SC NATS 1670 Lecture Notes Fall/Winter 2023-2024 PDF

SC NATS 1670 LECTURE & WRITTEN NOTES CONCEPTS IN HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE FALL/WINTER 2023-2024 Thursday in LAS A Dr. Motti Anafi Faculty of Science Division of Natural Science http://natsci.info.yorku.ca/ Course Outline SC/NATS 1670 (Section A) CONCEPTS IN HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE F/W 2023-4 La...

SC NATS 1670 LECTURE & WRITTEN NOTES CONCEPTS IN HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE FALL/WINTER 2023-2024 Thursday in LAS A Dr. Motti Anafi Faculty of Science Division of Natural Science http://natsci.info.yorku.ca/ Course Outline SC/NATS 1670 (Section A) CONCEPTS IN HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE F/W 2023-4 Land Acknowledgement York University recognizes that many Indigenous Nations have longstanding relationships with the territories upon which York University campuses are located that precede the establishment of York University. York University acknowledges its presence on the traditional territory of many Indigenous Nations. The area known as Tkaronto has been care taken of by the Anishinabek Nation, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, and the Huron-Wendat. It is now home to many First Nation, Inuit, and Métis communities. We acknowledge the current treaty holders, the Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation. This territory is the subject of the Dish with One Spoon Wampum Belt Covenant, an agreement to peaceably share and care for the Great Lakes region. Course Instructor(s) and Contact Information Course Director Dr. Motti Anafi, E-Mail: [email protected] I will usually be available before and after each in-class meeting to address individual questions. If you need to speak with me out of class, please send me an email to set an appointment. Course TA marker: TBA Sending an e-mail to the Course Director Your e-mail will be read and answered as soon as possible. However, I will open only e-mails that fulfill the following requirements: • Your e-mail must be sent from your YorkU formal e-mail account (not from the eClass, Hotmail, Gmail, etc.) – emails from the eClass or other non- yorku.ca e-mail accounts will likely languish in a spam folder that is checked only intermittently. • Be sure to include your full name and student number in your email text. • Your e-mail must include “NATS/1670” in the subject line • Your e-mail must NOT include an attachment 1 Expanded Course Description The course will be given with three-course hours (online and in-person) per week. Note: This course is not open to any student who has passed SC/BIOL 1010 6.00 or who has passed or is taking BIO 1000 3.00 or BIO 1001 3.00. Upon successful completion of this course, students should be able to understand important concepts and principles related to susceptibility to diseases: These concepts will consist of a variety of health threats from a biological perspective, with a focus on issues that are relevant to the 20-30 age group, approaching immunological, bacterial, viral and genetic diseases from a multi-disciplinary perspective. The course gives students who are not majoring in biology an overview of medical biology, consolidating knowledge on basic and applied biology with social and ethical issues related to human health, in a manner that is applicable and relevant to practical health decisions made by young people. Course Learning Outcomes GOAL: Understand the importance of microbes for our health and their ability to cause diseases. After completing the materials of this course, you should be able to... 1. evaluate the ability of emerging diseases to affect the health of the human population around the globe. 2. compare and contrast bacterial and eukaryotic cell structure and function. 3. describe the central dogma and its applications for human health. 3. understand the importance of vaccination. 4. summarize the effect of viruses on human health. 5. describe the role of HIV in the development of AIDS and the effect of the disease on society. 6. predict the effect of viruses such as Influenza on the possibility of major pandemics. 7. describe the importance of vaccination in preventing cervical cancer by HPV. Schedule Course Schedule The course is a blended course Thursdays 10:00-11:30 am: This time is dedicated to the online portion of the blended course, to be used by students on their own to cover the material of the prerecorded lectures. No in-person class during that time. You should cover the material on your own. If you wish, you can use LAS A for this. Thursdays 11:30 am-1:00 pm in LAS A: This is the in-class portion of the course. You need to be there. Attendance will be taken and this record will be used for the attendance grade. 2 Teaching methods • In the last couple of years, we had at the university many discussions about the best teaching methods for “online” and “in-person” courses. As for NATS1670 F/W 2023-4, I decided to take the best from both methods and combine them. For this course decided to use blended course strategies. • "What is a blended course strategy? In the blended course we replace teacher lectures with instructional material, often prerecorded lectures and quizzes, that students can cover on their own. Later, students apply what they learned on their own from the prerecorded lectures in sessions in class through various activities such as questions answers, and discussions. The combination of both, online and in class will be applied in quizzes (online) and exams (in class). • Accordingly, the lectures and the discussions are going to be delivered in two different modes: First, students need to cover the relevant pre-recorded lecture/s on their own, and second, we will have In-class / in-person meetings for further discussions of the material covered in the pre-recorded lectures, including Q & A sessions, after exam reviews and much more. • The online portion will be online only (I will not repeat the entire lecture in class) • The in-class portion will be in-class only. For many reasons, the in-class session will not be recorded. YOU NEED TO ATTEND THE CLASS FOR IN-CLASS ACTIVITIES. The “in-person” meetings are not going to be recorded. • Still, I opened for you an activity called WIKI where students can post summaries of the inclass activities. Furthermore, the FORUM can be used for questions and discussions as well. • All exams (mid-terms and final) will take place in class only. There is no online version for these evaluations. • The pre-recorded lectures consist of the complete material of the course. As for the in-class portion of the course: We will meet in LAS A once a week. It is highly recommended for students to attend these meetings. Attendance will be taken and the attendance report will be used for calculating the attendance grade. • The pre-recorded lectures will be posted in three “waves”: the first cluster, and the lectures for the chapters to be covered on the first mid-term. Later, as the second cluster, the lectures cover the second mid-term. Later, I will post the rest of the material for the course. • Students can use the delivery method in quite a flexible way: For example, you can access the visual material covered in high-resolution pre-recorded lectures at any time convenient to you as many times as you wish. You will have the flexibility to view the entire lecture at once or to stop the lecture at any stage of the lecture. You can run the lecture more quickly or slowly. You can turn down/up the audio as you wish. • • Few tips on how to study for the course: As for the exams and quizzes, you must know and understand the material presented in the pre-recorded lectures. The optional readings can help students consolidate and expand their understanding of the material. However, many of these resources will not be covered in class (or in prerecorded lectures). On the exams, I will concentrate on topics covered in the pre-recorded lectures and their applications. However, reading the optional reading material and attending the “in-class” meetings are likely to be very helpful. 3 • • The material presented in the lectures and other components of the course such as tests and exams have been developed from a large variety of resources, including websites, textbook supplements, and other material mentioned. I will usually be available before/after each in-class meeting to address individual questions. If you need to speak with me out of class, please send me an email to set an appointment. Evaluation Exams (mid-terms and final) • Note: we will have the mid-term and final exams in class only. There is no online version for these evaluations 1) Mid-Term Exam 1 15% Date: Thursday, October 26, 2023 Time: 11:30 am Duration: 60 minutes Location: LAS A Material to be covered: Part 1: Introduction 2) Mid-Term Exam 2 15% Date/ Time/ Location: Formal Fall exam period, TBA by the registrar’s office. Duration: 60 minutes Material to be covered: the exam is cumulative, but I will concentrate on Part 2: The Molecular Basis of Biology. 3) Mid-Term Exam 3 15% Date: Thursday, February 8, 2024 Time: 11:30 am Duration: 60 minutes Location: LAS A Material to be covered: the exam is cumulative, but I will concentrate on Part 3: The Immune System 4) Final Exam 30% Date and location: During Winter formal exam period. More information will be published by the registrar's office. Duration: 180 minutes Material to be covered: The exam is cumulative: everything covered from the beginning of the course is a “fair game” on the final exam. However, I will ask a few more questions on the material that was not covered in mid-terms, e.g. Part 4: Infectious Diseases, Basic Concepts in Human Virology. Online Quizzes: Best five out of six online quizzes (4% of the final grade for each) Overall 20% 1st online quiz: The quiz will be open on Oct 16 -Oct 18 at 11:00 pm You will have 30 minutes to answer all 20 multiple-choice questions. This quiz is on the following material: Week 1: Diversity of life Week 2: Cell structure and function Week 3-4: Emerging infectious diseases 4 2nd online quiz: The quiz will be open on Nov 13 – Nov 15 at 11:00 pm You will have 30 minutes to answer all 20 multiple-choice questions. Covers weeks 5-7: From the DNA to the organism and Mutations and cancer 3rd online quiz: The quiz will be open on Jan 20- Jan 23 at 11:00 pm You will have 30 minutes to answer all 20 multiple-choice questions. The material to be covered: Part 2: the immune system (weeks 8-12) 4th online quiz: The quiz will be open on Feb 25 – Feb 28 at 11:00 pm You will have 30 minutes to answer all 20 multiple-choice questions. The material for the quiz: Week 13-15- Basic concepts in virology 5th online quiz: The quiz will be open on March 11 – March 13 at 11:00 pm You will have 30 minutes to answer all 20 multiple-choice questions. The quiz cover weeks 16-20: the lectures on HIV and HPV 6th online quiz: The quiz will be open on March 27 – March 30 at 11:00 pm You will have 30 minutes to answer all 20 multiple-choice questions. The quiz cover weeks 20 to 23: the lectures on Influenza virus and the Flu Attendance to the in-person meetings 5% For attendance grade: the grade will be calculated out of 80%. If you are on the attendance list 80% of the time you will get the full grade (2.5 points for each semester). So, for this component of the grade you have a 20% buffer. This accounts for a missed class (e.g. due to illness, transportation-related issues, family-related issues, or any other reasons) or simply if you forgot to sign the attendance. No justification (doctor's note, e. mail to the course director) will be required if you have missed signing the attendee sheet as all the above issues are covered by the 20% buffer. Experiential Education and E-Learning The Course eClass website To access eClass, please follow the instructions below. 1. Go to: https://eclass.yorku.ca/eclass/my/ 2. Login with your Passport York account. Here you will find • An updated course outline with optional reading • Discussion Forum • Announcements • Grades • Pre-recorded lectures • Free textbook • Quizzes Please note that the course director’s announcements on the eClass take precedence over any other information (especially if you are communicating with each other via WhatsApp etc.). If you have technical eClass-related questions, please direct them to UIT Client Services at 416-736-2100 x55800 or email [email protected]. 5 Course Content and Format Course Outline (+optional reading) Recommended reading from the above list is indicated. You are NOT expected to know the material in the textbooks and websites that have not been covered in the lectures. Part 1: Introduction Week 1: Diversity of life Week 2: Cell structure and function Week 3-4: Emerging infectious diseases Diversity of life An overview of viruses, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=cooper.TOC&depth=2 Ch. 1-3 OpenStax chapters 4-6 Cell structure and function OpenStax chapter 3-4 Emerging infectious diseases http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/ http://emergency.cdc.gov/bioterrorism/ OpenStax: Search the text with keywords OpenStax chapters 14.5 Quiz 1 Mid-term 1 Part 2: The Molecular Basis of Biology Weeks 5-6: From the DNA to the organism Week 7: Mutations and cancer From the DNA to the organism http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=cooper.TOC&depth=2 Ch. 4-7 http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook OpenStax chapters 10-12 Mutations and cancer http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/ OpenStax chapters 11 Quiz 2 Mid-term 2 Part 3: The Immune System Weeks 8-12: the immune system (A lot of free material at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/picrender.fcgi?book=infdis&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=imm.TOC&depth=2 OpenStax chapters 17-19 6 Basic concepts in immunology https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/immunology-allergic-disorders The specific immune response http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=imm.TOC&depth=2 (Part II OpenStax chapter 18 Vaccination http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec14/ch169/ch169a.html http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/ OpenStax chapter 18 Allergy and hypersensitivity http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/immunology_allergic_disorders.html OpenStax chapter 19 Quiz 3 Mid-term 3 Part 4: Infectious Diseases Week 13-15- Basic concepts in virology Weeks 16-20: HIV and HPV Weeks 20 to 23: Influenza virus and the Flu Basic concepts in human virology http://www.microbiologybook.org/book/virol-sta.htm OpenStax chapter 6, search the rest of the book with specific keywords Sexually transmitted infections (HIV and HPV) http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/default.htm http://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/default.htm OpenStax chapter 25 Infections of the respiratory system (Influenza) http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/ http://virology-online.com/general/Outbreak3.htm http://www.cdc.gov/flu/?s_cid=internal6 OpenStax chapter 22 Quizzes 4-6 Final Exam 7 Resources Recommended (optional) Readings: Note: Just clicking a link may not work. You need to copy the address and put it in the address bar of your browser. 1) Free online textbook: Microbiology by OpenStax College. This textbook can be used online https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/1-introduction and offline (as a PDF file https://assets.openstax.org/oscms-prodcms/media/documents/Microbiology-WEB.pdf ). 2) Use the search box in http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books with keywords specified in recorded lectures and the course eClass website. 3) Other possible textbooks: Any “Microbiology” text you can find in the library (there are quite a few over there) is likely to be a good reference. For example, Microbiology with Disease by body system by Robert Bauman. 4) Many online resources on the course outline. 5) for general Biology: https://openstax.org/details/books/biology-2e Math Content 8 No significant background in math is required Course Policies Mid-terms and Final Exams • No opportunities to make up missed mid-term exams will be offered. In all cases of missed mid-term exams, the percentage value of the missed mid-term will be added to the final exam. • If the final exam is missed, the student must petition the Registrar for permission to write the final exam. • If the petition will be granted: The level of difficulty and the material covered on the deferred final exam will be similar to the original exam. However, the format of all deferred mid-terms/final exams is likely to be different from the original exam (e.g., short answer questions or oral exams instead of multiple-choice questions). • If the deferred final exam is missed the student must petition their home faculty again for permission to write a second deferred final exam. If the petition will be granted the student will be evaluated on an oral exam. • No doctor notes or any other documentation is required for missed mid-terms and final exams. As for the petition to write second deferred exams, the documentations needed are according to the policy of your home faculty. • It is your responsibility to ensure that you are available to sit for final examinations during the entire exam period for the winter term (April 12-27, 2023) Rules for viewing term tests: • After each exam, we will have an academic feedback session in the following in-class meeting. • If you are interested to view your exam and comparing it against the key, you need to send an e-mail to the course TA (TBA) by two weeks after the day the grades were posted on the eClass. Every exam viewing session will be up to 20 minutes for viewing the exam and comparing it against the detailed key. During test viewing sessions the regular examination rules will apply. If after you viewed your exam against the key, you feel that you deserve more marks you can send an e. mail to the course director (Attn: Dr. Motti Anafi, e-mail: [email protected]). Copyright protection of the posted pre-recorded lectures 1) The material presented in the pre-recorded lectures has been developed from a large variety of resources, including websites and textbooks. 2) I am doing my best to post the credit for the developers of each external resource that was included in my lectures. However, in some cases, the original material is no longer available on the web, and finding the person or organization that deserved the credit may not be possible despite my efforts. 3) The prerecorded lectures are copyright protected by the course director and many third parties, private people, and organizations. 4) The prerecorded lecture will be available for you through the course on the eClass. You can use them in the eClass, but if you wish, From the eClass you can go to the source of the 9 lectures on YouTube by clicking the YouTube link on the lower right of each video lecture on the eClass. On YouTube, you will find some closed captions and some other functions. The prerecorded lectures are “unlisted” on YouTube- do not share the link with others and do not use the link directedly. You need to go to eClass first and sign in with your York Password, and from the eClass, you will be able to go to the source on YouTube if you wish to do so. 5) Students are NOT allowed to copy the videos and/or to post them elsewhere, directly or as an embedded link. 6) Not complying with any of the above will be considered an infringement of copyright law. Disclaimers The information presented in the lectures is provided for educational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. University Policies 10 Drop Deadline: For appropriate term (last day to drop without course on transcript) Course Withdrawal Deadline: For appropriate term (course still appears on transcript with ‘W”) For updates check https://registrar.yorku.ca/enrol/dates/2023-2024/fall-winter 11 Grading Scheme In accordance with the York University Undergraduate Calendar Regulations, the letter grades assigned in undergraduate courses at York conform to the descriptions and grade ranges shown here: https://calendars.students.yorku.ca/2022-2023/grades-and-grading-schemes Academic Honesty and Integrity Academic misconduct undermines the values of honesty, trust, respect, fairness, and responsibility that we expect in this class. York University provides supports such as academic integrity workshops to ensure that all students understand the norms and standards of academic integrity that we expect you to uphold. York students are required to maintain the highest standards of academic honesty and they are subject to the Senate Policy on Academic Honesty (http://secretariatpolicies.info.yorku.ca/policies/academic-honesty-senate-policy-on/). The Policy affirms the responsibility of faculty members to foster acceptable standards of academic conduct and of the student to abide by such standards. Please review and familiarize yourself with the policy. There is also an academic integrity website with comprehensive information about academic honesty and how to find resources at York to help improve your research and writing skills, and cope with University life. Students are expected to review the materials on the Academic Integrity website: Examples of actions that do not adhere to York’s Academic Integrity Policy include: • Plagiarism (passing off someone else’s work as your own) • Accessing unauthorized sites for assignments or tests • Unauthorized collaboration on assignment and exams • Uploading work to third party repository sites (e.g., Course Hero, One Class, etc.) • Scanning, sharing, uploading, or publishing exams, tests, or scholarly work For more information on what academic integrity is and why it is important see: https://spark.library.yorku.ca/academic-integrity-what-is-academic-integrity/. Information on the process of investigations into breaches of academic honesty: https://spark.library.yorku.ca/academic-integrity-breach-of-policy-on-academic-honesty/ Important Note from the FSc Committee on Examinations & Academic Standards (CEAS): Numerous students in Faculty of Science courses have been charged with academic misconduct when materials they uploaded to third party repository sites (e.g., Course Hero, One Class, etc.) were taken and used by unknown students in later offerings of the course. Whenever a student submits work obtained through an external site (e.g., Course Hero, Chegg), the submitting student will be charged with plagiarism and the uploading student will be charged with aiding and abetting. To avoid this risk, students are urged not to upload their work to these sites. Assistance for Students (Academic and Well-Being) Academic Advising*: https://www.yorku.ca/science/academic-advising/ * Departments also offer program-specific advising. Check with your Department’s Undergraduate Office. Centre for Human Rights, Equity, and Inclusion: https://rights.info.yorku.ca 12 Centre for Indigenous Students Services: https://aboriginal.info.yorku.ca/ Good2Talk 24-hour Ontario Student Helpline: 1-866-925-5454 /Text: GOOD2TALKON to 686868 Keep.meSAFE: https://myssp.app/keepmesafe/ca/home Learning Commons (general academic learning supports including library research, time management, study skills, career planning, etc.): https://learningcommons.yorku.ca/ Peer Assisted Study Sessions (PASS): https://www.yorku.ca/colleges/bethune/gethelp/pass/ Peer Tutoring: https://www.yorku.ca/colleges/bethune/get-help/peer-tutoring/ Sexual Violence Response and Support: https://thecentre.yorku.ca Student Counselling, Health & Well-being: https://counselling.students.yorku.ca/ Support Services for International Students: https://yorkinternational.yorku.ca/international-student-support/ Writing Services: https://www.yorku.ca/colleges/bethune/get-help/writing/ York University Student Services: https://family.yorku.ca/student-services/#SCD York University Student Well-being Resources: https://www.yorku.ca/wellbeing/resources/students/ Accessibility York University is committed to principles of respect, inclusion, and equality of all persons with accessibility needs across campus. The University provides services for students with accessibility needs (including physical, medical, learning, and psychiatric needs) needing accommodation related to teaching and evaluation methods/materials. These services are made available to students in all Faculties and programs at York University. Students in need of these services are asked to register with accessibility services as early as possible to ensure that appropriate academic accommodation can be provided with advance notice. You are encouraged to schedule a time early in the term to meet with each professor to discuss your accommodation needs. Please note that registering with accessibility services and discussing your needs with your professors is necessary to avoid any impediment to receiving the necessary academic accommodations to meet your needs. Additional information is available at the following websites: Student Accessibility Services: https://accessibility.students.yorku.ca York Accessibility Hub: http://accessibilityhub.info.yorku.ca/ Religious Observance Accommodation York University is committed to respecting the religious beliefs and practices of all members of the community and making accommodations for observances of special significance to adherents. Should any of the dates specified in this syllabus for an in-class test or examination pose such a conflict for you, contact the Course Director within the first three weeks of class. Similarly, should an assignment to be completed in a lab, practicum placement, workshop, etc., scheduled later in the term pose such a conflict, contact the Course Director immediately. To 13 arrange an alternative date or time for an examination scheduled in the formal examination periods (December and April/May), students must complete and submit an accommodation request form at least 3 weeks before the exam period begins. https://secure.students.yorku.ca/pdf/religious-accommodation-agreement-finalexaminations.pdf Student and Instructor Conduct in Academic Situations Students and instructors are expected to maintain a professional relationship characterized by courtesy and mutual respect. Moreover, it is the responsibility of the instructor to maintain an appropriate academic atmosphere in the classroom and other academic settings, and the responsibility of the student to cooperate in that endeavour. Further, the instructor is the best person to decide, in the first instance, whether such an atmosphere is present in the class. The policy and procedures governing disruptive and/or harassing behaviour by students in academic situations is available at http://secretariat-policies.info.yorku.ca/policies/disruptiveandor-harassing-behaviour-in-academic-situations-senate-policy/. Academic accommodation refers to educational practices, systems and support mechanisms designed to accommodate diversity and difference. The purpose of accommodation is to enable students to perform the essential requirements of their academic programs. At no time does academic accommodation undermine or compromise the learning objectives that are established by the academic authorities of the University. University rules regarding registration, withdrawal, appealing marks, and most anything else you might need to know can be found on the university’s website, here: https://calendars.students.yorku.ca/2021-2022/policies-and-regulations Division of Natural Science Resources NATS-AID Free peer tutoring for students enrolled in Natural Science Courses. See http://natsci.info.yorku.ca/nats-aid/ M-AID in NATS (Math Aid) Free math help for students enrolled in Natural Science Courses (TA tutors) See http://natsci.info.yorku.ca/m-aid-in-nats/ 14 I A DIVERSITY Part OF LIFE A e INTRODUCTION TO CELL BIOLOGY h * smallest Is unit of Unity of Life life cell is the basic ↳ The unit of life the cell a feder - resour Unicellular ↳Multicellular always randed -> DNA - DNA as genetic material ->Several RNAs ALL CELLULAR LIFE Transcription ↓ RNA HAS THE FOLLOWING Translation ↓ -> Living organisms are expressing DNA all the time CHARACTERISTICS Proteins -> Looking at ' a cell for the nucleic IN COMMON: ↓ acid, you will find both DNA and Phenotypes RNA -> several Enzymes expressed - - I *All cellular life is a result of reproduction &S cells divide into two , - Cell fromWA membrane > Reproduction -> Energy (ATP) e - C 2) CELL STRUCTURE: PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES Nucleus RNA processing * EIE Organelles &E Eukaryotes ② • the most reliable feature distinguishing a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell is the presence of a nucleus Cell wall PE rx - e and " Prefer hot, high temperature to survive DIVERSITY OF PROKARYOTES ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS - -> Temperature Grows best below 20°C ↳) Psychrophiles -> Grows best above 50° C Grows best bet ween 20 to 50° C Mesophiles =Some hyperthermophilic archaea live in hot springs 1Thermophiles Each environment will contain bacterial cells Dot some sort) -> Four categories of microbes based on temperature ranges for growth would no - be organisms able to survive s pH (acidic or basic environment) 3 Acidophiles Due to inflammation Grows well at pH of 1 or 2 (acidic) E Helicobacter pylori in the stomach ex _ ->Is the cause of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer - - Is inflammation which is a result of infection by helicobacter pylori ↳ can treat antibiotics (1) using -7 Grows best near neutral pH -> Neutrophile >Grows well at basic pH --Alkaliphile Result of long time infection helicobacter pylori -> Water ↳ Most cells require a minimum moisture content ↳ Some bacteria can make spores: cells that survive in the near absence of water - Salt - - ↳ Most cells require a moderate level of salt ↳Some cells can exist in very high salt concentrations (holophiles) > The habitat of halophiles: highly saline water - S Often contain red to orange pigments (protect them from intense solar energy) -> Oxygen availability -> ↳ Require energy for growth -> Aerobic ↳ Require lack of oxygen growth - - Important for metabolism Anaerobic -- Nutrient availability ↳Most microorganisms require organic and inorganic nutrients to grow and survive ↳ Cyanobacteria grow in the absence of key nutrients ↳ Inorganic compounds from the atmosphere THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE ON EARTH cells evolved to learn how to use the oxygen for ↳Bacterial their purposes cells to make it not toxic Take the characters from the oxygen to help develop energy Origin of life o discovering cill 3 what combines · cleus e 0 · O Prefer less aggressive environments I so - -1 Contain a chemical called peptidoglycan 3 > - Both have a outer cell membrane and a cell wall lacks -> Metabolisms are D very different - Archaea cells and bacteria are similar in the morphology archaea - Both are extremophiles Like to thrive in extremely salty cold or acidic environments Similar metabolisms (Archaea and Eukayrotes) -> All based on DNA sequencing of a ribosomal RNA ARCHAEA be found in extreme environments ↳ Can such as high salt rich with methane and also hot in acidic places • BASIC EVOLUTION PRINCIPLE - if you adapt to new environment, you are going to be the only one that will be able to live there,they take advantage that no one else would like to live there - archaea are prokaryotes • thermoacidophiles swamps, digestive • methanogens -> Wetlands, systems of women • Halophiles - Extremely high salt concentrations exivents When t wo levels of temperature are mixed together, organisms are going to live there -> Further away from the hot springs, the temperature is going to be reduced and other organisms will be able to live there YEAST • a fungi, eukaryotic unicellular organism E • most commonly used in the food industry - under aerobic conditions used as a baker's yeast - under anaerobic conditions used for alcohol production ↳ • involved in human diseases such as - yeast infections - opportunistic infections (e.g. AIDS) - - = - MOLDS • filamentous fungi with a mycellial structure ↳ - mycelium is a highly branched system of tubes that contain mobile cytoplasm with many nuclei • moles are used for production of citric acid and antibiotics • the mold Penicillium produces penicillins • involved is allergic reactions • aspergillosis is the group of diseases caused by the mold aspergillus - opportunistic infection - = PROTOZA S • unicellular eukaryotes lack a cell wall • they cause a number of human diseases e.g. malaria • have several roles - digestions - removing bacteria from wastewater E VIRUSES ⑤•• complexes of nuclei acids and proteins use functions of the host cells in which they are proteins • not cellular life • viral parasite causes changes in the cell • directing the host cell's metabolism to ↳ the production of new virus particles may cause cellular death E ->Lipid envelope in some viruses Part 1 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION mee INTRODUCTION TO CELLS THE CELL THEORY 27 Was developed in the 1600s E -the discovery microscopy E All living things are made of cells New cells are created by old cells dividing into t wo Van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to see and describe bacteria and yeast, cell sperm and, blood cells and witness the circulation of blood through capillaries ↳Cells are the basic building unit of life O- et have y different Viruses are not shape - (Human cell) Considered smallest cell is much larger compared to bacteria ⑧ m Bacteria cells, they are not cellular life, they are parasites of cellular life Viruses can enter a human cell and they can replicate in those cells THE CELL " Unicellular made up of one cell bacteria, yeast, etc Multicellular made up of several billions of cells most plants and animals these cells work together to help the organisms grow and survive E n CELLS: BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES en e nee e FUNCTION OF CELL MEMBRANE - = to be protective Separate the inside of a cell from the outside environment Provide a surface on which chemical reactions occur Regulate the passage of materials into/out of cells Separate cells from one another, allows recognition and interactions The structure of the membrane must separate bet ween t wo watery compartments (bet ween the outside and the inside Az0-> ↓ 84 - H Water prefers to have the positive (-t) and negative interact with each other by forming hydrogen bonds It H ,+ (3 Polar molecules such as acetone will dissolve in water and be part of water Non-polar molecules like fatty acids are going to disrupt the hydrogen bonds that the water molecules want to make =D cannot hydrogen bond -Water + all be cannot mix HYDROPHOBIC MOLECULES ↳ The structure of phospholipids is responsible for basic function of membranes as barriers bet ween t wo (water) compartments If you add phosphate, you are making this hydrophilic head to he even more hydrophilic J o ↳Phospholipids are amphiphatic emphatic means they have t wo different chemical characters Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Y ↳ Phospholipids are amphiphatic in that they have hydrophilic phosphate containing head and very hydrophobic tall ↳They interact with water so they arrange themselves so that the polar head have a contact with water molecule and their hydrophobic tails move away from the water ↳The head have a contact with the water while the tail mingling themselves among each other which are interacting with each other by hydrophobic bones - Making the LIPID BILAYER ↳ Inside the cell the ↳ membrane can divide into subcellular compartments which are called organelles All the endoplasmic reticulum and all the other membranebound are using the same principle -Water can interact through the negative charge of the oxygen with the positive part of the head and wise versa -Hydrophilic because there is a lot water ↳Hydrophobic does not interact with water - + Gil Water will be repelled by ⑧ I I/ - 0 heads going bind to with water needam nitta is Why phospholipids form players spontaneously when they are dispersed in water - The "head" group is polar and hydrophilic attracted by water from both sides of the membrane - ↳ The long "tall" is non polar and hydrophobic - repelled by water -The hydrophobic portion of t wo molecules or more tend to associate with each other ↳ Lipohilic (lipid-lover) hydrophobic bonds -> three different powers to stabilize the phospholipid bilayer VESICLE 7 - all the movement of by vessicles proteins are - When using the vesicle from the outside, it can be fused with the ↳ plasma membrane and the drug inside can be moved inside the stool to the inside of the cell Naturally vesicles are formed in the cell all the time to help move chemicals outside or inside of the cell ↳ It is pocket made of membrane that is separated from the cytoplasm of the cell carrier of molecule in and out of the cell without crossing the ↳ Amembrane directly but the fusion actually puts whatever in the vesicle on the other side of the membrane THE PLASMA MEMBRANE A FLEXIBLE BARRIER ↳ Bilayers of the naturally occurring phospholipids are flexible jelly-like fluids, not solids ↳ ↳ fluidity of bottle lipid yellowish type is critical for its function of material TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS ↳ Transport proteins ↳) Signal transduction ↳) received react signals accordingly AEx: cancer cells know how to use these abilities, know how to take advantage of these cells and signals, phospholia ter Her2 receptor - - in ↳Scientists discover that they can block this receptor by an antibody, biological Drug, which is actually antibodies in this drug is called erceptine ↳Antibodies combined to the receptor specifically and when the ligand is there to interact with this receptor -the antibodies are going to block the ligand from interacting with a receptor and instead send a bad message to the cell replicate HYDROPHOBIC BONDS -cancer cells are going to be highly confused, and what cells are doing when they are highly confused you is kill themselves ↳cells that have this abnormity to kill themselves simply because the drugs make them confused ↳both proteins and lipids as well, able to diffuse laterally throughout the membrane again H CROSSING THE MEMBRANE * nee TRANSPORT OF SMALL MOLECULES ⑤ Plasma membrane is a physical boundary bet ween highly organized insides of the cell and the chaotic external environment exchange menallower enamt interplay surroundings an so where around free and the the jail exchange the the forms it , of like is that between the cell wall the locks cytoplasm the environment everything not barrier a molecules external ↳ membrane plasma locked is THE CELL MEMBRANE T ↳ the cell maintained because the is selective is ↳ specific passage the cell permeable small of molecules control the plasma membrane molecules small proteins transport to to carrier across mediate the selective the composition of membrane , Its allowing cytoplasm THE PLASMA MEMBRANE AS A STABLE MEMBRANE ↳>Plasma membrane forms a stable barrier bet ween t wo polar (watery) compartments - en ↳) because interior of the the phospholipids bilayer by hydrophobic fatty and water-soluble Impermeable occupied is to ↳ this of chemicals that the * are in molecules * barrier In Its the intracellular allow the cytosol call that to is maintain different extracellular fluids membrane enclosed help from and each those of such generally molecules as can steroids cause is by hydrophobic are of the *** repelled compartments However , Hydrophobic molecules Le any concentrations is membrane chains , the the membrane , can the by / C er The,ell yet in without plasma membrane DIFFUSION the cell membrane, phospholipids are arranged in double layer or ↳ Inplayer with the polar hydrophilic heads immersed in water and the non-polar Hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails in the anterior of the membrane move away from water EFFECT IS ISOTONIC, HYPOTONIC AND HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS ON CELLS -> Without control of the water burst proper water , will out PASSIVE DIFFUSION ↳ The simplest mechanism by which molecules can cross the plasma membrane The net flow of molecules is always down their concentration gradient ↳No energy is needed I E The direction of simply by molecule ↳ power the the transport inside/outside is the coming SIMPLE DIFUSSION ↳basic one way by place to which molecules determined Is concentration relative of the cell from [] gradient FACILITATED DIFFUSION can move from another ↳ requires some level permission channel proteins EsTransporters of (carriers) -> need a certain inducer to open up the channel cret direction of movement) -> molecules will cross the membrane to their 23 according gradient ↳ eventually equal concentration permet he and get in [] gradient according out to their FACILITATED DIFFUSION ->The difference bet ween the channels and the carrier transporters is the channel need to recognize the molecule to be entered inside the active transport so the active transport is mediated by transporters coupled to an energy source ->bind ACTIVE TRANSPORT eg -> to the cytoplasmic 3 binding - -> . Sodium-Potassium pump an side sites I binding sites first Sodium !↳ cons bind to their ↓ higher affinity sites , inside the I K Nat has to - - ↳ ability hydrolyze ATP the andsterto Ihe become phosphate phosphorylated) A sites binding to cytosol) I exposed cell Binding stimulates the hydro lysis of ATP and phosphorylation of the pump affinity induces d second tional -exposes sodium the -> sodium binding sites to the of the cell outside -reduce the exposed affinity -pump will change conformation is conforma range ↑ now outside of the cell ↳ bound sodium is L released whene here it stimulate of the the hydrolysis phosphate group bound Is sodium potassium pump is an active transport mechanism that is driven by the breakdown of ATP and works through a series of conformational changes in the transmembrane protein. Three sodium ions bond to the cytoplasmic side of the protein, causing the protein to change its confirmation and it’s new confirmation. The molecule because phosphorylated at the expense of a molecule of ATP the phosphorylation, and uses a second confirmational change that has located three sodium ions across a membrane. In this conformation, the protein has a little affinity for sodium ions and the three bound sodium ions dissociates from the protein and diffuse to the extra cellular fluid. The new conformation has a high affinity for potassium ions, t wo of which bind to the extracellular side of the protein, the bound phosphate now associates and the protein reverts to its original confirmation exposing the t wo potassium ions to the cytoplasm on the inside of the cell. This confirmation has a little affinity for potassium ions so the t wo bound potassium ions dissociate from the protein and diffuse into the interior of the cell. LINK BETWEEN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TRANSPORT -> associated with mitochondria -> ->High glycolysis concentration of hydrogens is mediating by active transport and then the high concentration of hydrogen is going to drive a motor and this is by passive transport ↳ making ATP ENDOCYTOSIS AND EXOCYTOSIS ↳The substances taken in by single-celled organisms are often particles or large polar molecules that cannot cross the hydrophobic plasma membrane - Many single-celled eukaryotes employ endocytosis to ingest such food particles. ↳ In this process the plasma membrane extends out ward and surrounds the food particle. ↳Cells use three major types of endocytosis ↳phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. ↳ If the material the cell takes in is particulate such as a bacterium or a fragment of organic matter the process is called phagocytosis If the material of the cell takes in is liquid it is called pinocytosis. Specific molecules such as low density lipoproteins ldl are often transported into eukaryotic cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis ↳ Molecules to be transported first bind to specific receptors on the plasma membrane ↳The interior portion of the receptor protein is embedded in the membrane. The protein clathrin coats the inside of the membrane in the area of the pit. -When an appropriate collection of molecules gathers in the coated pit the pit deepens and seals off to form a coated vesicle which carries the molecules into the cell. Exocytosis is the reverse of endocytosis. This process results in the discharge of material from vesicles at the cell surface to the outside of the cell E E -> receptors on the Specific molecules surface of the cell bind to E The uptake of bacteria by phageocytes is an active process which requires the triggering of specific receptors on the phagocyte FC receptors which bind antibody-coated bacteria are one of the receptors capable of triggering phagocytosis Binding of the aggregated antibody molecules to fc receptors on the phagocyte causes the cell to engulf the bacterium the phagocyte First produces pseudopods or ruffles that surround the bacterium and then fuse trapping the bacterium within what is now an intracellular vesicle The phagosome within the phagocyte lysosomes fuse with the phagosome delivering their enzymatic contents to degrade the engulfed bacterium. ORGANELLES AND PROTEINS SORTING mean ORGANELLES ↳] Eukaryotic cells are highly organized with many functional units THE ORIGIN OF MITOCHONDRIA S All bacteria that was able to enter the cell like billion years ago ( ↳ ↳ (I are cell bacterial organelles originated have that from energy-conversion mechanisms chloroplasts -> Is an organelle and genome ↳circular -> every its to own genome similar similar with size the its own ribosome ribosome bacterial ribosome ↳ Used for translation mitochondrial -> of products They are the descendants of some bacteria which was endocytosed by larger cell but not digested - Have many similarities to bacterial cell: • similar size/shape to prokaryotic cells • double membrane • circular DNA • genes without introns antibiotics • small ribosomes ↳ Generally, likely to be a bacterial cell that enter the Iarge cell before nucleus or after nucleus -> Is -> symblotic effect In 1981, Len margulis proposed that current eukaryotic cells evolved from a grouping of cells a large anaerobic prokaryotic predatory cell likely engulfed an aerobic bacterium. The bacterium becomes surrounded by a vacuole made of the predator cell membrane. The predatory cell is unable to digest the bacterium which persists in the cytoplasm of its host. The combination was mutually beneficial to both organisms over time the t wo cells became dependent on each other and the engulfed aerobic bacteria evolved into mitochondria. The predatory cell may also have met and engulfed a photosynthetic bacterium the photosynthetic bacterium also becomes surrounded by a vacuole made of the predator cell membrane and the predatory cell is unable to digest the bacterium. Over time the t wo cells became dependent on each other and the engulfed aerobic bacteria evolved into chloroplasts. ↳ cell's to does DNA code proteins needed to is and the genes the for ↳ This have not create new necessary mitochondria chloroplasts -> Involved with: ⑧ ATP production - cellular respiration ⑤ Apoptosis programmed cell death THE FUNCTION OF MITOCHONDRIA IN ATP PRODUCTION ↳ Involved with releasing the energy of food molecules This energy is expressed as a proton gradient EThe inner membrane contains a complex of enzymes which are transforming the energy in the proton gradient into chemical energy stored in ATP RNA for -> usuy used 17 generated the At inner membrane of - released for oxidative by energy mtochondria called also Phosphorylation as a synthesis deoxyribose mitochondria -> * to make ATP , environments) ↳ outer ↳ system Inner + high ↳ pumps energ protons is (two needed chemical membrane concentration using -> NAD H-> - organelle an from gradient electrons/ nutrients from matrix to Inter [] +04[] membrane space First stage- make gradients of motions of hydrogens ->Second stage - use this gradient in order to make ATP ↳ Mitochondria using energy from food gives the energy for active transport of hydrogen ions proteins by hydrogen pumps Y gradient drive the rotation activity of the ATP -> ATP production synthetase -> -> uses the high concentration of my drogen ↳ remains Inside ↳s ↳ membrane activating ATP inner ADP+ P1 = ATP -> transmitted by egys THE HUMAN MITOCHONDRIAL DNA (m+DNA) (HON) -> Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy NUCLEUS bound uner men brane of -7 -The largest organelle nucleus ->DNA is packed into chromosomes ->The nucleus membrane allows gene expression to be regulated by postranscriptional mechanisms , such as splicing SORTING AND TARGETING OF PROTEINS ↳Pores in the nuclear envelope allow the import of particles containing mrna and proteins into the cytosol free ribosomes translate the mrna molecules into protein some of these proteins will reside in the cytosol others will associate with specialized cytosolic proteins and be imported into mitochondria or other organelles the synthesis of cell secreted and integral membrane proteins is initiated by free ribosomes which then duct to protein translocators ↳at the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum nascent proteins pass through an aqueous pore in the translocator ↳cell secreted proteins accumulate in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum while integral membrane proteins become embedded in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane -proteins are transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the golgi apparatus by vesicles traveling along the microtubules so ribosomes found in t wo locations in the cell ↳ FROM THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM TO THE GOLGI APPARATUS -> vessicles from : carriers the ER to of molecules the 6016I in the cells APPARATUS e . y . THE GOLGI APPARATUS STRUCTURE E Each golf, body consists of flattened membrane sacs Those sacs contain enzymes ready to modify proteins for shipment to specific locations source IS ~golgs apparatus -single membrane ↳lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes these enzymes digest particles or cells taken into the cell by phagocytosis ↳they also digest old organelles such as mitochondria, the hydrolytic enzymes that degrade proteins nucleic acids lipids and carbohydrates are formed in the endoplasmic reticulum and then transported to the golgi apparatus by transport vesicles ↳the lysosomes arise from the golgi apparatus when particles such as viruses or bacteria are ingested by phagocytosis ↳]the lysosome fuses with the particle-containing vesicle called a phagosome and delivers the hydrolytic enzymes lysosomes also fuse with organelles such as defective or worn out mitochondria this results in the destruction and recycling of these structure ↳ rich enzymes (n50 low plt hydrolytic activated by enzymes) FUNCTION OF LYSOSOMES -> housekeeping -> -> heterophagy Programmed fingers -> in function : Ingest cell an unprogrammed ↳ cardiac cells lack of : remove and worn organelles Cartophagy digest things death remodeling : embryo cell (ex death associated oxygen : : outside the cell as the froy) damage/death myocardial to with infarction part 1 EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES en Proportion of deaths due to infectious diseases => -> due to Cancer bacterial infection disease/alzheimers are older for age Enkovzwitwaor a or rent cause ene few ↳ no drugs significant people threat birth my high 25 % as -> able to reduce today infectious disease , compared to back then >trends demonstrate increasing expectancy in -> World population ↳ 2040 will 1960 IS be I sing up trippled compared ~ ↑ ABS life to Huge gan bet ween life expectancy in rich countries compare to poor countries Suffered a lot of HIV, AIDS, -> pandemics like went down ne levels the 50s in I -> Influenza of 1918 ↳ Southern Africa 1 > I I HIV AIDS mainly - DRUGS ↳ the Isub-Saharan with calculated treatment Africa) additional by pathogen by -not always treatment that 6 dollars billion a bacteria TUBERCULOSIS can provide a full Fe founder for billions of dollars became 2) WARREN BUFFETT I S = available -> Bill and Melinda gates foundation (2000-2009) -> -> E main HIV AIDS : diseases - suffers most) (Malaria)(- south Africa--> affected help can and 3 medical of microsoft available n e e ↳ ->> and ↳ provides wealth $60m pledges Cameron Gates 85 % of his gave for additional $100 polic vaccination Microbes have caused the most devastating epidemics in recent human history Beneficial roles of microbes -> responsible for ↳body -> first time c-section more micro consists health 30 trillion of 39 frillion delivery babies have blotical diseases , Is transfers keep pathogens away from our to the Imicrobiota) raginal microbes (lactobacillus) ↳ less ↳ ↳> cells microbial cells microbes durin every exposed Vaginal -> our tissues and organs baby -> -> -> energy received are from the byproduct microbes of plants supply 50 % of oxygen we breathe ↳ ↳ rely microorganisms food production such as milk products on -> the -> natural microbial flora provides protection microbes against more virulent digestion -> Vitamin K like - -> make Vitamins MICROBES AND DISEASES -> natural on -> -> ability to cause many infectious host microbes have caused , evolution , favours diseases the operates on it spreading capacity NOT disease a natural selection its microbes of microbial to -> its evolution most can be less used devastating as or a epidemics non-virulent failure in recent of microbes the human microbe history to adapt I the Reducing -> restoration - of vaginal diseases : microbiota baby immediately the - exposing - microbiota wrong agriculture ↳ microorganisms help I -human body ↳ bacteria Vitamins in our allowing large them to Intestine be down break help I absorbed waste synthesize into the bloodstream ↳A very tiny minority of mircobes act as pathogens or disease-causing agents, representing a natural threat, not only to human life, but to all life forms ↳ Microorganisms maintain balance in environment by recycling, vital, nutrients such as nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, carbon, and oxygen ↳Microorganisms results in plants supplying 50% of the oxygen we breathe IMPORTANT ROLES OF MICROBES ↳ responsible ↳ organic Waste things for O2 and compounds (ex breakdown ↳ recycle ↳ responsible dead : organic nucleic , molecules amino acids) from dead animals , material to create new turning plants trees , into , living forms of life Yeast-wine for bread) ↳ Natural microbial flora provides protection against more virulent microbes Drug preparation killed about 40 % population Making vitamins eg. vitamin K ↳Digestion for food /ex: E >ebola of African - MICROBES HOST EQUILIBRIUM Diseases can be severe But Large majority of microbes do not cause aggressive diseases, which kill their host quickly ⑮ TUBERCULOSIS VS EBOLA -> -> both both are pathogens can kill acute - disease - Lely die -II Ho shortly zox affected -> har >rids to the infect spread B natural evolution capacity microbial , ↳ not on natural non-virulent of its a microbe ability selection , to he from netDigitates host for a of / operates cause evolution , a on its years spreading disease favours less or microbes ↳ Any severe infectious diseases are a failure of the microbeto adapt to its host ↳ unfortunately , ↳ improvements WVACLINES ' can kill both include better good/bad sanitation cells -> 1969 Us surgeon General to Congress : Its time to close the book on infectious diseases" ↳> thought to wrongly over was microbes think the EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES => ↳ Infectious diseases as a ↓ , MRSA ↳ ↳ no treatment strains IS available (umited) Viruskept ~ : W t-no with Tuberculosis ↳ Drug-restraint group will not disappear ↳ New disease-causing -> agents -> ex HHVS war , AIDS idea SARS , MERS , COVID 19 EBOLA ↳ moving Outbreaks of existing diseases ↳ West Nile Virus ↳ North America 1999 mos quitOS ↳ Pandemic -> Influenza monkey ↓ similar - to pox -s > smallpox hum affect monkey ->praine Spread from pet store, 7 a pathogen made a move rapidly -> - -> -> - 1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic -> -> - -> -> pox rodents dog Diseases transmission within population: today vs old days -> 4000 - -> 2000 years ago years ago I-boats many animals now got the today -> ↳ natives OLD 9 travelling virus/diseases ex: months TODAY 9 hours arplanes (from water) DAYS Cory 19 ↳Air net works in 2005 were much more busier compared to 1933 ↳ Less viruses being moved by the airline industry back then ↳ Today it is worst by airline industry 9th floor of the metropole hotel > SARS CASE TRANSMISSION No available drugs for the outbreak ⑧ ↑ ↓ A ↳ -> no vaccines * Public health took measures to stop people travelling BIOTERRORISM ↳ Intentional release of bacteria, viruses, or toxins for the purpose of harming or killing civilians 9/1) -> caused so that SPORES ANTHRAX by envelope were THREE WAYS ANTRAX ENTERS THE X Throughout the skin (CUTANEOUS ANTHRAX) - Inhaled opening it dispersed the powder by people Rare disease in North America, typically among farmers that take care of cows spores BODY * Throughout digestive tract (GASTROINTESTINAL ANTHRAX) * Respiratory (INHALATION ANTHRAX) to the air ↳Cutaneous is the most common type of infection when it is taking place, the spores are going to land on the skin and bacteria are going to be germinated ↳ treatment - Gastrointestinal anthrax is extremely rare -> : antibiotics uncooked ↳]Inhalation anthrax -> brings occurred the most in 2001 lymph , cyprofloxacin meat not , spores notes deep and cooked into the dissolve properly lungs cause , into the very severe disease) CINHALATION) ex : - pneumonia ↳Biological agents are not easy to detect, making it difficult to trace back the illness -severe/deadly disease Potential Bioterrorism Agents CDC Category A >organisms (bacteria Es ↳ Antrax and Virusus Bubonic Plaque (X Pestis) . ↳ Tularaemia ↳ smallpox ↳ Viral haemorrhagic fevers (eg ↳sent to . Ebola Africa ↳ Botulinum toxin All are easily disseminated or transmitted person to person High mortality rate of some (smallpox, Ebola) Public panic and social disruption Cost of coping with bioterrorism resources of the health care system ↳ research and development (R&D) * - TREATMENTS > give Cyprofloxacin high antibiotics circulation concentration but a e BIOTERRORISM: WHAT CAN BE DONE BY FIRST RESPONDERS ↳ Nurse performing triage often will be the firstresponder which is E the most important Awareness Reporting -> SMALLPOX ( VARIOLA MAJOR) ↳ ⑧ 0 EPIDEMIC 1977 - last L we pathogen only organism that was erradicated Why was the eradication of smallpox so successful? 70s • Eradicated for medica