Unit 5: Greece Part 2 PDF

Greece: Part II Mr. Ferolito World History 1 The Greek (Athenian) Golden Age Mr. Ferolito World History I Prayer Lord, Let your spirit be with me today, In everything that I do And I ask your loving concern today, For the entire St. John’s community. Remind me, through the...

Greece: Part II Mr. Ferolito World History 1 The Greek (Athenian) Golden Age Mr. Ferolito World History I Prayer Lord, Let your spirit be with me today, In everything that I do And I ask your loving concern today, For the entire St. John’s community. Remind me, through the day, that I am not alone. Amen. What does the term “Golden Age” mean for an empire or civilization? Starter Question Pericles Athens expanded and developed after defeating Persia Pericles brought Greece to its Golden Age (400s BC) Motivation: make Athens the best city-state (gods fought over them!) How? 1. Brought the best minds and artists from around the world 2. Diverse goods and materials 3. Unprecedented amount of wealth Delian League $ 1. Paid officeholders a salary 2. Built the Parthenon and other buildings for Athens Any problems? Pericles led to… Pericles led to…  Greek Philosophy Philosophy: the study of basic questions of reality and human existence Philosopher: “Lover of wisdom” Athena is the goddess of wisdom Conversed with one another Seeking to find universal truths  Socrates Born in Athens - we know little about his early life Fought in the Peloponnesian War Did not publish any works or write anything down Lessons 1. People who claim to be wise are not a. So how do you determine if they are and who to follow? 2. Need to ask questions! 3. Socratic Method/Seminar a. Basis of modern science and philosophy 4. Wisdom - knowledge of how much you don’t know Trial of Socrates - corrupting the youth of Athens, neglecting the gods Did not like democracy Plato Born in Athens to a wealthy family Student of Socrates Wrote using imaginary discussions (36 books) ○ Allegory of the Cave, The Republic, The Apology Goal: help people reach fulfillment in life 4 Big Ideas 1. Think More, Know Yourself a. Socratic discussion can get you there 2. Let your lover change you 3. Beauty is an ideal we chase 4. Reform society a. The Republic - led by “philosopher kings” b. Founded the Academy Aristotle Born in Macedonia - son of the royal doctor Student of Plato, Alexander the Great’s Teacher Goal: what makes a human life and society go well? 4 Big Questions 1. What makes people happy? a. The Golden Mean - 11 virtues b. You can practice/be taught these virtues 2. What is art for? a. Make truths easier to understand 3. What makes a true friend? a. Someone we care for like ourselves b. Not just for fun or for our own benefit 4. How to get people to agree with you? a. Rhetoric b. Humor, visuals, emotion  4 Ideals of Greek Art 1. Glorify Human Beings 2. Pride in City-States 3. Beliefs in harmony, balance, order, and moderation 4. Combination of beauty and usefulness *remember these for the Renaissance!  Architecture Built lavish gymnasiums, temples, theaters, etc. Parthenon - on the Acropolis A temple to honor Athena Very expensive 40 foot statue of Athena Parthenon Frieze Sculptures and Sculptors Only know about them because of the Romans At first awkward positions, then more lifelike Mathematical proportions to sculpt them perfectly Examples 1. Myron - The Discus Thrower 2. Phidias - Statue of Athena (Parthenon) 3. Phidias - Statue of Zeus (Ancient Wonder of the World) Greek Theater World’s first theater Twice a year all of Athens would go for a festival Incredibly noisy Favorites: Tragedies Often times about great men falling from high positions Life lessons: make you think Sophocles: Oedipus Rex ○ Tragedy: killed his father and married his mother ○ Cannot always control your destiny Not historical documents, but do tell us something Psychology of Ancient Athens Recreated in all of Greece  Science: Hippocrates Math: Pythagoras Disease does not come from the Believed everything could be Gods determined through mathematics Rest, fresh air, diet gave health Pythagorean Theorem Hippocratic Oath History: Herodotus and Thucydides Herodotus 1st historian of the Western World Other Wrote about just about everything in the Ancient World Exaggeration Achievements Thucydides: Peloponnesian Wars The caryatid porch of the Erechtheion in Athens, Greece The Peloponnesian War Mr. Ferolito World History I Prayer Let your spirit be with me today, In everything that I do And I ask your loving concern today, For the entire St. John’s community. Remind me, through the day, that I am not alone. Amen. Why do Civil Wars happen? Starter Question Delian/Peloponnesian League Reenactment Delian/Peloponnesian League Reenactment: Debrief 1. Hegemony: Sparta and Athens wanted to be the chief city state in Greece 2. Athens used Delian League for their own advancements 3. Corinth was scared of Athenian imperialism and expansion in Italy 4. Differences in political/governmental ideologies 5. Thebes (PL) attacked Plataea (DL) Greece Post Greco-Persian Wars Athens Big Question: Who is our future enemy? Two Parties 1. War Hawks: Sparta is the threat, not Persia 2. Peace Doves: Persia is the threat, Sparta is our friend Delian League Purpose: To eliminate Persian influence in Greece Pay tribute to a treasury on the island of Delos ○ Eventually moved to Athens Any decisions determined by vote: each member got 1 An Athenian High Command controlled the treasury and final decisions Pact: The sinking of iron The War Begins Corinth upset Sparta and Athens controlled the Greek world Bashed Athens and said they were threats to Greek liberty (big deal) Thebes (PL) attacked Plataea (DL) Athens declared war on Thebes Sparta joins Thebes…the war officially began  The War (431-404 BC) Athens attacked Syracuse During a truce/treaty Spartans attacked Athenians Allied with Syracuse because they are a colony of… ○ Corinth Athenians suffer great losses Persia helped the Spartans, why? 1. Payback for Greco-Persian Wars 2. Athens weak, Greece weak 3. Delian League in Asia Minor Pericles Funeral Oration The Gettysburg Address  Pericles Funeral Oration (Thucydides) Wherefore I do not now pity the parents of the dead who stand here; I would rather comfort them. You know that your dead have passed away amid manifold vicissitudes; and that they may be deemed fortunate who have gained their utmost honor, whether an honorable death like theirs, or an honorable sorrow like yours, and whose share of happiness has been so ordered that the term of their happiness is likewise the term of their life. I know how hard it is to make you feel this, when the good fortune of others will too often remind you of the gladness which once lightened your hearts. And sorrow is felt at the want of those blessings, not which a man never knew, but which were a part of his life before they were taken from him. Some of you are of an age at which they may hope to have other children, and they ought to bear their sorrow better; not only will the children who may hereafter be born make them forget their own lost ones, but the city will be doubly a gainer. She will not be left desolate, and she will be safer. For a man's counsel cannot have equal weight or worth, when he alone has no children to risk in the general danger. To those of you who have passed their prime, I say: "Congratulate yourselves that you have been happy during the greater part of your days; remember that your life of sorrow will not last long, and be comforted by the glory of those who are gone. For the love of honor alone is ever young, and not riches, as some say, but honor is the delight of men when they are old and useless. The War Continued Spartans had the stronger army Attacked and destroyed Attica peninsula Athenians hid behind its walls Siege of Athens Plague breaks out in the city Pericles died Sparta beat Athens’ navy! 27 year war Were some times of peace and truce Athenians and Delian League surrender, Sparta and Peloponnesian League Win  Results of the War 1. Terrible for Athens a. Still strong in cultural influence b. But its empire was dismantled and never returned 2. Sparta and Thebes tried to control Greece a. Their efforts are futile (unsuccessful) b. S: did not become a great city and no empire 3. Huge impact on Greece as a whole a. Dismantled and never was as powerful as it was before the war b. Open for someone to conquer it Alexander the Great? Mr. Ferolito World History I Prayer Let your spirit be with me today, In everything that I do And I ask your loving concern today, For the entire St. John’s community. Remind me, through the day, that I am not alone. Amen. What does it mean to call someone “great?” Starter Question What does it mean to call someone “great?” Starter Question Philip II of Macedonia Some regard him as the best ruler Europe Philip Conquered and unified Greece had seen to this point Gained followers in all major city states of Greece Royal hostage in Thebes Gave them gold and silver Sent there by his brother to stop a war with Greece Died: murdered Learned about mainland Greek culture Macedonia Divided before Philip Philip unified Macedonia 1. Great Politician 2. Discovered Gold in his realm 3. Created a standing army “He was born on third base and thought he hit a triple.” Quote (not about Alexander exactly) Alexander’s Accomplishments Studied under Aristotle and his father At 13, tamed a horse no one else could ride named Bucephalus Father was so impressed he told him that Macedonia was too small for a man like him Wanted to conquer the world Alexander’s Military Accolades Conquered all the land of the Persian Empire Wanted India - Easily made it to Indus River ○ Alexander’s army refused to continue Supposedly never lost a battle Alexander’s Influence on the World Peace in the Mediterranean Re-introduced the idea of an absolute monarchy to Macedonian, Greeks, and Persians all the Greco-Roman world helped to rule Practiced ruler worship No more democracy - Good or bad for Greece? Common Language: Greek Spread into the Middle East (original Bible Math and Physics in Greek) Euclid: geometry wrote Elements More efficient trading and communication Archimedes than ever before ○ Death ray? ○ Playing with light? ○ Disco ball?? Spread of Hellenistic Culture Asian and Mediterranean culture combined Cities of Alexandria Alexandria, Egypt: hub of intellectual world at the time (famous library) Alexander’s Influence on the World Peace in the Mediterranean Re-introduced the idea of an absolute monarchy to Macedonian, Greeks, and Persians all the Greco-Roman world helped to rule Practiced ruler worship No more democracy - Good or bad for Greece? Common Language: Greek Spread into the Middle East (original Bible Math and Physics in Greek) Euclid: geometry wrote Elements More efficient trading and communication Archimedes than ever before ○ Death ray? ○ Playing with light? ○ Disco ball?? Spread of Hellenistic Culture Asian and Mediterranean culture combined Cities of Alexandria Alexandria, Egypt: hub of intellectual world at the time (famous library) What happened to his Empire? His empire was visually impressive (12 year expansion) But actually not much of an empire Nothing was set up to help it last after Alexander died Alexander died young (only 32/33) Fever or Poisoning? Hellenistic Kingdoms emerged after his death Antigonids (Greece/Macedon) Ptolemies (Egypt) Seleucids (Persia) All lasted longer than Alexander’s individual empire Rome eventually took control over all of them Alexander the Great & Diogenes Who said he was Great? Legends 1. Chased a Persian king around to kill him, someone else did, so he chased around the person who did 2. Walked through desert, then it rained 3. Attracted wife Roxana (she wasn’t Greek or Macedonian!) No accounts were written while he was alive High probability of lies and embellishment So who told us he was Great? 1. Napoleon: Emperor from 19th century France 2. Pompey: Roman statesman from 1 century Rome So we remember him as great because people said he was…. But was he?  Things to Remember Greek Golden Age Peloponnesian War Alexander the Great Philip II Pericles Delian League vs. Peloponnesian League Never lost a battle? $ from Delian League to pay office holders and Sparta, Athens, and Antigonids, Ptolemies, and rebuild Athens Corinth Motives Seleucids Best minds went to Athens Thebes attacked Plataea Pompey and Napoleon Myron, Phidias, Socrates, Persia got involved Plato, Aristotle, Oedipus Left Greece open for conquering 1. The Athenian Golden Age/Greek Philosophers How did the cultural and intellectual advancements of the Athenian Golden Age shape the identity of Athens and influence later civilizations? Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle had different views on knowledge, government, and ethics. Which philosopher’s ideas do you think had the most lasting impact, and why? In what ways did the achievements of the Athenian Golden Age depend on the democratic structure of Athens? Do you think these achievements could have happened under a different system? 2. The Peloponnesian War What were the main causes of the Peloponnesian War, and how did underlying tensions between Athens and Sparta lead to conflict? How did the outcomes of the Peloponnesian War impact the Greek world politically, economically, and socially? Do you think Athens’ decision-making during the war was justified, or could they have taken a different approach to avoid their defeat? 3. Alexander the Great Was Alexander the Great’s ambition to create a unified empire through conquest justified, or do you think his methods caused more harm than good? How did Alexander’s policies, such as blending Greek and Persian cultures, influence the regions he conquered and shape the Hellenistic world? Do you believe Alexander’s title of “the Great” is deserved? Why or why not?