Copy of SOC SCI PDF Guide Questions

01-23-25 Guide Questions -​ What role does Social Science 2 play in the university’s GE program? 1.​ Explain empirical phenomena. -​ What are the contributions of the Presocratics to critical thinking? -​ What are the contributions of the Sophists to critical thinking? -​ Wha...

01-23-25 Guide Questions -​ What role does Social Science 2 play in the university’s GE program? 1.​ Explain empirical phenomena. -​ What are the contributions of the Presocratics to critical thinking? -​ What are the contributions of the Sophists to critical thinking? -​ What are the main contributions of Socrates to political philosophy? Epistemology ”the study of knowledge, how is knowledge produced” -​ what is the nature of the relationship between the knower and what can be known? -​ how do you produce knowledge? -​ sino pinapakinggan mo when it comes to medical? -​ Ontology ”the study of being, the nature of social entities” -​ what is the form and nature of knowledge? -​ how certain can we be? Methodology ”the ways through which we acquire knowledge” -​ how do we know? -​ 01-28-25 (video analysis) Presocratists -​ philosophers before socrates -​ worship nature -​ new colonies -​ no public support for modern science -​ Natural philosophies loved by greeks Works of Presocratists -​ they weren’t scientists in modern sense -​ theories Presocratics and Philosophical Philosophy Presocratics -​ 6th and 5th century BCE -​ Greek thinkers who introduced a new way of inquiring into the world and the place of human beings in it -​ They were primarily concerned/preoccupied with cosmological and physical speculation -​ their ideas maybe speculation but its the basis and foundation of concepts/disciplines/other philosophers -​ all they had was fragmentary evidence? -​ Fragmentary evidence complicates our understanding of the Presocratics -​ Basis of their ideas were works of later philosophers, historians, nd Presocratics: The Milesians -​ Aristotle says that Thales of Miletus (now Turkey) was the first to engage in the search for “causes and principles” of the natural world -​ questions about day and night, rain, etc. -​ Thales declared water to be the first abuse of the natural world and predicted solar eclipse in 585 BCE -​ Anaximander reportedly created a sphere of the heavens serving as an astronomical and cosmological model was the first to draw a map of the inhabited world -​ They did not see so-called “scientific” and “ philosophical” question as belonging to separate disciplines, requiring distinct methods of inquiry Presocratics: Xenophon’s and Ephesus -​ Xenophon’s and Heraclitus go further than the Milesians not only through their focus on the human subject and the expanded range of their physical explanations, but by investigating the nature of inquiry itself  -​ no separations of spiritual and supernatural and scientific Xenophanes -​ Claims that all meteorological phenomena are clouds, colored, moving, incandescent: rainbow, St. Elmo’s fire, the sun, the moon -​ The god are not going to reveal anything to us; we are epistemologically autonomous and must rely on our own capacity for inquiry Heraclitus -​ Human prescriptive law must harmonize with divine law, but he is also asserting that divine law encompasses both the universal laws of the cosmos itself and the particular Presocratics: Parmenides of Elea -​ Explores the nature of philosophical inquiry, concentrating less on the contents of knowledge or understanding than on what sort of thing can be understood -​ Human thought can reach genuine knowledge or understanding, and that there are certain marks or signs that act as guarantees that the goal of knowledge has been reached -​ ano ba ang scope ng pwede nating alamin? -​ how was previous knowledge acquired? -​ A fundamental part of Parmenides’ claim is that what must Presocratics: Debates and Issues -​ “Presocratic,” coined in the eighteenth century, was made current by Herman Diels in the nineteenth, -​ The term was meant to differentiate between Socrates who was interested in moral problems, and his predecessors, who were supposed to be concerned with cosmological and physical speculation First Problem; “Presocratic” if taken strictly as a chronological term, is not accurate, for the last of them were contemporaneous with Socrates and even Plato -​ Socrates was like the Jordan of Philosophy. Second problem: considering these thinkers as philosophers. That is almost certainly not how they could have described themselves -​ Heraclitus: “those who are lovers of wisdom must be inquirers into many things” , the word he uses, philosophos, does not have the special sense that it acquires in the works of Plato and Aristotle What are the contributions of the Sophists to critical thinking? Sophists and Political Philosophy -​ new kind of professional intellectual and teacher in late 5th century BC -​ They debated fundamental moral and political issues, and especially the question of the origin and nature of justice, and the question whether t was better for the community, and better for the individual to be just or unjust -​ The main sophists include Protagoras, who presented justice as an indispensable ingredient of political life -​ Theasymachus contended that every community really is controlled by some faction in its own interest, making laws which favor itself -​ Antiphon's work stressed the problems of justice by highlighting other difficulties, costs, and dangers to the individual being just. Significance of Sophists -​ Forged influential new methods -​ Public Forums, who should lead the city, how to improve the policies and government -​ Formed a distinctive group principally because they originated charging fees for teaching (naniningil) -​ Some similarities in their method of analysis and argument, and all of them claimed to be able to impart practical skills of communication (justifying their charges), but they did not share any set of beliefs and were not a “school” of thought -​ Leading citizens in their own poleis (politically independent city-states), came from, and taught i’m, poleis all over the Greek world, but tended to congregate in Athens -​ Offered a kind of higher education (teaching wealthy young men) for the first time in Greece, and they became famous and prosperous (generally unpopular in Athen) Protagoras and the Politics of the Community -​ teaches political skill and makes his pupils good citizens -​ a pupil gains “good judgement (euboulia) about domestic matters, so that he may best manage his own household, and about political affairs…” -​ Protagoras vs. Socrates: Can political skills be taught?>> highlights the important distinction between expert technical knowledge and general political competence. What are the contributions of the Sophists to critical thinking?