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Questions and Answers
What was the role of the Pope in the church hierarchy before the Reformation?
What was the role of the Pope in the church hierarchy before the Reformation?
Which of the following individuals translated the Bible into English?
Which of the following individuals translated the Bible into English?
What was a major criticism of the clergy during the time leading up to the Reformation?
What was a major criticism of the clergy during the time leading up to the Reformation?
What does the term 'indulgences' refer to in the context of the Catholic Church?
What does the term 'indulgences' refer to in the context of the Catholic Church?
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What was a significant consequence of the Protestant Reformation?
What was a significant consequence of the Protestant Reformation?
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What was the ultimate fate of Jan Huss for his teachings?
What was the ultimate fate of Jan Huss for his teachings?
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Which of the following concepts is closely associated with the Reformation movement?
Which of the following concepts is closely associated with the Reformation movement?
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What does it mean to be a Protestant?
What does it mean to be a Protestant?
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What was the main reason King Henry VIII sought a divorce from Catherine of Aragon?
What was the main reason King Henry VIII sought a divorce from Catherine of Aragon?
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Which of the following was NOT a consequence of Henry VIII's break from the Catholic Church?
Which of the following was NOT a consequence of Henry VIII's break from the Catholic Church?
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What concept distinguishes Calvinism from Lutheranism regarding salvation?
What concept distinguishes Calvinism from Lutheranism regarding salvation?
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Which of the following best describes the T in the acronym T.U.L.I.P. as it relates to Calvinism?
Which of the following best describes the T in the acronym T.U.L.I.P. as it relates to Calvinism?
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What was Elizabeth I's significant contribution to the religious landscape of Great Britain?
What was Elizabeth I's significant contribution to the religious landscape of Great Britain?
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What does the concept of 'Irresistible Grace' in Calvinism imply?
What does the concept of 'Irresistible Grace' in Calvinism imply?
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Which event does the phrase 'Cuius regio, eius religio' refer to in regards to local governance of religion?
Which event does the phrase 'Cuius regio, eius religio' refer to in regards to local governance of religion?
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Which of the following statements about Calvinism is true?
Which of the following statements about Calvinism is true?
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What was one of Martin Luther’s main beliefs that contributed to the success of his theses?
What was one of Martin Luther’s main beliefs that contributed to the success of his theses?
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What was the role of Gutenberg’s Printing Press in Martin Luther's movement?
What was the role of Gutenberg’s Printing Press in Martin Luther's movement?
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How did Luther respond to the peasant revolts of 1524?
How did Luther respond to the peasant revolts of 1524?
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What was the Edict of Worms regarding Martin Luther?
What was the Edict of Worms regarding Martin Luther?
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What was one criticism Martin Luther had against the Catholic Church?
What was one criticism Martin Luther had against the Catholic Church?
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Which of the following statements best describes Luther's view of humanity?
Which of the following statements best describes Luther's view of humanity?
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What significant event occurred in 1555 related to the Protestant Reformation?
What significant event occurred in 1555 related to the Protestant Reformation?
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What type of document did Martin Luther post on the Church doors in Wittenberg?
What type of document did Martin Luther post on the Church doors in Wittenberg?
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Study Notes
Catholic Church Hierarchy
- The Pope was the sole connection to God
- Cardinals, Archbishops, and Bishops formed the next levels of authority
- Priests and Monks were below Bishops
- Laity (non-church members) were at the bottom
Causes of the Reformation
- 100 Years War and Black Death
- Uneducated clergy who believed they held ultimate authority over scripture
- Clergy preoccupied with worldly affairs rather than spiritual work
- Contradictory scientific discoveries
- Indulgences (paying for sins gone)
- Merchants tired of church taxes
Renaissance Ideas
- Secularism refers to the principle of separating religion from political, social, and educational institutions. It promotes the idea that the state should remain neutral in matters of religious belief, ensuring that religious groups do not influence public policy or governance. This concept emerged strongly during the Renaissance, as scholars began to prioritize human reasoning and empirical evidence over traditional religious authority. The rise of secularism encouraged intellectual freedom and gave rise to new philosophies that focused on human experience and the material world, rather than solely on spiritual concerns. This shift played a significant role in the development of modern societies, as it allowed for greater tolerance of diverse beliefs and fostered an environment in which science, philosophy, and the arts could flourish independently of ecclesiastical control.
- Individualism
- Christian humanists
Early Calls for Church Reform: The Minor Reformers
- Pierre Valdo of France translated the Bible into French and opposed Catholic authority
- John Wycliffe of England translated the Bible into English
- Jan Huss of Bohemia preached church services in the vernacular
- These reformers believed the Bible held more authority than church leaders
- Some of the reformers were burned at the stake or executed posthumously
What Was the Protestant Reformation?
- Protestant: Someone against the Catholic Church
- Reformation: A time when people demanded changes in the church
Review Questions (2.1)
- During the Renaissance, secular leaders held societal power
- The church hierarchy consisted of the Pope, Cardinals, Archbishops, Bishops, Priests, Monks, and Laity
- The church hierarchy influenced the lives of Europeans by dictating religious practices and social structures
- Early reformers included Pierre Valdo, John Wycliffe, and Jan Huss
- Reasons for their unsuccessful reform movements included strong opposition from the Catholic Church, their radical ideas, and persecution
- Key causes of the Reformation included the 100 Years War, the Black Death, the clergy's worldly interests, scientific discoveries, indulgences and church taxes
Essential Questions (2.2)
- The Reformation occurred after the Renaissance
- Martin Luther was a German monk. He believed salvation came through faith, not good works, and the Bible was the ultimate authority for Christians
- His beliefs conflicted with the Catholic Church's practices of selling indulgences, holding wealth and power
- Martin Luther's 95 Theses challenged the Pope's authority, the extreme wealth of the church, and the practice of indulgences
- The success of the theses was assisted by Gutenberg's Printing Press
Major Reformers
- Martin Luther
- John Calvin
- Henry VIII
Martin Luther
- He was a German monk dissatisfied with the Catholic Church
- He believed faith, not good works, saved people
- He believed the Bible held ultimate authority over Christians
- He believed all humans are equal before God
Luther's Issues with the Church
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Selling of indulgences
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Merchants charging interest (usury)
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Church's wealth and power
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The significant influence and control exerted by Italians during this historical period stemmed from their economic, cultural, and political advancements. Italy emerged as a major center of trade and commerce, which allowed Italian city-states like Venice, Genoa, and Florence to thrive and dominate Mediterranean trade routes. This prosperity facilitated the rise of influential banking families, such as the Medici, who played crucial roles in financing arts, politics, and exploration.
Additionally, the Italian Renaissance marked a period of profound cultural rebirth, showcasing remarkable advancements in art, science, and philosophy. Renowned figures such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Galileo Galilei not only shaped their respective fields but also had a lasting impact on European culture as a whole.
Through their innovations and leadership in various sectors, Italians set the stage for artistic and intellectual movements that would resonate throughout Europe, establishing Italy as a central power both culturally and economically during this era.
Luther's 95 Theses
- A list of criticisms about the Catholic Church
- Luther argued against the Pope's power, the church's extreme wealth, and indulgences
- Posted on doors in Wittenberg
- Gutenberg's printing press led to quick spread
Gutenberg's Printing Press
- Could print approximately 250 sheets per hour
- Made book creation more accessible
- Allowed the middle class to obtain books
- Increased literacy
Martin Luther's Main Teachings
- Salvation by faith alone
- Teaching based on the Bible
- All people are equal
Pope Leo X Medici
- Pope during the height of church corruption
- Ordered Luther to renounce his beliefs
The Holy Roman Emperor
- Charles V summoned Luther to trial in Worms
- Issued the Edict of Worms, declaring him an outlaw and heretic
Peasant Reaction
- Peasants revolted against serfdom in 1524
- Luther did not support the revolt, and the princes of Germany massacred 100,000 people
Lutherans and Catholics at War
- Northern German princes supported Luther
- Other princes joined forces against them
- Charles V declared war against the Protestants
- 1555 Peace of Augsburg — Each German state's religion would be decided by its ruler.
The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
- The Peace of Augsburg, established in 1555, failed to provide long-term resolution to religious conflicts, leading to ongoing disputes between Lutheran and Catholic territories in the Holy Roman Empire.
- Calvinism heightened religious tension
King Henry VIII
- Began as a devout Catholic
- Wanted a divorce from Catherine of Aragon
- Pope refused an annulment
- Henry passed laws ending papal power in England
- Declared himself head of the Church of England
The 6 Wives of Henry VIII
- Catherine of Aragon, Ann Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr had different fates
Queen Elizabeth I
- Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
- Combined Catholic and Protestant styles
- Made the Anglican Church the official church of Great Britain
John Calvin
- His ideas challenged the Catholic Church
- Developed the concept of predestination (God chooses who goes to heaven)
- Believed moral life reflected predestination
- Emphasized a strong work ethic, which was viewed as essential for personal success and community stability.
Calvinism: The Five Points of Calvinism (T.U.L.I.P)
- Total Depravity: People are morally corrupted
- Unconditional Election: God chooses who goes to heaven independently of works
- Limited Atonement: Christ died only for the elect
- Irresistible Grace: God's grace cannot be resisted
- Perseverance of the Saints: Saved individuals remain saved
Predestination
- Calvin's belief that salvation is predetermined at birth
Calvinism
- Calvinism began in Switzerland during the early 16th century, primarily influenced by the work of theologian John Calvin, who established a systematic approach to Christian doctrine that emphasized predestination and the sovereignty of God.
- Calvin led the city of Geneva as a key figure in the Protestant Reformation, implementing strict religious regulations.
- He believed government should be a theocracy (religious leaders in control).
John Knox
- Henry VIII’s visit to Calvin in Geneva allowed him to explore and appreciate Calvin's revolutionary theological ideas, particularly regarding predestination and church governance.
- after a period of political instability and conflict.
- His followers were known as Presbyterians, a group that originated from his teachings and beliefs and became prominent in various parts of Europe, particularly in Scotland.
The Anabaptists
- Another Christian group that broke away
- Believed in adult baptism
- Experienced persecution throughout Europe
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Description
Explore the structure of the Catholic Church hierarchy and understand the various causes that led to the Reformation. This quiz also covers Renaissance ideas that shaped the period, as well as the contributions of early reformers like Wycliffe and Huss. Test your knowledge of this pivotal time in church history!
