History Unit 3: Post War Years Test Review (PDF)

History Unit 3 : Post War Years Test Review 1.​ What is the Cold War? Why and how did it begin? ​ The Cold War: a period lasting approximately from 1945 - 1991 when there was tension and hostility between the communist Soviet Union (and its allies) against the capitalist...

History Unit 3 : Post War Years Test Review 1.​ What is the Cold War? Why and how did it begin? ​ The Cold War: a period lasting approximately from 1945 - 1991 when there was tension and hostility between the communist Soviet Union (and its allies) against the capitalist United States and (its allies) ​ Origins of the Cold War: ○​ During WW2, the United States and the Soviet Union were allies even though they had little in common ○​ Once the war was over, tension between the two countries surfaced ○​ The conflict was over the differences in their political and economic views Soviet Union: Political + Economic Systems U.S: Political + Economic Systems (Communist) (Capitalist) ​ Government controlled all industry and ​ Economies based on private commerce enterprise, with individuals ​ Totalitarian state control over investing in business for individual profit ​ Dictatorship government ​ Citizens have basic freedoms ​ Political opposition was not tolerated such as freedom of the press ​ Lack of/fixed elections and freedom of speech ​ Suppression/censorship by secret ​ Democratic government police ​ Free elections ○​ Western countries were suspicious of communism and feared that communists were planning to overthrow Western societies in a world revolution. ○​ The Soviets took over the countries of Eastern Europe in the years following the Second World War and established communist governments in them. ○​ The United States saw this expansion as proof of Soviet designs on the world. ○​ As a result, the years after the war were filled with hostility between the Soviets and the Americans. ​ Why “cold?”: The Cold War didn’t use traditional warfare, rather avoiding the use of direct armed conflict between the two “superpowers.” ○​ Instead, it was a series of conflicts that broke out around the world. ○​ Both sides built up powerful arsenals of weapons of mass destruction as deterrents again aggression. 2.​ Explain the division in Germany, the Iron Curtain, the Berlin Wall. 1) Division in Germany: West Germany (Capitalist) East Germany (Communist) ​ Hard working ​ Individual freedoms were severely ​ Individuals living in west Germany restricted were able to live well, buy gadgets History Unit 3 : Post War Years Test Review and appliances and to travel 2) The Iron Curtain: concept by former British PM, Winston Churchill, symbolizes the ideological fighting and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas; East and West. 3) The Berlin Wall: Physically, the Iron Curtain took the shape of border defenses between the countries of Western and Eastern Europe, most notably the Berlin Wall which served as a longtime symbol of the Curtain as a whole. ​ Night of August 12-13, 1961: East German soldiers laid down more than 30 miles of barbed wire barrier through the heart of Berlin. East Berlin citizens were forbidden to pass into West Berlin, and the number of checkpoints in which Westerners could cross the border was drastically reduced. 3.​ Who is Igor Gouzenko? What is his impact on Canada? ​ September 1945: Igor Gouzenko, a cipher clerk at the Soviet embassy in Ottawa, left the embassy carrying 109 secret documents under his shirt. ○​ Gouzenko asserted that the USSR maintained an extensive spy ring in Canada, aimed mostly at obtaining atomic bomb secrets. ○​ Furthermore, Gouzenko warned the Soviets were not allies but were planning world domination. ○​ Gouzenko’s revelations shattered the innocence of the naïve Canadian population. ​ February 1946: The RCMP made several arrests. ○​ Among the names was Canadian MP, Fred Rose, who was alleged to be leading 20 spies to target the Manhattan Project (the top secret atomic bomb plan) ○​ He was imprisoned and stripped of his seat in the House of Commons ○​ Igor Gouzenko and his family went into hiding for protection ○​ When he appeared in public, Gouzenko hid his identity by wearing a cloth sack over his head and became known as “the Man in the Mask” 4.​ Know and explain NATO, Warsaw Pact, NORAD, the DEW line, Avro Arrow, United Nations and Canadas involvement in each. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): The mutual defence organization set up to protect Western European countries from possible aggression from the USSR after WW2. ​ 1949: Canada, the United States, Britain and other Western nations formed NATO, a military alliance ○​ An attack on one NATO member was to be treated as an attack on all ​ Canada’s commitment: Canada made a serious commitment when it joined NATO ○​ Canada agreed to keep a full army brigade and several air squadrons in Europe, mostly in West Germany ○​ Canadian ships and aircrafts tracked the movements of Soviet submarines ○​ Canadian forces participated regularly in military exercise with Canada’s allies History Unit 3 : Post War Years Test Review ○​ Perhaps the most significant, by joining NATO, Canada had to adapt its defence policy to those of its allies Warsaw Pact: When NATO admitted West Germany as a member, the Soviet Union initiated the Warsaw Pact in 1955 ​ A military alliance with Eastern European communist countries to counter NATO ​ This included the Soviet Union and the Soviet-bloc countries of Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania NORAD (North American Defence Agreement): alliance established to better facilitate command over Canadian and American air forces. ​ Its intention was to be a conjoined effort between both countries in order to protect the airspace over North America. ​ Initially, it monitored Soviet and communist activities, but it has changed its focus toward aerospace warning, aerospace control and maritime warning after the fall of the Soviet empire in 1991. ​ Traditionally, the commander of NORAD is American and the deputy commander is Canadian. ​ The agreement between both countries has been renewed 9 times, the last time being in 2006. ​ The D.E.W. Line: ​ With the fear of Soviets potentially attacking the United States, it was determined that should an attack happen, it would arrive airborne via the shortest distance between North America and the USSR: over the North Pole. ​ In a conjoined effort between the United States, Canada and Greenland, 63 radar stations known as the Distant Early Warning Line were funded primarily by the United States, were built along the 69th parallel of latitude. 42 of those stations were located in Canada’s Arctic. ​ Avro Arrow: ​ Developed by A.V. Roe Canada, and also known as the CF-105 ​ Was an interceptor considered to be the most advanced aircraft at the time. ​ As a result, Canadians were at the forefront of aerospace technology and the Avro Arrow was meant to intercept any Soviet bombers that entered into North American airspace. ​ Avro Arrow Cancellation: Prime Minister John Diefenbaker cancelled the Arrow project in 1959 as missile technology was improving making the Arrow obsolete. ○​ Many employees first learned of its cancellation while on the job at A.V. Roe. Over 25,000 jobs were lost. ○​ It resulted in a significant “brain drain” wherein Canadian scientists and technicians emigrated to the United States and helped to develop their aerospace program. History Unit 3 : Post War Years Test Review 5.​ Know all of the Prime Ministers during the periods in this unit and the changes/involvements during their time in parliament. ​ Louis St. Laurent, 1948-1957: ○​ Born 1882, Compton, Quebec, and was a lawyer ○​ First elected to Commons in 1942, and was prime minister from 1948-1957 ○​ Liberal party ○​ Signed the North Atlantic Treaty (NATO) in 1949 ​ John George Diefenbaker, 1957-1963: ○​ Born 1895, Neustadt, Ontario, and was a lawyer ○​ First elected to Commons in 1940, and was prime minister 1957-1963 ○​ Progressive-Conservative party ○​ Signed the North American Air Defence Agreement (NORAD) with the US in 1957 ​ Lester Pearson, 1963-1968: ○​ Pearson won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for helping to defuse the Suez crisis ○​ He later became the Prime Minister of Canada from 1963-1968 ​ Pierre Elliot Trudeau, 1968-1979, 1980-1984: ○​ Born 1919, Montreal, Quebec ○​ Lawyer, law professor, author ○​ First elected to Commons in 1965, and prime minister in 1968-1979, 1980-1984 ​ Martin Brian Mulroney, 1984, 1993: ○​ Born 1939, Quebec, and was a lawyer, author ○​ First elected to Commons in 1983, and Prime Minister from 1984-1993 ○​ Conservative Party ○​ Promised to repair the damage of the 1982 Constitution by obtaining Quebec’s consent, but by then, other provinces began to have their own demands for the Constitution, making the task not as easy as Mulroney hoped ​ Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien, 1984, 1993: ○​ Born 1934, Quebec, and ws a lawyer ○​ First elected to Commons in 1963, and Prime Minister from 1993-2003 6.​ Explain the Korean War and Canada's involvement ​ After WWII: Korea (occupied by Japan) was liberated by the Soviet Union and the United States with the dividing line being the 38th line of latitude. ​ A division between the two types of government developed with the North being governed by communism and the South by a democratic style. ​ Both countries wanted to unify, but in order to do so, one style of government would need to be sacrificed. History Unit 3 : Post War Years Test Review ​ June 1950: the North invaded the South, and by September of that year had occupied almost all of South Korea. ​ U.S.’ Calling for Peace: The United States feared “the domino effect” wherein if South Korea “fell” to communism, then it risked a continuation of other countries also doing so. ○​ The issue was brought to the newly established UN who were still attempting to establish their role in global politics. ○​ As a result, the UN authorized coalition forces led by US General Douglas MacArthur, to defend South Korea. ○​ UN forces pushed the North Koreans back as far as the Korean border with China. But with support from the Chinese army, the North retaliated and drove them back South. ​ Canada’s Involvement: The UN called on its members to assist South Korea. ○​ PM Louis St. Laurent sent thousands of Canadian troops and three naval destroyers to Korea ○​ Although a ceasefire was reached in 1953, the war had increased tensions between the West and the communist nations ○​ The Korean conflict is often called “Canada’s forgotten war” ○​ Canada sent more than 25,000 soldiers to fight - more than 1500 were wounded and another 516 dead ○​ The Korean War technically has not ended: the Republic of Korea (South) and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North) hadn’t signed a peace treaty. 7.​ Explain the Suez Crisis and Vietnam War and Canada’s involvement. ​ SUEZ CANAL, EGYPT – A crisis over the Suez Canal in Egypt gave Canada another chance to take a leading role at the United Nations. ​ The Suez Canal links the Mediterranean and Red Seas and provides the shortest sea route from Europe to the Indian Ocean. ​ It was opened in 1869 and was privately owned by British and French investors. ​ SUEZ CRISIS – 1956: Egypt's president, Gamal Abdel Nasser, took over the canal and threatened to ban ships travelling to and from Israel. ​ In response, Israel, Britain, and France planned “Operation Musketeer" to regain control of the canal. ​ Ignoring a UN Security Council resolution to cease hostilities, they landed troops in the canal zone. ​ The Soviet Union immediately offered Egypt financial and military aid. ​ MIXED EMOTIONS – The U.S. was angry with its allies, Britain, France, and Israel, for not consulting the U.S. government before attacking Egypt. ​ Nevertheless, the U.S. threatened retaliation against any Soviet involvement. ​ The Canadian public opinion on the crisis was divided. ○​ The Conservative Party and many other Canadians felt it was their duty to support Britain. ○​ Liberal Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent, however, denounced the British and French military intervention. History Unit 3 : Post War Years Test Review ​ KEEPING THE PEACE – Lester Pearson, Secretary of the State, went to the UN to try to work out a solution. ​ He proposed that a multinational peacekeeping force be created and installed in the war zone to maintain ceasefires and oversee the withdrawal of troops. ​ The UN agreed, and the United Nation Emergency Force (UNEF) was formed and sent to the Suez area to bring hostilities to a peaceful end. ​ The force, under the command of a Canadian general, was chosen from countries not directly involved in the conflict. The UNEF remained stationed on the Israel-Egypt border until 1967. ​ THE VIETNAM WAR (1955-1975) – The Vietnam War was a conflict between North Vietnam, which was led by Ho Chi Min. ○​ It was supported militarily and financially by communist China and the Soviet Union, and South Vietnam– which was backed by the United States, South Korea and the Philippines. ​ It was a conflict between the ideologies of democracy and communism. ​ The war was considered very deadly and was widely protested by citizens in the United States. ​ CANADA’S INVOLVEMENT – ​Canada did not send troops to fight in the war, although thousands of Canadians did join the U.S. forces voluntarily. ​ Some Canadian weapons companies provided equipment to the U.S. military. ​ Many Canadians were unimpressed with the killing of civilians by American troops. ​ DRAFT DODGERS – ​The Vietnam War and America’s involvement created much resistance in the U.S., and when the draft (or conscription) was instituted, many American men fled to Canada to evade the draft. ​ Evasion was not on the list of crimes for which a person could be excluded from immigrating into Canada. ​ If the person attempted to return to the U.S., however, they would be arrested. 8.​ Explain what the culture and society was like post war. ​ Baby Boom: The end of WW2 marked the beginning of a population boom in Canada ○​ 6.7 million children were born in Canada between 1946 and 1961, making up almost one third of the population. ○​ For a time, Canada’s birth rate was the highest in the industrial world, peaking in 1959. ​ Post-War Immigration: Canada had a somewhat restrictive immigration policy ○​ Immigrants of British and European origin were preferred because it was thought that they would adapt the most easily to the Canadian lifestyle ○​ Immigrants from other origins arrived, but the government limited their numbers ○​ More than 2 million immigrants arrived between 1945-1960 ○​ Many settled in the cities of Central Canada ​ The Suburbs: After the war, developers began building thousands of new homes for the growing population History Unit 3 : Post War Years Test Review ○​ Many were in the outlying areas of cities; suburbs ○​ Cheap land encouraged low-density buildings; big houses on large lots ○​ Schools, parks and churches were built ○​ Commuters travelled to work in the cities and returned home to the suburbs at the end of the day ​ Women in the fifties: Suburban life was centred on the traditional middle-class family - with a stay-at-home mother at its heart ○​ The father’s role was to be the breadwinner, supporting the family on his earnings ○​ Fashions of the day emphasized femininity: long, skirts, narrow waists, high heels ○​ Many women felt trapped in the suburbs and wanted a different way of life ​ Teen Culture: Boy Scouts, Girl Guides and other youth organizations flourished ○​ Governments built thousands of new schools, arenas and playgrounds to accommodated the “boomers” ○​ Rock ‘n’ roll music was developed in the mid 1950s and artists were very influential (Elvis) ○​ Paul Anka of Ottawa, a Lebanese immigrant, created a series of smash hits ​ Television: In the early 1950s, a televisions cost about 20% of an average annual income ○​ Neighbours and relatives would gather to watch at the homes of those lucky enough to own one ○​ Television quickly became something of a necessity, especially for families with children ○​ The first shows were in black and white; colour in 1966 9.​ What measures were taken to protect Canadian culture? Television was a powerful cultural influence. Many Canadians saw world events unfolding through an American lens as they watched popular newscasts from the US. Children in the 1950s grew up identifying more with American culture and values than any generation before them. The Massey Commission: In 1949, the Liberal government of Louis St. Laurent established the Massey Commission to investigate the state of Canadian culture. Measures taken as a result: ​ Canadian television would promote national communication. The CBC, was put in charge of the development of Canadian television programs ​ The National Film Board (NFB) would be strengthened ​ The government would fund universities and the arts. The Canada Council for the Arts was created. A group that funds Canadian artist and supports the arts in Canada. CRTC: In 1949, the Liberal government of Louis St. Laurent established the Massey Commission to investigate the state of Canadian culture. Measures taken as a result: ​ Another important step in the protection of Canadian culture was the creation of the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) in 1968. ○​ This agency would regulate the amount of foreign material broadcast over the airwaves and impose rules requiring Canadian content. History Unit 3 : Post War Years Test Review ​ Each of these measures encouraged growth of arts and culture in Canada, and this resulted in more Canadians becoming famous in Canada. Canadian Citizenship Act: Before 1947, both people born in Canada and naturalized immigrants were considered British subjects. ​ The Canadian Citizenship Act came into force on January 1, 1947. ​ It was the first nationality law to define people as Canadian. ​ The creation of Canadian citizenship was an important expression of the country's growing sense of national identity. Indian Act: In 1951, a number of changes to the Indian act governed the lives of First Nations peoples. ​ Women gained the right to vote in band elections, and potlatch and wearing traditional regalia were no longer illegal. ​ However, the Indian Act maintained the federal government’s power to define Indian status and band membership and continued to control the political and economic lives of Indigenous people. Bill of Rights: The Canadian Bill of Rights was the country’s first federal law to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms. ​ It was considered groundbreaking when it was enacted by the government of John Diefenbaker in 1960. ​ This Bill allowed for First Nations and Inuit people to vote. Canadian Charter of Rights & Freedoms: The bill was cited in 35 cases between 1960 and 1982; thirty were rejected by the courts. ​ Though it is still in effect, the Bill of Rights was superseded by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982 under the Trudeau Government. ​ This bill identifies human rights that are guaranteed to everyone in Canada. 10.​ Explain the growth of multiculturalism, a just society, White Paper of 1969, residential schools, the Berger Commission, Oka crisis. The Growth of Multiculturalism: In 1971, an official policy of multiculturalism was introduced by Prime Minister Trudeau. ​ This policy encourages the expression of the cultures of many ethnic groups that make up the population ​ Canada is a mosaic, not a melting pot ​ The Canadian Multiculturalism Act (Bill C-93) was enacted by Parliament in 1988 ​ It aimed to reinforce racial and cultural equality with legal authority A Just Society for the Indigenous: When Indigenous people living on reserves won the right to vote in 1960, it did little to improve their living conditions. ​ They continued to suffer from serious problems, including poverty, poor health and inadequate housing and education. History Unit 3 : Post War Years Test Review ​ Those who left to try their luck in the large cities often faced hostility and discrimination. ​ By the late 1960s, Indigenous peoples were organizing to pressure Ottawa and the provincial government to bring about change. White Paper, 1969: Trudeau created the White Paper to address Indigenous injustice issues. ​ It was prepared by Indian Affairs Minister Jean Chretien, to change the lives of Indigenous people. ​ Among its recommendations, The White Paper proposed that: ○​ The Indian Act be repealed ○​ Indigenous be given control and ownership of their lands ○​ Be treated the same as other Canadian citizens ○​ Funds be available for economic development ○​ Department of Indian Affairs be closed down ​ Its intent was to encourage Indigenous people to leave the reserves, seek jobs in the cities, and become part of mainstream Canadian society. Assimilation would supposedly bring an end to their problems. ​ RED PAPER: The Indigenous were furious, as they saw the White Paper as an attack on their right to maintain their unique identity. ○​ Indead of assimilation into “White” society, they demanded self-government for Indigenous peoples and control over their own affairs. ○​ When they presented their paper, Citizens Plus, which became known as the “Red Paper,” Trudeau and Chretien abandoned the White Paper. ​ Residential Schools: ​ Although compulsory attendance to residential schools ended in 1948, many remained in operator during the 1940s and 1950s ​ The last residential school did not close until 1996 ​ As part of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement, a Truth and Reconciliation Commission was established. Before its work got under way, Prime Minister Stephen Harper issued a public apology on June 11, 2008, on behalf of the Canadian government. ​ In 2022, Pope Francis also apologized on behalf of the Catholic Church ​ The Berger Commission: Probably the most significant Indigenous victory during the 1970s was won by the Inuit, Metis and Indian Brotherhood of the Yukon and Northwest Territories as they lobbied to halt the construction of oil and natural gas pipelines that were to run through their lands in the Mackenzie Valley. They demanded a study to determine its impacts on their lands and on the environment. ​ In 1974, the federal government formed a royal commission to consider two proposals for natural gas pipelines in the North. Thomas Berger, a judge, led the inquiry. ​ Over the next two years, the Berger Commission assessed the potential impacts of the proposed pipelines. History Unit 3 : Post War Years Test Review ​ In 1977, the commission recommended that construction of those pipelines be suspended for 10 years pending an in-depth environmental study. ​ In 2010, the project was approved to begin construction. ○​ However, construction never began and was eventually cancelled in December 2017, although new projects would be proposed in its place The Oka Crisis: ​ Summer of 1990: events in the Quebec town of Oka made headlines across the nations. ​ The town council decided to expand a golf course into long-disputed land that Mohawk Nation considered sacred. ​ The community created barricades to prevent the construction, leading to a confrontation that escalated into a 78-day siege. 11.​ Know and explain the French-English Relations during these years: the quiet revolution, rise of separatism, October Crisis, PQ, FLQ, Bill 22, Bill 101, Sovereignty-Association, Amending the Constitution, Canada Act, Meech Lake Accord, Charlottetown Accord, 1995 referendum, Clarity Act The Quiet Revolution: ​ Maurice Duplessis (Union Nationale) was the premier of Quebec (1944-1959) ○​ He was a strong nationalis who promoted the idea of Quebec as a “nation” ​ Duplessis’ government embraced “old-fashioned” French-Canadian traditions ○​ Rural life– farm life for everyone, including children ○​ Catholicism as the focal point of culture ​ They encouraged American and English-Canadian business in Quebec ○​ English becomes the language of business ○​ Accepted bribes from companies to establish themselves in Quebec ​ Dissidents were harshly punished (“padlock law”) ​ Duplessis' time in power is often referred to as a time of great darkness, as he opposed new ideas and challenges. ​ With Duplessis’ death in 1959, it ended his reign and triggered an election which elected the Liberal Party of Quebec into power. ○​ Jean Lesage and the liberals announce it was “Time for a Change” 1959 1960 1963 1963-1970 Maurice Jean Lesage is Front de libération du Québec There are 170 violent incidents Dupless elected as premier, forms attributed to the FLQ is dies setting the quiet revolution into Royal Commission on 1965: Three Wise Men are motion Bilingualism & Biculturalism recruited ​ Jean Lesage, elected in 1960, advocated for social, political and economic change under the rallying cry of “Maîtres chez nous” (Masters of our own house) History Unit 3 : Post War Years Test Review ​ This period of rapid change and reform that modernized Quebec is known as the Quiet Revolution Changes that occurred in the QUIET REVOLUTION: 1)​ Government took over several private power companies to create Hydro-Quebec 2)​ French Language Office was established to promote the use of French in business 3)​ Took responsibility for education away from the Roman Catholic and Protestant Churches and created the Ministry of Education 4)​ Mandatory school attendance was extended until the age of 16 5)​ Invested in the building of new hospitals ​ Investment agencies were set up to help finance Quebecois business initiatives ​ Created government departments to oversee cultural affairs and federal-provincial relations ​ Restricted the overall role played by the Catholic Church in Quebec ​ Created a provincial hospital insurance plan ​ Withdrew from the federal pension plan and created their own provincial plan Separatism: ​ The Birth of Separatism: The FLQ (Front de libération du Québec) was founded in March 1963 by two Quebecers who had fought with the resistance during WWII. ○​ Extremists joined FLQ in the name of “a free Quebec.” ○​ The FLQ was a militant Quebec independence movement that used terrorism to try and achieve an independent and socialist Quebec. ○​ FLQ members were responsible for more than 200 bombings and dozens of robberies between 1963 and 1970 that left six people dead. ​ 1968: René Lévesque splits from the Liberal Party and forms the Parti Quebecois (PQ) which is committed to Quebec nationalism. ○​ Lévesque believed that Quebec and Canada would be better to “divorce” peacefully than to continue a “marriage” of two cultures that seemed imposed and unworkable. ​ The October Crisis, 1970: ​ October 1970: The FLQ kidnapped British diplomat James Cross ○​ In exchange for Cross’s safe release, they demanded the release of FLQ members serving prison sentences, money and a public reading of the FLQ manifesto ○​ Quebec Premier Robert Bourassa agreed to the manifesto demands but refused to release any FLQ prisoners. ○​ In response, the FLQ kidnapped Quebec Labour Minister Pierre Laporte ​ War Measures Act was invoked outside of war, suspending Canadian’s civil rights; anyone could be arrested and detained without being charged with an offence ○​ Membership in the FLQ became a crime ○​ October 16: federal troops patrolled the streets of Ottawa and Montreal, and armouries across the country were locked down ​ October 17: Pierre Laporte’s body is found by the police in a car trunk History Unit 3 : Post War Years Test Review ○​ Increased pressure on the government to crack down on the FLQ and find James Cross ○​ Montreal police located Cross after he was held in captivity for 60 days ○​ His kidnappers negotiated safe passage to Cuba in exchange for Cross’s release ​ This ended the October Crisis ○​ Of the 450 detained under the Act, most were released and only a small number were charged. ​ The use of the War Measures Act by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau remains controversial, and in 1988 the War Measures Act changed to the Emergencies Act (cabinet must review decisions first) Bill 22: Provincial legislation that made French the official language of Quebec ​ Trudeau’s Official Languages Act did not satisfy the Francophone majority in Quebec. ​ 1974: Premier Robert Bourassa implements Bill 22. French was to be the language of civic administration and services, and the main language of instruction. ​ Those who were not proficient in French moved out of the province. PQ in Power: ​ 1976: the Parti Quebecois won the provincial election - a victory for Rene Levesque ​ Shorty after, the PQ government passed Bill 101, sometimes referred to as the “Charter of the French Language.” Its purpose was to reinforce Bill 22. ​ Under Bill 101: ○​ All children were to be taught in French (with some exceptions) ○​ French was the official language of the courts, government, and the workplace ○​ All outdoor signs had to be in French ​ Francophones all welcomed the new language law ​ Non-Francophones saw it as a symbol of oppression Sovereignty Association: ​ 1980: Levesque's government called a referendum on Quebec ​ He asked for a new agreement with Canada called sovereignty-association, whereby Quebec would become politically independent, yet maintain close economic association with Canada: ○​ Free trade between Canada and Quebec ○​ A common currency for the two nations ○​ Common tariffs against imported goods ​ 40% of Quebecois voted ”yes,” but it was not enough to give Levesque the go-ahead Amending the Constitution: ​ Patriating the Constitution: The British North America (BNA) Act has been Canada’s constitution since 1867. ○​ The Act set out the powers of the federal and provincial governments and guaranteed the language and education rights of Quebec's Francophone majority. History Unit 3 : Post War Years Test Review ○​ Since the BNA Act fell under British jurisdiction, no changes could be made without the British Parliament's approval. ​ PM Trudeau wanted to patriate the Constitution so that the Canadian government would have sole authority to make changes to it. ​ Most of the provincial premiers were in favour of this. ​ On the other hand, Levesque feared it could be used to override his language laws or any other legislation to protect Quebec’s distinct society. ​ PM and premiers met in Ottawa on November 4, 1981, known as the Kitchen Accord, due to late-night meetings in the kitchen of the National Conference Center. ○​ The premiers agreed to accept the Constitution if an escape clause was added - the notwithstanding clause. ​ Notwithstanding Clause (section 33): A clause in the Canadian Constitution that enables Parliament or the legislature of a province to allow an Act to stand even though it contravenes the Charter of Rights and Freedoms ○​ Rene Levesque was against the whole amending of the Constitution Canada Act: ​ Trudeau went ahead without Quebec’s agreement and asked the British Parliament to pass the Canada Act, which included the Charter or Rights and Freedoms, amending the constitution and the notwithstanding clause. ​ April 17, 1982: Queen Elizabeth II and PM Trudeau signed the new Constitution Act into law in Ottawa. ​ The last step toward making Canada a completely independent nation had been taken, but the process had revealed cracks in the nation's unity, with the people of Quebec led an angry demonstration through the streets of Quebec City. The Meech Lake Accord: ​ 1987: Mulroney called the premier's to a conference to discuss the Constitution at Meech Lake, Quebec ○​ He proposed a package of amendments that included an offer to recognize Quebec as a distinct society ○​ The Meech Lake Accord also included giving power to the other provinces, such as the power to veto constitutional change ○​ Quebec was very much in favour of this accord ​ However, the accord had many critics ​ Some thought it would isolate the Francophones, while others were worried it might be used in Quebec to override the Charter and deprive certain groups of their rights ​ Manitoba and Newfoundland withheld their support, and the Meech Lake accord died in June 1990 The Charlottetown Accord: ​ PM Mulroney was not willing to let the Constitution debate end History Unit 3 : Post War Years Test Review ​ He proposed a package of constitutional amendments called the Charlottetown Accord ​ It answered Quebec’s concerns in ways similar to the Meech Lake Accord, but also advocated the principle of Indigenous self-government ​ The Charlottetown Accord was put to a national referendum in October 1992 ​ 54.3% of Canadian voters rejected it The 1995 Quebec Referendum: ​ In 1994, Parti Quebecois was elected in Quebec with Premier Jacques Parizeau ​ In 1995, he called a provincial referendum on full sovereignty ​ The results: 49.4% of the people in Quebec had voted “yes” to sovereignty ​ Canada was shocked by the close vote, but still not enough Clarity Act: ​ The threat of separatism lessened somewhat in the following year ​ In 1999 the Clarity Act (Bill C-20) was passed ○​ A legislation by the Chretien government requiring separatist referendums to pass with a “clear majority” rather than 50 percent plus 1, before Quebec could negotiate separation ​ As the century closed, support for separatism appeared to decline. 12.​ Know and explain the US-Canada Relations during these years: Auto Pact, FTA, NAFTA, CUMSA, 9/11, NATO