Copy of GROUP 2 -Skeletal System.pdf

SKELETAL SYSTEM SING ALONG (quick refresh) 1.1 Function of Bones Bone consists of multiple tissues: osseous, cartilage, dense connective, epithelium, adipose, and nervous tissue. These tissues form the skeletal system and it performs essential functions. Support - provides a structu...

SKELETAL SYSTEM SING ALONG (quick refresh) 1.1 Function of Bones Bone consists of multiple tissues: osseous, cartilage, dense connective, epithelium, adipose, and nervous tissue. These tissues form the skeletal system and it performs essential functions. Support - provides a structural framework by supporting soft tissues and providing attachment points for the tendons of most skeletal muscles Protection : The skeleton protects the most important internal organs from injury. For example, cranial bones protect the brain, and the rib cage protects the heart and lungs. 1.1 Function of Bones Assistance in Movement: Most skeletal muscles attach to bones; when they contract, they pull on bones to produce movement. Blood Cell Production: > Red bone marrow in certain bones produces blood cells and platelets. > It contains blood cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages. > In newborns, all marrow is red; it turns yellow with age. 1.1 Function of Bones Mineral Homeostasis ( storage and release): >Bone tissue, making up 18% of body weight, stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus. >About 99% of the body's calcium is stored in bones. > Bones release minerals into the blood to maintain balance and supply other body parts. Triglyceride storage: Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of adipose cells, which store triglycerides. The stored triglycerides are a potential chemical energy reserve.  1.2 Gross and microscopic anatomy of bones and joints TWO MAIN REGIONS OF LONG BONE 1. Diaphysis (tubular shaft) : the hollow, tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. 2. Epiphysis (wider ends): the wider section at each end of the bone, which is filled internally with spongy bone  1.2 Gross and microscopic anatomy of bones and joints Other important bone structures that contribute to bone maintenance and repair: Periosteum: Dense connective tissue membrane covering the bone’s outer surface. Functions: bone growth, nutrient supply, attachment site, repair Endosteum: thinner connective tissue membrane that lines the surface of medullary cavity (inside the diaphysis) Functions: bone remodeling, mineral exchange Articular cartilage is a specialized type of connective tissue that covers the epiphyses (the ends) of bones where they form joints. 1.2 Gross and microscopic anatomy of bones and joints MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF BONES: Compact bone: mostly solid matrix and cells Cancellous bone (spongy): consists of delicate interconnecting rods or plates of bone called trabeculae TREBECULAE: delicate interconneticting rods or plates of bone. This is found inside the epiphyses of long bones and in flat bones. 1.2 Gross and microscopic anatomy of bones and joints Basic microscopic unit of bone: the osteon (or Haversian system) The osteon, also known as the Haversian system, is the fundamental microscopic unit of bone. Each osteon consists of concentric rings of calcified matrix called lamellae. Running down the center of each osteon is the central canal (Haversian canal), which contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. 1.2 Gross and microscopic anatomy of bones and joints JOINT a place where 2 bones come together. They are usually considered movable, many exhibit limited movement, and others are completely immovable. They are classified into three according to functional classifcation 1.2 Gross and microscopic anatomy of bones and joints Three FUNCTIONAL classification of joints Synarthrosis - non-movable joint (e.g. sutures of the skull) Amphiarthrosis - slightly movable joint (e.g. pubic symphysis of the pelvis and intervertebral joints of the spinal cord) Diarthrosis - freely movable joint (e.g. knee joint and most of the joints of the limbs. 1.2 Gross and microscopic anatomy of bones and joints Three major STRUCTURAL classes of joints Fibrous joints - consist of two bones united by fibrous tissue and exhibiting little or no movement. Cartilaginous joints - unite two bones by means of cartilage. - only slight movement can occur at these joints. Synovial joints - freely movable joints that contain synovial fluid in a cavity surrounding the ends of articulating bones  1.3 Ossification Bone Ossification The process of making new bones is called osteogenesis or bone ossification. This process takes until about the age of twenty-five. Intramembranous and endochondral ossification are the two forms of bone ossification.  1.3 Ossification Two Types of Bone Ossification 1. Intramembranous Ossification Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts and group into ossification centers. Osteoblasts become entrapped by the osteoid they secrete, transforming them into osteocytes. Trabecular bone and periosteum form. Cortical bone forms superficially to the trabecular bone. Blood vessels form the red marrow.  1.3 Ossification Two Types of Bone Ossification 2. Endochondral Ossification This process involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone. It begins when mesoderm-derived mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. Chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix to form the cartilage model for bone. 1.4 Calcium Homeostasis Calcium Homeostasis: Process of maintaining stable calcium levels in the body. Calcium Source: Cannot be produced by the body; must be obtained through diet. Bone Role: -Acts as a storage site for calcium. -Releases calcium when blood levels are low. -Absorbs calcium when blood levels are high. 1.4 Calcium Homeostasis Parathyroid gland Releases calcium into the blood (b) Reabsorbs calcium, preventing its loss in urine. (k) Activates Vitamin D to enhance calcium absorption from food (i) Calcitonin Deposits excess calcium back into bones for storage. (b) Increases calcium excretion in urine.(k) Vitamin D Increases calcium absorption in the intestines Activation : Converted to calcitriol in the kidneys, aiding calcium absorption 1.4 Calcium Homeostasis IMPORTANCE OF HOMEOSTASIS Calcium is like a key player in your body. It helps with several important functions: Nerve Transmission: Calcium helps nerves send signals to each other. Muscle Contraction: Your muscles need calcium to contract and move. Blood Clotting: Calcium is essential for stopping bleeding by helping blood clot. Bone Formation: Calcium helps build and maintain strong bones. If your body doesn't have enough calcium, these functions can get messed up, which might lead to various health issues. 1.5 Bone and Joint Disorders Osteoporosis A common condition where bones weaken due to decreased mineral density and mass and significantly increases the risk of fractures. Often called a “silent disease” This disease is particularly prevalent in older women. 1.5 Bone and Joint Disorders Osteoporosis 1.5 Bone and Joint Disorders Osteomalacia a bone condition that causes softening or weakening bones due to the decreased ability to mineralize or harden.Usually this is a pain in the lower back, pelvis,and hips. Main causes: Vitamin D deficiency,Kidney disease Diagnosis : medical history & physical exam, blood tests,sometimes imaging or bone biopsy Treatment: dietary changes or supplements; balance mineral and hormone levels. 1.5 Bone and Joint Disorders Osteomalacia 1.5 Bone and Joint Disorders Scoliosis 3 million Filipinos have scoliosis; globally affects 0.93% to 12% of the population. Scoliosis: Abnormal S or C-shaped spinal curve with vertebrae rotation. Symptoms: Uneven shoulders, misaligned head, rib prominence. Types: Idiopathic: 80% of cases, no known cause. Congenital: Present at birth. Neuromuscular: Linked to conditions like cerebral palsy. 1.5 Bone and Joint Disorders Scoliosis Detection: Medical history, physical exam, X-rays; MRI/CT for complex cases. Treatment: Mild curves: Monitor. Moderate curves: Bracing. Severe curves: Surgery 1.5 Bone and Joint Disorders Scoliosis References : Anatomy & Physiology. (2020). Google Books. https://books.google.com.ph/books? id=ZHKVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA55&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Professional, C. C. M. (2024, May 1). Bones. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/25176-bones Rizzoli, R. (2019). Hypercalcemia: Other Causes than Primary Hyperparathyroidism. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 160–167). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.64344-1 OpenStaxCollege. (2013, March 6). Calcium homeostasis: interactions of the skeletal system and other organ systems. Pressbooks. https://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/calcium-homeostasis-interactions-of-the-skeletal-system-and-other- organ-systems/ Dev-Site. (2021, July 15). 8 common disorders that affect the bones and joints. Makati Medical Center. https://www.makatimed.net.ph/blogs/8-common-disorders-that-affect-the-bones-and-joints/ Alzate, S. (2024, June 27). 3 Million Filipinos Living with Scoliosis. Medical Channel Asia. https://medicalchannelasia.com/3-million-filipinos- living-with-scoliosis/#:~:text=A%20recent%20report%20from%20the,widespread%20impact%20within%20the%20country. Branch, N. S. C. a. O. (2024, June 21). NIAMS health information on scoliosis. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/scoliosis Juneja, P., Munjal, A., & Hubbard, J. B. (2024, April 21). Anatomy, joints. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507893/#:~:text=Periodontium%20Anatomy).&Cartilaginous%20joints%20have%20bones%20attach ed%20by%20hyaline%20or%20fibrous%20cartilage. Cowan, P. T., Launico, M. V., & Kahai, P. (2024, April 21). Anatomy, bones. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537199/#:~:text=Besides%20serving%20as%20a%20framework,role%20in%20electrolyte%20home ostasis%2C%20and The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2007, October 17). Epiphysis | Definition, Anatomy, & Function. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/epiphysis#:~:text=epiphysis%2C%20expanded%20end%20of%20the,when%20full%20growth%20is%20 attained. Nahian, A., & Chauhan, P. R. (2023, May 1). Histology, periosteum and endosteum. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557584/#:~:text=Periosteum%20and%20endosteum%20contain%20cells,and%20remodeling%20of %20the%20bone. Dnb, M. P. M. M. (n.d.). Skeletal System Anatomy in Adults: Overview, Gross Anatomy, Microscopic Anatomy. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1899233-overview Elbow joint. (2023, September 11). Kenhub. https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/elbow- joint#:~:text=Bones%2C%20ligaments%20and%20nerve%20supply%20of%20the%20elbow%20joint.&The%20elbow%20joint%20is%20a,th e%20arm%20and%20the%20forearm. References : Structure of bone tissue | SEER training. (n.d.). https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/skeletal/tissue.html#:~:text=Compact%20Bone&The%20osteon%20consists%20of%20a,ring s%20(lamellae)%20of%20matrix. Breeland, G., Sinkler, M. A., & Menezes, R. G. (2023, May 1). Embryology, bone ossification. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539718/#:~:text=Bone%20ossification%2C%20or%20osteogenesis%2C%20is,slightly%20bas ed%20on%20the%20individual. Osmosis - Osteomalacia: What is it, causes, symptoms, and more. (n.d.). Osmosis. https://www.osmosis.org/answers/osteomalacia QUIZ I. IDENTIFICATION 1. It is a chemical element that cannot be produced by any biological processes. a.Calcium b.Minerals c.Chemistry 2.A bone condition that causes softening or weakening of the bones due to a decreased ability to mineralize, or harden. a.Osteomalacia b.Osteoporosis C.osteogenesis 3. It mainly consists of adipose cells. a.Osteon b.Bone marrow C.Yellow bone marrow. QUIZ I. IDENTIFICATION 4. Basic microscopic unit of bone. a.Osteon b. Spongy bone C.joint 5.It is a place where two bones come together. a.joint b.skeletal tissue c.cartilage QUIZ 6-8. Give three functions of the skeleton. 9-10. The two main regions of long bone. II. MULTIPLE CHOICE 11. What is the process of making new bones? A. Metagenesis B. Osteoporosis C. Osteogenesis 12. Which is NOT a function of bone and the skeletal system? A. Mineral heterostasis B. Blood cell production C. Triglyceride storage QUIZ 13. To which functional classification of joints do the knee joint and most of the joints of the limbs belong to? A. Amphiarthrosis B. Diarthrosis C. Synarthrosis 14. It is where all the red cells, white cells and platelets in the blood are made. A. Red bone marrow B. Yellow bone marrow C. Joints 15. Each osteon consists of concentric rings of calcified matrix called _____. A. Trabeculae B. Osteocytes C. Lamellae