COS 101: First Class Summary - Computer Science PDF

COS101 AFI RSTCLASSSUMMARY Cour tesyofComr adeMaduekeSobechukwu(Mr.Muchmor e) * YESWECAN* AGR...

COS101 AFI RSTCLASSSUMMARY Cour tesyofComr adeMaduekeSobechukwu(Mr.Muchmor e) * YESWECAN* AGREATERNAMSI SAPOSSI BLI LITY BROUGHT “ LET' sCREATEAUNI ONWECANCALLOUROWN” TO YOU BY: CHAPTERONE UFELE CHRIS  Twogroupofresour cesf oundinacomput er:har dwar eandsof t eOUR war INFORMA  Syst em:att ainacommongoal NT  Basi c(5)component( funct ionaluni ts) :inputuni t,st orage( memor y uni t) ,CPU, out put ,communi cat ionuni t Memor y Out put I nput Pr ocessi n Communi cat io  I nputuni t:Dat ainhumansensi blef ormi sconver tedi ntodat ain machi neorel ect roni cfor m. i. Capt ureoracceptdat a i i. Conver tdat aint obi nar yfor m cal ledmachi necode i ii. Tr ansmi tconver teddat aint oar eai nthememor ye. gtr ackbal l, t ouchpad, trackpoi nt, graphi ctabl et  St orage uni t:2ND f unct ion oft he comput er,pr imar y st orage & BROUGHT TO YOU BY: UFELE CHRIS OUR INFORMANT  secondar yst orage( auxi li aryorbacki ngst orage) i. Pr imar y:RAM, ROM i i. Secondar y:magnet icst orage( e.gcasset tet ape,f loppydi sk,har d di sk) , opt ical st orage ( e.g CD- ROM, CD- recor dabl es, CD–Rewr it abl es & DVD) ,sol id st ate st orage & f lash memor y devi ces.  CPU:al so cal led mi cropr ocessororsi mpl y pr ocessor.Iti s an el ect roni cci rcui tthatexecut escomput erpr ogr ams.Pr ocessi ngdat a means i. Mani pul ati ng i i. Per for mingmat hemat icalf unct ions i ii. Rear rangi ng i v. Tr ansf ormat ion Mi cropr ocessori stheact ualpr ocessi ngofdat a,“ brai n”behi ndt he comput ati onalabi li ty oft he comput er,i tis an ( IC)package t hat cont ains mi ll ions oft ransi stor s,t he act ualexecut ion power ofa pr ocessordependsoni tcl ockspeedor“ hear tbeat ”measur edi nHer tz ( cycl epersec).  Out : 4th put f unct ion “ displ ayi ng i nfor mat ion” e. g CRT moni tor (Cat hodeRayt ube) ,pr int er, speaker  Communi cat ion: 5th f unct ion, e. g modem, net wor k i nter face car ds, mobi lephones.PDAs BROUGHT TO YOU BY: UFELE CHRIS OUR INFORMANT  Regi ster :fast erpr ocessi ng TYPESOFCOMPUTER  Basedonsi ze:1.mi cro2. Mini3.mai nfr ame  Mi cro:hasmi cropr ocessorasi tsCPU/ oft encal ledPCs( tobeused byoneper sonatat ime)e. gPDAs, wor kst ati on, lapt op, deskt op  Deskt op:notpor tabl e,canbeCRTorLCD(Li qui dCr yst alDi spl ay) mayl ayf latorbeat ower  Lapt op:LCD,has t ouchpad,expensi ve because component s ar e smal l  PDAs:ont hescr eenwi thast ylus,communi cat esei therwi thcabl e connect ion, IRbeam, Bluet oot horr adi owaves  Wor kst ati on/ ser ver :canbeusedbyoneormanyuseri sapower ful , hi gh- endmi crocomput er  Mi ni:mul ti -user ,usespower fult hanamai nfr ame,usesi ntegr ated ci rcui t.  Mai nfr ame:l arge, power fulcomput ert hathandl est hepr ocessi ngf or manyuser ssi mul taneousl y.At ermi nali sadevi cet hathasascr een &keyboar dfori nput&out putbuti tdoesnotdoi tsownpr ocessi ng al socal leddumbt ermi nal s.Super comput er:cr ay1bui lt1976  Char act eri sti cs of comput ers: ar e el ect roni c, aut omat ic, pr ogr ammabl e,speed, digi tal ,memor ycapaci ty, gener alpur pose…… BROUGHT TO YOU BY: UFELE CHRIS OUR INFORMANT  Const ruct ing comput ers usi ng combi nat ions ofsi mil arst andar d component s whi ch al lows f or easy r epl acement of f acul ty component siscal ledmodul arst ruct uraldesi gn  Abusi sacol lect ionofpar all elel ect ri calconduct orscal led“ li nes” ont owhi chanumberofcomponent smaybeconnect ed.Basi ctype ofbus:i nter nal&ext ernalbuses  Ar egi steri sasmal l- sized( afew byt es)hi gh- speedmemor ywi thi n t heCPU.  Gener all y,busesmaybeusedt oconvey:dat asi gnal s,dat aaddr ess si gnal s,cont rolsi gnal s&power  * Not ethatbusi nter connect sdevi cest hroughasetofpar all ell ines t hatar ecl assi fi edasdat ali nes( dat abus) ,addr essl ine( addr essbus) &cont roll ines( cont rolbus)  Thr ee( 3)di sti nct lydi ff erentf ormsofar chi tect ure: i. Si ngl e–chi pcomput ers i i. Si ngl e–boar dcomput ers i ii. Mul ti ple–boar dbus–basedcomput ers  Si ngl e–chi p:f oundi ndevi cesl ikewat ches, camer as  Si ngl e–boar d:const ruct ed on t hinf latsheet sofel ect ri calboar d knownasPr int edCi rcui tBoar ds( PCBs)  Mul ti ple–boar d bus–based:manymi ni& mai nfr amear ebased upont hist ypeofconst ruct ion  BROUGHT TO YOU BY: UFELE CHRIS OUR INFORMANT  Memor yhi erar chy: thecl osert hememor yist otheCPU,t hef ast er ( mor eexpensi ve)  Regi sterf il es:( GPRs)&( FPRs) ,ther egi sterf il erepr esent sthel owest l eveli nourmemor yhi erar chy,si ncei tiscl osestt othepr ocessor. Canpr ovi deOper andsdi rect lyt otheALU  Cachememor y:hol d a smal lsubsetoft hemai n memor y.i tis t ypi cal lydevel opedSRAM,whi chi sfast ert hanDRAM,buti smor e expensi ve, mor epower -hungr y&l essdense.SRAM doesnotneedt o ber efr eshed.Cachecont ainst hemostr ecent lyaccessedcode& dat a.  Mai nmemor y:t ypi cal lyr esi desatt heCPUchi p,or gani zedonbar ks, mai nmemor yisusual lyi mpl ement edi nDRAM t otakeadvant ageof i tsl owcost ,lowpowerdr ain&hi ghst oragedensi ty.DRAM needt o beper iodi cal lyr efr eshedsi ncei tisbasi cal lyat inycapaci tor.  Pr ogr am codemovement :comput erf ir stt urnedon  Secondar y(ext ernal )st orage: Mai ndi skst oragei snon–vol ati lebecausecont ent sar emai ntai ned evenwhenpoweri stur nedof f. CHAPTERTWO I nput :thedat athatcanbecapt uredi ntocomput ermaybecl assi fi edi nto t hef oll owi ng:t ext ,vi deo, image, audi o(sound)&vi sualsi gnal s  Text :thr eesetofsymbol s:l ett er,di git s&speci alchar act er,nor mal BROUGHT TO YOU BY: UFELE CHRIS OUR INFORMANT  user( text ualdocument )butf orpr ogr ammer( sour cecode)  Vi deo/ image:scanner ,di git alcamer as,t humbpr int r ecogni ti on devi ce  Audi o:CD, DVD, Voi cesynt hesi zer s  Apoi nti ngdevi cei sanyhumanout erf acedevi cet hatal lowsauser t oinputspat ialdat atoacomput ere. gmouse,t rackbal l,gl idepad, j oyst ick, touchscr een, touchpade. t. c.  Ter minal s:at ermi nalconsi stofakeyboar d&ascr een,soi tcanbe consi der edani nputdevi ceal socal leddi spl ayt ermi nal sorvi deo di spl ayt ermi nal s(VDT) ,Adumpt ermi nalhasnoabi li tyt opr ocessor st oredat a.E. gofsmar tter minal :PCS, POS( poi nt–of –sal e)  Mul ti medi a:Combi nat ionofsound&i mageswi tht ext&gr aphi cs  A di git alcamer atake st il lphot os butr ecor dthe pi ctur es on comput erdi sksormemor ychi p  Avi deocamer aorr ecor der( VCR)r ecor dsbot hst il l&movi ng  Dat aaut omat ion—»Goal s—»( 1)avoi dmi stakes( 2)avoi dhavi ngt o r e-ent er  Cr edi tcar d(magnet icst ri p)  Barcodes( shopr it e,game)  Opt icalmar ks( scor esheet )  Magnet ici nk( bankaccount )  CHAPTERTHREE OUTPUT The comput erout putf unct ion i s an act ivi tyi n whi ch a comput er communi cat esi nfor mat iont otheuser.  Themostcommonout putdevi cesar evi sualdi spl ayuni ts( moni tor s), pr int ers&speaker s  CRTadvant ages:cheaper ,mor edur abl eandabl etowi thst andbei ng damaged,super iorr esponset ime,super iorcont rastandt her eisno di scer nibl efl ickeri fther efr eshr atei ssett oasuf fi cient lyhi ghval ue, al soi tisheavyandmassi ve.  LCD moni tor :li ght erand mor ecompact ,requi resl essel ect ri cit y, t endst ohavebet terr esol uti onandi sbui lti nconsi der abl ylar ger si zes.LCDdoesnotf li ckerandi sfl atbutcauseseyest rai n.  Al lmoni tor srel yinavi deocar dwhi chi slocat edont hemot her boar d t odi spl ayt hei nfor mat ion.  PDP:Pl asmaDi spl ayPanel ,OLED—» Organi cLi ght–Emi tt ingDi ode andSED( Sur face–conduct ionEl ect ron–emi tt erDi spl ay)  Col ourmoni tor :CGA ( Col ourgr aphi csAdapt er—»EGA ( Enhance gr aphi cAr ray)—»VGA( VideoGr aphi csAr ray)—» superVGA CHARACTERI STI CSOFCOMPUTERMONI TOR Api xeli sthesmal lestuni tont hescr eent hatcanbet urnedonandof for madedi ff erentshade.Cl osert hepi xel ,shapert hei mage.Pi xelordot s  BROUGHT TO YOU BY: UFELE CHRIS OUR INFORMANT ( thr eedot s:r ed, green, blue)  Thesi zeoft hemoni tori sthesi zeoft hescr een,nott hesi zeoft he ent ir emoni tor.Mostdotpi tch( 0.28mm)( pixel s,si ze,r esol uti on,dot pi tch,r efr esh r ate,gr aphi cs adapt er,magnet icf iel ds,di spl ay char act eri sti cs, viewabl ear eaandpr oduct ivi ty) THREETYPESOFCOMPUTERMONI TOR 1. Cat hodeRayTube( CRT) :Monochr ome, fli cked( havef luct uat ingl ight ) i nthei rdi spl ay, whi chcauseseyest rai nandt hei magequal it yispoor. Thoughcheaperandof fer edvi ewi ngangl escl o180o. oset 2. Fl atpaneldi spl ays:usesLCD, haveact ivemat ri xandpassi vemat ri x. Act ivemat ri x(TFT)hashi gherr efr eshr ateand bet tercont rast , maki ng a mor e br il li antdi spay and mor e expensi ve.Por tabl e comput eruseFPD becauset heyar emor ecompactandconsume l esspowert hatCRTs. 3. LCDsmoni tor :suf ferf rom deadpi xel swhi leCRTsdonot.Ar edi ff icul t t oreadi nast rongl ightbecauset heydonotemi tthei rownl ight. 4.Gaspl asmadi spl ay( gaspanelorpl asmapanel ).I tcombi nest hree pi xelcol our s(r ed,bl ueandgr een)t ocr eat eanent ir espect rum of col ors,r esul ti ngi nri chercol our sthanLCD orCRTdi spl ays.Wi de vi ew angl e,ver ycost ly.Thedi sadvant agesi sthati tmustuseAC powerandcannotshowshar pcont rast. Pr int er:Por trai tandl andscaper efert otheor ient ati onoft hepr intont he page.Por trai tfor mati swhent hehei ghti slongert hant hewi dthwhi le l andscapef ormati swhent hewi dthi slar gert hant hehei ght.Monochr ome pr oducesani mageconsi sti ngofonecol our.Pr int ercanbecl assi fi edby t hei rfeat uressuchasqual it y,f ont ,gr aphi cs, speedofpr int ing, technol ogy andr esol uti on.  Resol uti oni stheamountofdot spr int edpersquar einch  I mpactpr int erhasmor emechani calpar tandi snoi sywhi leNon- i mpactempl oymor eel ect roni cfi nesse. I MPACT PRI NTERS: I tfor ms char act ers or i mages by st ri king a mechani sm suchasapr inthammerorwheelagai nstani nkedr ibbon, l eavi ng an i mageon paper.(mechani calcont actbet ween paperand pr int inghead)e. gdot -mat ri x,dai sy- wheelandl inepr int er. Dot -mat ri xanddai sy- wheelar eser ial( char act er)pr int ers,meani ngt hat t heypr intonechar cteratat ime.Onl ythedai sy- wheeli scapabl eof pr oduci ngt ruel ett erqual it yout putonpl ainpaper. NON- IMPACTPRI NTER:i sfast erandqui eter ,nophysi calcont actbet ween pr int ingmechani sm andpapere. ginkj et, laserandsol idi nk. I NK- JETPRI NTER:Pr int ingl owcostcompar etol aserpr int er,showerand somewhatl owerr esol uti ont hanl aser ,mayr equi reuseofspeci alcoat ed paper ,i ttakest imet opr intcol ourgr aphi cs,pagest akel ongert imet o dr y.. advant age=r esi stancet oal ter ati on LASERPRI NTER( TONERBASEDPRI NTER) :Rel ati vel yhi gh- speed, usest he pr ocessofel ect ro- phot ogr aphyorxer ogr aphy, usesst ati cel ect ri cit y,bot h l aserandi nk- jetusedott ocr eat eimages.Popul arbecausei tpr oduce shar p,cr ispi magesofbot htextandgr aphi cspr ovi dinggoodr esol uti on 300- 1200dpi ,pr inti nmanyf ont.UsesPDL( sof twar e)( pagedescr ipt ion BROUGHT TO YOU BY: UFELE CHRIS OUR INFORMANT l anguage)descr ibet heshapeandposi ti onol ett ersandgr aphi cst othe pr int er.E. g ofpi n ar epost scr ipt s,f rom adobesyst emsand Hewl ett - packar dgr aphi clanguage( HPGL) ,col orl aserj etpr int eruset onert hati s ( maybe)bl ack,cyan,magnetandyel low t ocr eat eal lthecol our soft he r ainbow, notdesi gnedt ohandl ephot opaper.  Tonerofl aseri sdr ywhi lei nkj eti swet  I nk- jeti nkneedsr epl eni shi ngmor efr equent lyt hanl aser.Advi sabl e t ousei nk- jetf orsmal lnumberofwor kbutl aserf orhi ghvol ume  Mul ti funct ionpr int er( MFP)oral linone( doal l:pr int ,fax,scanand copy)  Sol idi nk:( orphasechangepr int ers)i sat ypeoft her malt ransf er pr int er.Pr oducesexcel lentr esul t– dr awbacksoft het echnol ogy i ncl udehi ghener gyconsumpt ionandl ongwar m-upt imesf rom a col dst ate.al souseral socompl ainoft hepr intbei ngdi ff icul ttowr it e on, ast hewaxt endst orepeli nksf rom pensandar edi ff icul ttof eed t hroughdocument sfeeder susedoncal cul ator sandf axmachi nes.  PLOTTERS:Cr eat es a har d copy ver sion ofa di git all yrender ed desi gn.Pl ott ersdi ff erf rom pr int ersi nthatpl ott ersusecont inuous l inest ocr eat eimageswher easpr int ercanonl ysi mul atel inesby pr int ing a cl osel y packed spaced ser ies ofdot s.Much sl ower becauseofmechani calmot ionnecessar ytodr awdet ail edgr aphi cs usi ngcont inuousl ines.Mor eexpensi vet hanpr int er.“ plot ter sar e pr int erbutnotal lpr int ersmeett hespeci fi cat ionst obeconsi der ed pl ott ers,notabl etopr intphot oqual it yimagesl ikel aser ,takeupl ot  ofspace, slow”.  ZONKTECHNOLOGY:zer oinkori nkl esspr int er  SPEAKER:Soundcar dsconver tdi git aldat atoanal oguesoundst hat comesoutasout putt hrought hecomput ersyst em.  BI OS:Basi cinputandout putsyst em ( RAM andROM orsol idst ate memor y)( voi cecoi lact uat orormot or)  NTQ(Neart ypesetQual it y)  CAD(Comput erAi dedDesi gn) CHAPTERFOUR COMPUTERSTORAGE  Cent ralmemor y(RAM)  Gener all y,t he l owera st orage i sint he hi erar chy,t he l ess i ts bandwi dthandt hegr eat eri tsaccessl atencyf rom t heCPU.( Pri mar y, secondar y,t ert iar yandof fl inest orage).  Pr imar yst orage:( Mai nmemor yori nter nalmemor y)onl yondi rect ly accessi blet otheCPU.Anydat aact ivel yoper atedoni sal sost ored t her einuni for m manner.Pr imar yst ored(memor ybus/ connect ed di rect ly) CPU.  Abusi sagr oupofwi resont hemai nci rcui tboar d.I tisapat hway f ordat afl ow bet weencomponent s.Mostdevi cesar econnect edt o t hebust hroughacont rol ler. BROUGHT TO YOU BY: UFELE CHRIS OUR INFORMANT  Twomor esub- layer soft hepr imar yst orage:  Pr ocessorr egi sterl ocat edi nsi depr ocessor ,hol dtypi cal lywor ddat a of32 or64 byt es.Techni cal lyamong t hef ast estofal lfor m of comput erdat ast orage.  Pr ocessercache:i nter medi ate, sol elyt oincr easeper for manceoft he comput er.Mostact ivel yused i nfo on t he mai n memor yisj ust dupl icat edont hecachememor y,whi chi sfast er, butofmuchl esser capaci ty.Muchsl owerbut ,muchl argert hanpr ocessorr egi ster.(any pi eceofi nfor mat ioncanbeaccessedatanyt ime)  RAM:Themor eRAM i nyourcomput ert hel argert hepr ogr amsyou canr un.( thecapaci tyofamemor ychi pismeasur edi nbyt e), vol ati le i nthati tlosesi nfor mat ionst oredi nthem dur ingpowerf ail ure. “ not hing per manenti s kepti nthe mai n memor y”( ver y cl osel y connect edt othepr ocessor ,cont ent sar equi ckl yandeasi lychanged, hol dst hepr ogr amsanddat athatt hepr ocessori sact ivel ywor king wi thi nter act swi tht hepr ocessormi ll ionsoft imespersec).  ROM:Accesst oinf ormat ionmayber andoml yorsequent ial ly,non- vol ati lepr imar yst orage.( pri mar yst oragehasnomovi ngpar t)  SECONDARY STORAGE:notdi rect lyaccessi blet otheCPU,non- vol ati le,l essexpensi vee. gSt andal oneRAM di sks,zi pdr ives,paper t ape, punchcar ds. DI FFERENTFORM OFDI SKSTORAGE 1. MAGNETI C DI SK STORAGE:( MDS)mostused,Advant age:hi gher st oragecapaci ty,r eli abi li tyandi tgi vesdi rectaccesst odat a.The  headr eadandwr it edat atopl ott er.Onl yoneheadi sact iveatat ime. Thei nfor mat ionhel dinonesect or( abl ock)i stheuni toft ransf er bet weent hedi skandpr imar ymemor y.  Thet imet akent oaccessapar ti cul arbl ockconsi stoft hef oll owi ng: 1. Ti met omoveheadst other ightt rack(seekt ime) 2. Ti mewai ti ngf ort hesect ort ocomear oundt otheheadl atency 3. Ti met oact ual lyt ransf ert hedat a(bl ockt ransf ert ime).1and2 var iabl e.cyl inder =(asetofcor respondi ngt rackondi ff erentpl att ers) 2. Har ddi skdr ive( HDD)commonl ycal ledhar ddr ive, har ddi skorf ixed di skdr ive,non- vol ti le.Har ddi skar emuchmor eexpensi vet hent he f loppi es.( car e mustbe t aken f ort he head/ wri te head t o avoi d cont actwi tht hedi sk)“ tur ningt hecomput erof fandqui ckl ybackon bef orespi nni nghasst oppedcoul dcauseagr eat erdamaget othe har ddi sk DI SK FORMATTI NG:Set sup amet hod ofassi gni ng addr essest othe di ff erentar ea, all owonet oef fi cient lyuset hespacewhi lest il lbei ngabl eto f indt hingsst oredi nadi sk. DVD:Di git alVer sat il eDi sk DVD- ROM —»st andsf ordi git alVi deoDevi ceorDi git alVer sat il eDevi ce ReadOnl yMemor y. CLUSTERS:Onecl ust eri sthemi nimum spaceusedbyanyr eadorwr it e headt oreadort owr it edat a.Thecomput erkeepst rackofwhati thasput wher eonadi skbyr emember ingaddr esses.Whenadi ski sfor mat tedt he BROUGHT TO YOU BY: UFELE CHRIS OUR INFORMANT f oll owi ngt akespl ace. 1.Al ldat aiser ased 2.Sur facesar echeckedf orphysi calandmagnet icdef ect s 3.Ar ootdi rect oryi scr eat edt oli stwher ethi ngsar eont hedi sk Non–magnet icst oragee. gopt icaldi sks( e.gCDandDVDdi sk)  TheDVDsandCDst hatar ecommer cial lypr oducedont heWr it e OnceReadMany( WORM)var iet y.  Fl ashmemor yst oragedevi cee. gUSBdr ive  Typesoft ape( magnet ict ape) ,tapecasset teandt aper eel  Ter ti aryst oragesyst em t ypi cal lyr efer stoadat ast oragesyst em t hat usesdr ivest hatacceptr emovabl emedi a,ast orager ackf ort he r emovabl emedi aandar obotar mtot ransf ermedi abet weent he st orager ackandt hedr ives. St oragecapaci ti es:expr essedi nbyt es,agr oupof8bi tsi scal ledabyt e, onebyt etypi cal lyr epr esent sasi ngl echar act ersuchasanumber ,al ett er orsymbol.Mostcomput ersoper atebymani pul ati nggr oupsof2,4,or8 byt escal ledWor ds. Ki lo—» Mega—»Gi ga—»Ter a 210( 1024) 220 230 240 I TB=1024GB=1, 048, 576MB VOLATI LITY, MUTABI LITY, ACCESSI BILI TY, ADDRESSABI LITYAND  PERFORMANCE Lat encyi sthet imei ttakest oacessapar ti cul arl ocat ioni nst orage HI STORYOFCOMPUTER  The Von Neumann ar chi tect ure uni fi ed ourcur rentcomput ing har dwar eimpl ement ati ons.Si ncet heVonar chi tect ure, cont roloft he dat apat hisst orei nthememor y,soi tisanaut omat icpr ocess.  Di git alcomput ing el ementMEVTIhaver anged f rom mechani cal gear s,t oel ect romechi ncalr elays,t ovacuum t ubes,t otr ansi stor s, andt oint egr atedci rcui ts, allofwhi char ecur rent lyi mpl ement ingt he VonNewmannar chi tect ure Humancal cul ates:ast ronomi calepher mier idesar ti ll eryf ir ingt abl es, orf or naut icalnavi gat ionwasspeci ali zed,expensi ve,r equi resr igor oust rai ning i nmat hemat ics.  Theear li estcount ingdevi cewaspr obabl yaf orm oft all yst ick  Theabacuswasusedf orar it hmet ict asks.  Forast ronomi calcal cul ati on:Ant ikyt her amechani sm andast rol abe f rom anci entGr eece.  The“ cast lecl ock”andast ronomi calcl ocki nvent edbyAl -Jazar iin 1206, isconsi der edt obeear li estpr ogr ammabl eanal oguecomput er.  JohnNapi er( Scot ti shMat hemat ici anandphysi cist )invent edNapi er bor nformul ti pli cat ionanddi visi on  Sl ider ule1620:doesmul toandDi vot est er BROUGHT TO YOU BY: UFELE CHRIS OUR INFORMANT  Ger man Wi lhel m Schi chkar d bui ld t he f ir st di git al mechani c cal cul atori n1623, andt husbecamet hef atheroft hecomput inger a. Madeuseof“ cogs”and“ gear s”socal led“ cal cul ati ngcl ock” VonLei bni z(1671)oncesai dthat“ iti sunwor thyofexcel lentment olose hour sli ke sl aves i nthe l abourofcal cul ati on whi ch coul d saf ely be r elegat edt oanyoneel seofmachi neswer eused”  1820,Char lesXavi erThomas( basedonl eibr iz)cr eat edt hef ir st successf ulmass- producedcal cul atort hatcanad, sub, div, jnut t.  ENI AC( 1945)  Japan,Ryoi chiYazu( 1902)consi stedofasi ngl ecyl inderand22 year s“based2andbase5”  1725( Basi leBouchon)  1726( Jean–Bapt ist efal con)semiaut omat icandr equi redmanual f iel d  1801( Joseph–Mar ieJacquad)—»punchedcar d  1833Char lesBabbage:Di ff erencet oanal yti calengi ne  1835,Babbagedescr ibed hi sanal yti calengi neempl oyed punch- car dsandast eam engi nef orpower  I n1890t heUScensusBr ueauusedpunchedcar dssor ti ngmachi nes PSTandt abul ati ngmachi nesdesi gnedbyHer manHol ler it h  Themostpower fulcomput ersonear thar eneededt oadequat ely modeli tsweat herusi ngt heNavi er–st rokesequat ions  1948,Cur tawasi ntr oduced,smal l,por tabl e,mechani calcal cul ator t hatwasabovet hesi zeofapeppergr inder  Thef ir stal l- elect roni cdeskt opcal cul atorwast heBr it ishAni taMl e- Vi lwhi chusedanexi etubedi spl ayand177subi miat urehydr ati on t ube  ThemodelEC- 132addedsquar erootandr eci procalf unct ions.  LOCI–2—»cancomput elog( 1965)  Wat eri ntegr ator( 1928)usi ngt heast heanal oguequant it y  Apl ani met erasadevi cewhi chdoesi ntegr alsusi ngdi stanceast he anal oguequant it y  The ar t ofanal ogue comput ing r eached i tw zeni th wi tht he di ff erent ialanal yzer.Invent edi n1876byJmaesThomsonandbui lt byH. W Ni emenandVannevarBush  Thedeci malpr eci sionofadi git aldevi cei sal imi tat ion  Al anTwr ing’ s1936paperpr esent ati on  Konr adZuse,st art edZi n1936andf ini sheri t1938neverwor ked because ofpr obl em wi tht he pr eci sion ofpar ts K3=based on t elephoner elaybecamet hef ir stf unct ionalpr ogr am cont rol led,AU pur posed, digi talcomput er  EDASCdesi gn( 1949)Br it ish  Col ossuswast hef ir stt otal lyel ect roni ccomput ingdevi cehavi ng val ues( vacuum t ubes) ,paper -tapei nput ,nott urni ngcompl ete. BROUGHT TO YOU BY: UFELE CHRIS OUR INFORMANT  1937, ClandeShannonl ogi cgat est uff  Thef ir stcomput ingmachi neeverusedr emot ely,i nthecaseaphon l onewast hecompl exnumbercal cul atesbyst ibi tz  1939,John Vi ncentAt amasot tand Cl if for d E.Ber ry devel oped At amasof -Ber rycomput er( ABC)—»sol elyl ineareghsusedvacuum t ubes, fir stt ouseel ect roni ctubesi nanadder.  ENI ACCoi nvent orJohnmauchl eyexami nedABCi nJune1941  Mar kI,st ated1939,di rect edbyHowar dAi ken,of fi cial lyknownas col ossus—»coublnotadd  I n1959,I BM sobli tsf ir stmagnet icdi sksyst em,RAMAC( random accessmet hodofaccount ingandcont rol )EDH ( elect roni cdesi gn aut omat ion)aut omat icsequencescont rol ledcal cul ator ,nott rri ngi ng compl ete.  ENI AC used par ti cle pr ocess ( US bui lt