The Protestant Reformation PDF

God Pope The Pope was the only connection to God Cardinals Archbishops Bishops Priests and Monks Laity – not in the church  100 Years War and Black Death Clerg...

God Pope The Pope was the only connection to God Cardinals Archbishops Bishops Priests and Monks Laity – not in the church  100 Years War and Black Death Clergy was uneducated, and thought to have ultimate authority, even over scripture Busy with worldly affairs – not doing spiritual work Scientific Advances which contradicted the Catholic Church Indulgences – paying $$ for a pardon of sins or reward for good behavior Merchants were tired of paying church taxes  Secularism Individualism Christian humanists  Early Calls for Church Reform: The Minor Reformers Pierre Valdo of France: Had the bible translated into french, opposed Catholic authority John Wycliffe of England: Translated the Bible into English Jan Huss of Bohemia: Preached Church services in the vernacular All taught that the Bible had more authority than church leaders Huss was burned at the stake Wycliffe died before he could be killed and so was given a posthumous “execution”. His body was exhumed and burned to ashes. Pierre died of natural causes  Protestant = someone who protested against the Catholic Church Reformation = when people demand changes  2.1 Review Questions 1. During the Renaissance, who held the societal power of the time? 2. What was the hierarchy of the church before the Reformation 3. How did the hierarchy of the church effect the people of Europe 4. Who were some of the early reformers and what is a possible reason they weren’t successful, and what was their fate? 5. What were the main causes of the Reformation 6. What does it mean to be a Protestant  2.2 Essential Questions 1. Link the Reformation to what Europe was like just before the Renaissance 2. Who was Martin Luther and what were his beliefs 3. How did his beliefs conflict with church 4. What was Martin Luther’s 95 theses, and what was its impact 5. What was one of the main reasons Martin Luther’s theses succeeded Martin Luther John Calvin Henry VIII  Was a German Monk who was dissatisfied with the church and believed: Faith saves people, not good works Ultimate authority for Christians is the Bible No one is more important in God’s eyes; all humans are = before God  Tetzel (a friar) was selling indulgences: certificates that take away sins Merchants want usury (lending $ and charging interest – Catholic Church says usury is wrong) Absolute power of & wealth of the Church Domination of Church by Italians (angered Germans and English)  Was a list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church Luther criticized: The Pope’s power The church’s extreme wealth Indulgences  Posted on Church doors in Wittenberg Germany (1517) Gutenberg’s Printing Press spread it quickly Gained support from people and criticism from Church  A little about Gutenberg's Printing Press Could print about 250 sheets per hour Made it possible to produce books and other texts quickly, accurately, and less expensively Allowed Access to books to the middle class What do you think was the first full book to be printed on the press? This led to an increase in the Was it “The Prince” by Machiavelli? literacy and education of the Maybe “Canterbury Tales” by Chaucer? public It was the Gutenberg Bible  Salvation by faith alone Teaching based on the Bible All people are equal before God  Pope during the height of church corruption 1520 Pope Leo X ordered Luther to give up his beliefs  Charles V summoned Luther to trial in the town of Worms Created the Edict of Worms- Luther declared an outlaw and heretic As Luther left the trial, he was “kidnapped”  Peasants want an end to serfdom and revolt in 1524 Luther does not support the revolt and the princes of Germany massacre 100,000 people  Northern German princes supported Luther Other princes agree to join forces against them Charles V declared war against Protestants 1555- Peace of Augsburg- religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler. “Whose “Cuius regio realm, eius hisreligio” religion”  The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) The Peace of Augsburg was short lived, and it did not resolve the underlying religious conflict. Calvinism added to the tension as it became a major religious player that was not covered in the Augsburg Treaty. King Henry VIII Began reign as a devout Catholic He and his wife (Catherine of Aragon) had a daughter Mary, but no male heir Convinced that Catherine could no longer have children, Henry wanted a divorce The Pope could annul (set aside) a marriage, but refused Henry called on Parliament to pass laws ending Pope’s power in England and legalize his divorce In 1534, Henry breaks from the Catholic Church and declared  Wife Children Death Catherine of Mary I Divorced Aragon Elizabeth I Anne Boleyn Beheaded Jane Edward Died Seymour Anne of None Divorced Cleves Catherine None Beheaded Howard Catherine None Survived Parr  Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn Combined Catholic styles w/Protestant teaching to please both religions Elizabeth I makes the Anglican Church the official church of all of Great Britain  His ideas hit the Church with a: POW Predestination -God chooses who goes to heaven , you don’t get there by good works (as opposed to Luther who believed faith got you to heaven) Our moral lives will reveal if we’re chosen by God to go to heaven or hell Work ethic, righteous life that honors God  Calvinism: The five points of Calvinism T.U.L.I.P. T - Total Depravity ○ people are totally morally corrupt U - Unconditional Election ○ God chooses whom he will elect to go to heaven, and those to go to hell, w/o conditions. L - Limited Atonement ○ God only died for the sins of the elect. I - Irresistible Grace ○ God’s grace is irresistible P - Preservation of the Saints ○ Once you are saved, you are always saved.  Calvin believed in: Salvation through Predestination At birth, it is decided if you will go to heaven or hell  Started in Switzerland Calvin went to Geneva, Switzerland and led the city He believed the ideal government was a theocracy (government controlled by religious leaders)  John Knox visited Calvin in Geneva and liked his teachings He returned to his native Scotland and his followers were called Presbyterians  Another Christian group to split off Anabaptist (Ana-Means Re, or again) = “baptize again” Believed in the age of accountability only people who were old enough to decide to be Christian should be baptized Persecuted across Europe