE - has three dimensions- height, width, and - A good example of this is Lamberto depth. Hechanva’s Man and Woman. - It is created by either carving, modeling, or assembling parts together. GENERAL KINDS OF SCULPTURE 1. Free Standing 2. Relief 3. Assemblage 4. Kinetic Sculpture 4. KINETIC SCULPTURE 5. Welded Sculpture - This is considered as a sculpture in 6. Use of Glass motion because the entire sculpture or 7. Symbolic Sculpture some parts of the sculpture are moving with the wind or are vibrating with the 1. FREE STANDING surrounding air. - This is a kind of sculpture that can - A mobile is said to be the simplest form independently stand in space. of a kinetic sculpture. - It has a flat horizontal base. - Chandeliers made from kiping in - All its sides contribute to the overall Lucban, Quezon are examples of a form of the sculpture. mobile. - Guillermo Tolentino’s Obiation is a classic example of this kind of sculpture. 5. WELDED SCULPTURE - Creating these sculptures involve the process of connecting sheets of metal 2. RELIEF together by using an acetylene or electric - This is a kind of sculpture does not have torch. a flat horizontal base. - Most sculptures of Eduardo Castrillo are - The form is projected from a flat surface. welded scuptures. - There are two types of relief: 1. low relief or bas –relief 2. high relief. The form of a low relief projects slightly from the flat surface, in contrast to the high relief. - Bronze sculptures of Jose Rizal at the 6. USE OF GLASS entrance of the Rizal. - Ramon Orlina and Imelda Pilapil started the use of glass in sculpture. - Orlina used glass in table pieces, muals, and sculptures which are usually unified into a framework.  - On the other hand, Pilapil used glass - This is used to encourage the public to planes with irregular shapes and linear patronize certain goods and services, or patterns. to support policies or persons. - The following can be used in advertising art: animation, photography, computer- generated graphics, neon signs, posters, mascots, total product improvement, and total corporate promotion. 7. SYMBOLIC SCULPTURE - A good example of a symbolic sculpture is the interpretation of Abdulmari Imao on okir design, which is a Maranao design tradition that is typically used in 2. BAMBOO ART woodcarving. - This refers to works made of bamboo - Imao produced four contemporary series that may be used for everyday purposes of the okir: the sarimanok, the sari- of for decorations or ornaments. mosque, the saridokir and calligraphic - Thick bamboo is typically used for sculptures. building sturdy structures, decorations, furniture, containers, and writing materials. - On the other hand, thin bamboo is used in creating musical instruments and personal accessories. VISUAL ART FORMS: 1. Advertising art 2. Bamboo art 3. Basketry 4. Book Design 5. Costumes 6. Embroidery 7. Food Art 8. Furniture 9. Komiks and Editorial Cartoon 10. Leaf Art 11. Mat Weaving 12. Metalcraft 13. Multimedia 14. Paper Art 15. Personal Ornaments 16. Photography 17. Pottery 3. BASKETRY 18. Printmaking - This refers to the art of creating 19. Tattoo Art containers by weaving, planting, or 20. Textile Weaving braiding materials into hollow three- 1. ADVERTISING ART dimensional shapes that can either be - This refers to using paid space or time in used for carrying, storage, and trapping any of the media to inform and influence animals. the public.  8. FURNITURE - These are decorative and unttional objects which are typically found in a public or private dwelling or building. - These are also known as muebles or 4. BOOK DESIGN kasangkapan. - Book design involves structuring and reproduction of bound pages that are filled with text and/or images and are protected by hard or soft covers. 9. KOMIS AND EDITORIAL CARTOON - Both komiks and editorial cartoon involve illustration of stories or events. However, 5. COSTUMES - an editorial cartoon is a single frame - These are garments, hairstyles, and illustration that may either makes fun of accessories that are worn by individual political leaders or institutions, or members or groups in a society. comments on a current events. - These may vary according to class, sex, - The komiks, on the other hand, may use age, civil status, occupation, ran, and single or multiple frames with personal taste of an individual. conversations of people or animlas place inside “balloons”. 6. EMBROIDERY - This refers to the art of stitching ornaments on cloth by hand. 7. FOOD ART - This involves packaging and/or presentation of food in an artistic way. 10. LEAF ART - This is different from Western - Leaf art is used in religious rituals, food garnishing, which involves adding wrapping, and even as a form of modern decorative touches. This is because food artistic expression. This makes leaf art art involves enhancing the food itself or different from basketry. its packaging in an artistic way. - The palaspas that is used every Palm - The sapin-sapin is a good example of Sunday is an example of leaf art. food art. 11. MAT WEAVING - This refers to the art of “plaiting strips of organic fibers into mats.” 13. MULTIMEDIA - These mats, locally known as banig, are - This consist of works that involve the use cool, light, and portable compared to of other senses in appreciating those fixed beds. works aside from the sense of vision.  CONCEPTUAL ART - In this type of multimedia, a visual artsist “ideates or sets up a situation, placing 12. METALCRAFT philosophical value in the process itself, - This includes ll objects made from metal while negating the importance of using the process of brass casting and craftsmanship in arriving at a finished art blacksmithing, tinsmithing, or object.” goldsmithing and silversmithing.  INSTALLATION ART  Brass casting and blacksmithing - In this type of multimedia, the artists put - This process involves casting anf together materials and objects in an forging pieces of brass or bronze. exhibition space to cast a new experience - Tools, containers, weapons, and other or idea. items can be created using the process.  PERFORMANCE ART - Anting-anting or amulets are also - In this type of multimedia, an artist’s converts himself or herself into an art called created using this process. object in motion and sound. 14. PAPER ART - This involves the processes of cutting, pasting, recycling, and/or constructing of  Goldsmithing or silversmithing objects from paper. - Paper art used to be limited with folk - These processes involve the use of paper art such as taka and higante from gold and silver in creating objects Angono, parol, pastillas, wrappings, and and ornaments. kites.  Tinsmithing 15. PERSONAL ORNAMENTS - can be usually seen in creating - These are objects that are worth on the jeepneys, kalesas, and cariton or ice human body. cream cart. - Jewelry falls under this form. - These are worn either to enhance a part of the body of the wearer, to exhibit rank or status, or to symbolize ritualistic and emotional states.  - Jewelry made in the Philippines is - On the other hand, reproduction typically described as symmetrical and involves making the plate and printing exhibits formal proportion and having a using only mechanical means. strong sense of rhythm. 16. PHOTOGRAPHY 19. TATTO ART - This refers to the process of producing - This refers to a body adornment images using a light-sensitive chemical permanently engraved on the skin using a plate or film. sharp instrument and plant dyes or inks. - Photographs are taken to serve a portraits - A tattoo is worn for several reasons. and as propaganda.  It may serve as simply a type of - Photographs are also used to serve as clothing or to enhance physical documentation for travel and research. beauty of the wearer. - Aside from these, photography is useful  It may also worn to drive away spirits in covering events, as well as for and enemies. advertising and fashion. Lastly, a  It may also be worn to express photograph is highly useful medium for particular social values and attributes. an event. 17. POTTERY - Pottery is a general term for decorative and useful objects made from clay, and set off at high temperatures. 20. TEXTILE WEAVING - This is frequently interchanged with - This refers to the process process of “ceramic.” However, it is important to creating cloth by interviewing a series of note that application of ceramics is wider parallel vertical threads with another and even includes industrial use. series of horizontal threads at right angles. - Textiles may be plain or decorated by dyes, embroidery, and applique. - Some examples of textile in the Philippines are abel iloko from Ilocos 18. PRINTMAKING region. - This refers to transferring images from a firm surface, such as metal or wood, from a pliable surface, such as cloth or paper, using pressure. - This is different from reproduction because printmaking involves making the plate either by hand (of the artist) or mixed with mechanical means. LESSON 4: ARCHITECTURE used as business and commercial spaces. ARCHITECTURE - is one of the most functional branches of the visual arts. - We can readily see architecture in our surroundings because architecture involves designing the form of a building while allowing the building to serve its function. 2. BAHAY NA BATO - It is the "art to inhabit.” - Built in many areas during the 19th and 20th centuries, the bahay na bato is  Throughout Philippine history, both considered to be a residence of the foreign and Filipino architects introduce wealthy. innovations when it comes to creating - A typical two-story bahay na bato buildings and large structures. generally has a ground floor that is made  Even though the design of building and of brick or stone, the windows at the homes are still Western-inspired, upper level have sliding shutters. architects started to appreciate Filipino - The roof of a typical bahay na bato slants social traditions and cultural values. on four slides. - The features of the bahay na bato FORMS OF CONTEMPORAY declines during the 1930’s, there are still ARCHITECTURE many bahay na bato in the country that a. Domestic Building and Houses exist today. b. Ethnic Houses c. Commercial Houses d. Government Buildings e. Public Buildings and Structure f. Church g. Movie House h. Theatre i. Fort j. Lighthouse k. Bridge A. DOMESTIC BUILDING AND HOUSES 1. Apartment 2. Bahay na Bato 3. BARONG-BARONG 3. Barong-Barong - are houses of the landless poor that are 4. Bungalow built on any land or area. - These are usually found near the esteros, 1. APARTMENT riverbanks, and bayshores; spaces along - This refers to a building composed of high walls, railroad tracks; spaces near many residences called units. abandoned buildings, and garbage - This is usually built in populated urban dumps; or any vacant lot. areas. - Some of these barong-barong are built - Nowadays, in order to maximize the use under bridges. of space and because of the increased - People usually build these houses near buying power of the population, the places of livelihood. condominiums were developed. - There are also other people who prefer CONDOMINIUMS building their houses on wide vacant lots - are larger offshoots of in order to use these lots in raising apartments. animals, planting vegetables, or - Most of the units in a undertaking a small business. condominium are used as residences, but others are also  4. BUNGALOW - This refers to a one-story house with a 2. HOUSEBOAT wide front porch and large windows. - is basically a boat that also serves as a - It may also have a terrace, which may be dwelling. roofed or not. - The Badjaos or Sama Laut typically reside in the houseboats. Bungalow Varieties 1. The California 2. The Chicago 3. ONE-AND-A-HALF STORY 3. The Milwaukee HOUSE 4. The Bengali - is characterized by an upper level or story 5. The Detroit covering just a half of the lower level. 6. The Southern - This may also become a split-level house if 7. The Mediterranean Revival half of the ground is higher in such a way 8. The Catskills that it is halfway between the ground level and the upper level. B. ETHNIC HOUSES 1. Bahay Kubo 2. Houseboat 3. One-and-a-Half Story House 4. Split-level House 5. Tsalet 1. BAHAY KUBO - is considered as an ethnic house of Christian peasant families living in the lowland area. 4. SPLIT-LEVEL HOUSE - This is typically ownder by families belongin - The split-level house in the Philippines has in low income groups. two main levels. - has pile construction and a roof sliding in all - The lower level houses the kitchen, living slides which is typical in traditional ethnic and dining area, while the upper level has house. the bedrooms. These levels are separated by about a half or less-than-half a story. 5. TSALET - The Philippine tsalet refers to a suburban house that has one story, a two-story house with living quarters on the upper level, or an elevated one-story house. - The term tsalet came from the term “chalet” which refers to a peasant house in Switzerland that has upper levels jutting over the lower levels, a sleep roof and a decorated gable. D. GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS 1. Capitol 2. Munisipyo C. COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS 1. Market (Palengke) 1. CAPITOL (Kapitolyo) 2. Buildings that houses banks, business - This refers to the building of the provincial offices and factories government. - Most of the kapitolyo in the country use 1. MARKET (PALENGKE) columns and pediments in the exterior of the - This refers to a place or a building for buildings. buying and selling goods. - This is also referred to as tindahan, and liyangge. 2. TOWN HALL (Munisipyo) - Nowadays, the palengke has evolved into - This refers to the building of the municipal the supermarket, which puts the wet government. market and the grocery together in the - The offices of the mayor, the municipal court same complex. and jail, and other important offices such as - There are designated areas within the the municipal registrar’s office are located supermarket for both perishable and non- here. perishable commodities. E. PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURE 1. School 2. Kamalig 3. Masjid 4. Cemetery 5. Church 2. BUILDINGS THAT HOUSES 6. Movie House (Sinehan) BANKS, BUSINESS OFFICES AND 7. Theatre FACTORIES - These buildings, especially those created 1. SCHOOL during the 1950’s, have plain wall - This refers to a place where young people surfaces and large windows. are educated to become productive members - These also have bold rectangular forms of the community. and clean lines. - The most common style of the school is - There are even some buildings that do American-influenced, which featured a not exhibit symmetry of form. concrete structure elevated on stilts.  2. Aglipayan Church 3. Protestant Church 4. Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) Churches  ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH - The typical Roman Catholic church built during the Spanish colonial period has the “earthquake Baroque” style. This 2. KAMALIG style is characterized by having a - The kamalig is the tagalog term for a separate bell-tower building used for storying again. - from the church façade, and stronger - This is considered to be the most walls with buttresses. economically significant structure among the tribes in Northern Philippines. - In fact, kamalig is typically raised from the ground and is being protected from rats and pests. 3. MASJID  AGLIPAYAN CHURCH - The masjid or mosque refers to a place of - Considering that the Iglesia Filipina worship of the Muslimes. Independiente, or more popularly known - A typical Philippines mosque has the as the Aglipayan church is an offshoot of following features: a tower called minaret, a the Roman Catholic Church, most of its prayer niche called mihrab the dome, arches churches have the same style with that are reinforeced with pillars, and a pulpit Roman Catholic churches. called mimbar. 4. CEMETERY - Is a place where people bury the dead.  PROTESTANT CHURCH - It has other names, such as kampo santo, - Most protestant churches have the pantyon, and libingan. Neogothic architectural style, meaning - A cemetery had a small chapel and vaults or rib vaults and pointed arches can be seen nichos surrounding the chapel. in the structure. 5. CHURCH - The simbahan is a place of worship for a Christian congregation. - How a church was design usually depends on  IGLESIA NI CRISTO (INC) the religious denomination it belongs. CHURCHES - A typical façade of INC has a triangular 1. Roman Catholic Church arch that it lien with tall slender towers.  - There are also two additional towers at the rear part of the church. These towers and spires are ornamented with open work. 2. LIGHTHOUSE - Is a structure built on an island, peninsula, or 6. MOVIE HOUSE rock to ensure that ships will be able to pass - The sinehan is a place where people watch through a narrow are safely. films or motion pictures. - A good example of this is the Cape Bojeador - This used to be a separate large building and Lighthouse in Ilocus Norte. considered as a landmark in the community. 7. THEATRE - The teatro is a building intended for dance, musical and theatrical presentations. - This is different from an auditorium because teatro is essentially a separate building 3. BRIDGE compared to the former. - The tulay is a horizontal structure that serves as a passageway between two areas separated by a body of water, a hollow area, or a road. - During the 1960s until the 1980s, more bridges and elevated roads were built in order to connect islands and to facilitate faster travel even in flood- pressure areas, thanks to improved techniques in OTHER FORMS AND STRUCTURES: engineering and use of reinforced concrete. 1. Fort 2. Lighthouse 3. Bridge 1. FORT - These are structures that are built to defend a community against enemies. - These are usually found in areas with natural barriers, such as cliffs, hills, narrow passes, mountains and waters.