Grammar Notes PDF

Grammar Notes Verbals: A verbal is formed from a verb but acts as a different part of speech. There are 3 types of verbals: Gerund: a gerund uses the ending -ing. A gerund acts as a NOUN Example: Dancing like a ballerina is my goal (gerund) Infinitive: an infinitive uses the word “...

Grammar Notes Verbals: A verbal is formed from a verb but acts as a different part of speech. There are 3 types of verbals: Gerund: a gerund uses the ending -ing. A gerund acts as a NOUN Example: Dancing like a ballerina is my goal (gerund) Infinitive: an infinitive uses the word “to” plus a verb. An infinitive can act as a noun or an adjective Example: To bake a cake is harder than it looks. (infinitive) Participle: a participle can use -ing, -en or -ed. A participle acts as an adjective. Example: The basket, tattered and broken, was thrown out. (participles) Example: Wailing loudly, the girl ran for her life. (participle)  Active & Passive Voice Voice: indicates whether the subject of a sentence is the actor or the receiver of the action. ★ Active Voice: the subject of the sentence does the action ★ Passive Voice: the subject of the sentence receives the action Examples: Active: Our neighbor’s dog bit my son Passive: My son was bitten by our neighbor’s dog. Active: She slammed on the brakes as the car sped downhill. Passive: The brakes were slammed on by her as the car sped downhill. ______________________________________________________________________ Verb Moods The mood is the attitude a verb conveys in the sentence. 5 Verb Moods: ➔ Indicative: expresses facts or opinions - a statement (this is the “normal” verb form). ➔ Imperative: expresses a command, gives advice or makes requests. ➔ Interrogative: expresses a question. ➔ Conditional: causes something to happen (often uses words like might, could, would). ➔ Subjunctive: expresses doubt, hope or fear (often uses “If,” “I hope that,” “I wish that”) Examples: Indicative She is happy. Imperative Smile! Interrogative Is she happy? Conditional She could be happy. Subjunctive If she won the lottery, she would be happy.  Combining Sentences Coordinating Conjunctions: A conjunction is the glue that holds words, phrases and clauses together. There are seven coordinating conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. They can be remembered using the acronym FANBOYS. Coordinating Purpose Example Conjunction (Read each of the example sentences and identify how they are combined) For To show reason She bought a mango. She was hungry She bought a mango, for she was hungry. And To add information Desiree lives in Alaska. She is a park ranger at the National Forest there. Desiree lives in Alaska, and she is a park ranger at the National Forest there. Nor To add negative information He does not enjoy eating vegetables. He does not enjoy eating fruit. He does not enjoy eating vegetables, nor does he enjoy eating fruit. But To show contrast The class was difficult. Everyone ended up receiving a passing grade. The class was difficult, but everyone ended up receiving a passing grade. Or To give a choice We can see a horror movie. We can see an action movie. We can see a horror movie, or we can see an action movie. Yet To show concession or contrast The test was difficult. Everyone received higher than a “C” grade. The test was difficult, yet everyone received higher than a “C” grade. So To show result I was broke all week. I had to eat Top Ramen for every meal. I was broke all week, so I had to eat Top Ramen for every meal.