Biology Classification and Nomenclature

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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of classifying organisms?

To identify all species on Earth.

To organize and communicate information about organisms. (correct)

To create a definitive list of all living things.

To determine which organisms can interbreed.

Which of the following classification schemes was proposed by Ernst Haeckel?

Monera kingdom classification.

Four kingdom classification.

Three kingdom classification. (correct)

Two kingdom classification.

Which grade of organization represents unicellular organisms?

Protoplasmic grade of organization. (correct)

Tissue-organ grade of organization.

Cell-tissue grade of organization.

Cellular grade of organization.

Who is considered the foundation for modern biological nomenclature?

Carl von Linne. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the cellular grade of organization?

Aggregation of cells into tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What does a phylogram illustrate?

The evolutionary relationships and divergences. Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of the cell-tissue grade of organization?

Aggregation of similar cells for specific functions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hierarchy levels follows the phylum?

Class. Signup and view all the answers

What type of relationship does mutualism represent?

Both partners benefit Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a parasitic relationship?

Plasmodium vivax and its host Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is NOT associated with Phylum Porifera?

Presence of locomotor organelles Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sponge has the simplest canal structure?

Asconoid Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant benefit of sponges in their ecosystem?

They serve as protective shelter and provide food Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Sporozoa is true?

They can live free or in symbiotic relationships Signup and view all the answers

What type of nutrition involves ingesting food in its visible particle form?

Phagotrophic Signup and view all the answers

Which functional aspect is most pronounced in the poriferan filter-feeding system?

Circulation of water through tiny pores and canals Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable result of sponges releasing Cytosine Arabinoside?

It contributes to cancer treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groupings includes organisms that possess more than one reproductive cell type?

Eumetazoa Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'encystment' refer to in marine invertebrates?

Transformation into a ball-like structure for survival Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the engulfing of a solid particle which is then digested internally?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What type of feeding is characterized by ingesting food in a soluble form?

Osmotrophic Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes Bilateria from other animal groups?

Possession of bilateral symmetry Signup and view all the answers

What evolutionary event led to the development of chloroplasts in protozoans?

Engulfing photosynthetic bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a form of nutrition that relies on the absorption of nutrients in fluid form?

Saprozoic Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with the nervous system of chordates?

No central nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a hallmark of chordates?

Postanal tail Signup and view all the answers

What type of symmetry is exhibited by echinoderms?

Radial symmetry Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with leuconoid sponges?

They have radial symmetry Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ostia in sponges?

Allowing incoming water into the sponge Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the blood-vascular system in echinoderms?

Greatly reduced and relies on peritoneal cilia Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sponge is characterized by six-rayed siliceous spicules?

Hexactinellida Signup and view all the answers

How many germ layers do echinoderms possess?

Three germ layers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the digestive system of chordates is true?

It is usually complete Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sponges is an example of an asconoid?

Aplysina archeri Signup and view all the answers

What is composed of a connective tissue matrix in sponges?

Mesohyl Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about echinoderms is inaccurate?

They have a segmented body plan Signup and view all the answers

What role do echinoderms play in their ecosystems?

Decomposers and recyclers Signup and view all the answers

Which classification contains sponges with non-six-rayed siliceous spicules?

Demospongiae Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the spongocoel in sponges?

Pulling water through pores Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the nervous system in sponges is correct?

Sponges have no nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

IDENTIFICATION & NOMENCLATURE

Phylograms are diagrams used to illustrate evolutionary relationships by showing branching points and degrees of divergence
Classification is important for organization, communication, showing relationships between ancient and modern groups, indicating evolutionary pathways, and comparing experimental data

LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION

Kingdom: The highest level of classification, encompassing a broad range of organisms
Phylum: A major subdivision within a Kingdom, grouping organisms with shared characteristics
Class: A grouping of organisms within a Phylum, based on their shared traits
Subclass: A subdivision within a class, grouping organisms with more specific characteristics
Order: A grouping of organisms within a subclass, based on their shared anatomical and physiological traits
Suborder: A subdivision within an Order, grouping organisms with specific features
Family: A grouping of organisms within a suborder, based on their shared evolutionary history
Subfamily: A subdivision of a Family
Genus: A grouping of closely related species sharing a common ancestor and similar characteristics
Species: A group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring, sharing a common gene pool
Subspecies: A distinct population within a species, often geographically isolated and with unique traits

GRADES OF ORGANIZATION IN ORGANISMAL COMPLEXITY

Protoplasmic grade: Single-celled organisms, performing all life functions within the confines of a single cell.
Cellular grade: An aggregation of cells which are functionally differentiated.
Cell-tissue grade: Organisms with tissues, composed of similar cells organized into specific layers for specific functions.
Nutrition: Organisms can be (Autrophic) synthesizing food from inorganic substances or (Heterotrophic) obtaining nutrients from other organisms. (Holozoic) feeding by ingesting visible food particles or (Saprozoic) feeding by ingesting soluble food.

ORIGIN OF PROTOZOANS

Autotrophic Protozoans: Engulfed photosynthetic bacteria which evolved into chloroplasts.
Heterotrophic Protozoans: Engulfed aerobic bacteria which evolved into mitochondria.

PHYLUM PORIFERA: SPONGES

Phylum Porifera: Simple, multicellular animals characterized by a porous body for filter-feeding.
Pores: Tiny openings in the body, allowing water to pass through.
Canals: Internal channels facilitating water flow.
Sessile: Attached to a substrate and immobile.
Filter-feeding: Trapping food particles from water.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM PORIFERA

Regeneration: Ability to regrow lost body parts.
Somatic embryogenesis: Formation of new individuals from somatic cells.
Size: Sponges range from a few millimeters to meters in size.
Color: Brightly colored due to pigment in dermal cells.
Aquatic: Found in all water environments.
Ostia: Tiny pores for water intake.
Osculum: Large opening for water expulsion.
Spicules: Skeletal elements made of calcareous (Calcium Carbonate) or siliceous (Silicon Dioxide) material.
Spongocoel: Central cavity lined with choanocytes (collar cells) for water movement.
Mesohyl: Gelatinous matrix containing sponge cells and connective tissue.
Nervous system: Absent, relying on individual cell responses.

TYPES OF SPONGES BASED ON CANAL SYSTEM

Asconoid: Simple, tube-shaped sponges with a flagellated spongocoel.
Syconoid: More complex, vase-shaped sponges with flagellated canals radiating from the spongocoel.
Leuconoid: Most complex, irregularly shaped sponges with flagellated chambers.

CLASSIFICATION OF PORIFERA

Calcarea (Calcispongiae): Sponges with calcareous spicules, usually needle-shaped or with three or four rays.
Hexactinellida (Hyalospongia): "Glass Sponges" have siliceous spicules with six rays, forming elaborate networks.
Demospongiae: Largest class of sponges with siliceous spicules that are not six-rayed.

PHYLUM CNIDARIA

Phylum Cnidaria: Aquatic invertebrates characterized by stinging cells (cnidocytes) and radial symmetry.
Cnidocytes: Specialized cells containing stinging organelles.
Radial symmetry: Body plan with parts arranged around a central axis.
Polyp: Sessile, cylindrical body form with a mouth and tentacles at one end.
Medusa: Free-floating, bell-shaped body form with tentacles around the margin.
Gastrovascular cavity: Central cavity for digestion and circulation.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CNIDARIA

Marine: Predominantly found in saltwater environments.
Nervous system: A diffuse network of nerve cells forming a nerve net for rapid responses.
Digestive system: Incomplete, with a single opening serving as both mouth and anus.
Reproduction: Sexual (medusae release gametes) and asexual (polyp budding).
Germ layers: Two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm) forming tissues.
Coelom: Absent.

CLASSES OF CNIDARIA

Hydrozoa: Polyp-dominant group; includes freshwater hydra and colonial siphonophores.
Scyphozoa: Medusa-dominant group; includes jellyfish.
Cubozoa: Box jellies; cube-shaped medusa with complex eyes.
Anthozoa: Polyp-only group; includes corals, anemones, and sea pens.

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Description

Dive into the essential concepts of biological classification and nomenclature. This quiz covers the levels of organization from kingdom to family, as well as the importance of phylograms in illustrating evolutionary relationships. Test your understanding of how organisms are grouped based on shared characteristics.