Tourism PDF

Cluster 2 Tourism Tourists - Make trips to places outside their usual environment for leisure or personal purpose - Domestic tourists travel within their own country - International tourists travel abroad to a foreign country - Backpackers - travel light, often on tig...

Cluster 2 Tourism Tourists - Make trips to places outside their usual environment for leisure or personal purpose - Domestic tourists travel within their own country - International tourists travel abroad to a foreign country - Backpackers - travel light, often on tight budget - Business Tourists - travel for business purposes. - Pilgrims - travel to sacred sites, ‘spiritually grow’ as a person; participates in religious rites Tourism System - 3 interconnected components Tourist Generating Region ○ Region where tourists come from  ○ People & businesses offer tourism products & experiences (accommodation, transportation, etc) Tourist Destination Region ○ Region which attracts tourists; ○ Attractions, amenities & facilities cater to tourists needs ○ Experiences the consequences of tourism development Transit route ○ Region or route tourist travel to reach their destination. ○ Links TGD & TDR, ○ Include stopover points, used for convenience or bcos got attractions Reasons of growth of tourism Motivation to travel Need for relaxation - Increased work stress & hectic lifestyle →ppl want travel more to relieve stress - Many see travel as way to rejuvenate and refresh themselves - Go to tourist destinations & engage in tourist activities to relax  - E.g, seek nature to escape urban environment, rest, enjoy scenic views - For e.g, survey found that one of the main reason British tourists visited Phuket was to rest and relax Need for personal growth & self-fulfilment - More people view travel as way for self-growth & achieve fulfill potential - Travelling allows them to learn new things/improve knowledge & skills, develop themselves - Participate in challenging/adventurous activities, fulfill potential - → stretched physically & emotionally, achieve personal growth - For e.g, many cooking schools popping up in Bali to cater to tourist that wan learn abt Balinese cuisine - No. of tourist climbing Mount Everest increase over the years, more ppl motivated to challenge themselve to fulfil potential Need to discover unique travel experiences - Travel to gain unique travel experiences to satisfy curiosity abt world - Get to explore lesser known environments & cultures - E.g, participate in special/uncommon tourist activities, like trekking on side of volcano - Social media raise interest in unique destinations, attract younger tourists - Vast transport networks make these unique tourist destinations accessible - For e.g, Tourism in Antarctica increased significantly in last 2 decades; want to explore uninhabited regions Ability to travel Increase in disposable income - Disposable income refers to money ppl have left aft covering basic needs (food, water, healthcare) - Aft ww2, economic development lead to increase in disposable income in NA, Western Eur., Japan - → greater spending on travel, fuel tourism growth - In rapidly developing countries, fast growing middle class w/ increased disposable income cause large demand for tourism - For e.g, GDP in China quadrupled as international tourism grew from 9mil departures in 1999 to 154mil departures in 2019 Increase in leisure time - Refers to time where free of work & responsibilities - Increased paid leaves, more public hols, shorter working weeks - → give people more time to travel; paid leaves help workers finance their travel - E.g, Chinese government encourage employees to give workers half day paid leave on Fridays during summer months in 2015, help boost domestic tourism Business innovations in tourism industry - Business innovations that provide value-for-money experiences /more affordable travel methods - → Ability to travel ⬆, demand for travel ⬆ - Tour operators tdy increasingly replaced by websites and apps; provide more personalised value-for-money experiences  - For e.g, Websites like Trivago & Expedia provide search engine for tourists to compare trips and reviews, book trips, and offer promotional prices for transport and accommodation Lower transport costs - International tourism rely heavily on air transport; which becoming increasingly affordable 🤮 - Over the years, air fares significantly dropped, esp w/ introduction of budget airlines (no movies ) - Budget airlines offer significantly lower prices, lowering transport costs esp for international travel/tourism - For e.g, AirAsia become vv popular due to significantly lower prices, but only provide the basic airfare Lower accommodation costs - Over the years, variety of accommodation types increased - Hotels, AirBnB, etc - Business innovations such as AirBnB enable property owners to rent out to tourists at diff prices, some at vv cheap prices - → Travel becomes more affordable, ability to travel ⬆ - For e.g, AirBnB connects ppl who want rent out their homes to tourists; More than 2mil ppl stay in AirBnB everyday in 2019 Mobility to travel Expansion of public transport services & infrastructure  - More countries constructing transport infrastructure like roads, railways, & airports recently - Connectivity within country & between countries ⬆ - E.g, Changi Airport T4 enable more flights to SG, and to other countries, improve connectivity - Expansion of public transport network, more bus & train lines - Tourists more convenient, since tourists normally taker public transport oso; → tourism growth - E.g, Gardens by the Bay accessible by MRT, on newly built Thomson East Coast line (TEL) & next to Bayfront MRT Introduction of new modes of travel - Transport rapidly developing; → new modes of travel - Faster travel for tourists via land, sea or air - E.g, 1965, conventional train take 6hr 40min to go from Tokyo to Osaka. Invention of bullet train sped up this trip to 3h 10min; lead to greatly increased tourism in cities with bullet train network - Commercial air travel greatly boosted tourism - Technological developments enabled production of aircraft that are faster, travel further and use less fuel - → Reduced travel time - → Increased convenience for long distance travel - → Lower travelling costs (need buy/produce less fuel) Increased private car ownership - Allows families to travel comfortably & conveniently in own vehicles - Allow for more freedom in number of destinations can visit & time spent at destination - Esp boosted domestic tourism - E.g, In 1950s, private car ownership in US increase significantly, result in increase in domestic tourism. As a result, motel businesses oso expanded TDR development over time - Over time, key features & no. of tourists evolve - Investor, tourists & tour operator go new discovered TD → TD popularity⬆ - Over time, lose popularity, start to decline Exploration - Usually has few tourist amenities Involvement - Increase awareness of destination - More popular - More tourists then would contribute to local economy - More amenities & facilities built for tourists - Usually built & maintained by gov. Development - Rapid increase in tourist arrivals - Provide more job opportunities in tourism sector; - Contributes significantly to local economy - Tourist facilities, infrastructure, attractions will develop a lot faster  - Heavy advertising of destinations & attractions - Increase in goods & services that cater to tourists needs - → e.g, Hotels - Now recognised as tourist destination Consolidation - Growth in tourist arrivals slow down - Tourism industry dominating local economy - Employs significant amount of workers & contributes significantly to local economy - Development of attractions & facilities slows down - Owned by large multinational companies Stagnation - Tourist numbers peaked; start to decline - Destination reached or exceeded carrying capacity - Might make destination less attractive - E.g, high no. of tourist result in greater littering - → destination dirty, result in pollution - Tourist facilities & attractions decline; run down - Tourist lose interest, get tired of location - Tourists contribution to local economy stagnate Decline Tourist arrivals decline significantly ○ They start finding other new places Tourist contributions then decline significantly Business reliant on tourists decline; close down ○ Affect economy & people livelihood Less money available to maintain/improve facilities  ○ Butterfly effect into fewer tourists Rejuvenation Tourists arrivals increase again ○ Investments & funding develop new attractions and facilities ○ Re-branding of destination → Destination becomes attractive again Tourist contribution to local economy increase again More advertisement for revamped destination 1. Government - Establish policies and create plans - Enforce regulations Establish policies and create plans - Setting up an overall framework/planning - Require other stakeholders to follow in line with the framework - Sentosa has various strategies to reduce water consumption; one of government plans - Sentosa developments have to align w/ governments framework (sustainable tourism) Enforce regulations - Regulate the type of tourism activities - Regulate the number of tourists entering the country  - E.g, Bhutan, tourists can only enter the country by organising trip with licensed tour operator; regulated paths and spendings - Minimise negative impacts of tourism - Prevent mass tourism - Enable sustainable tourism How effective would Gov. policies and regulations be? - Poor enforcement - Inactive/lazy enforcement lead to ineffective regulations - Governments that lack political influence or resources/face corruption, unable to ensure regulations adhered to - Prioritising economic development>> - Neglect environmental & social sustainability - Hindering sustainable tourism development - E.g, Mt Everest receives hundreds of tourists every year to climb, Nepali do not impose tight regulations so as to not lose tourists (&→) tourism revenue, leads to excessive waste disposal on the mountain (environmental sustainability ⬇) International organisations - Help to coordinate efforts and initiative across the country  - Help influence sustainable tourism development They are done through 1. Offering consultancy to countries on how sustainable tourism development can be achieved. 2. Providing financial assistance to different stakeholders. 3. Raising public awareness on how they can contribute to sustainable tourism development. International Government Organisations - Provide tourism consultancy services and financial assistance to promote sustainable tourism - Important in promoting sustainable tourism. Have knowledge, financial & technical expertise to provide assistance and facilitate communication between stakeholders.