History Grade 10 Final Exam Outline PDF

This outline only serves as a guide on what to concentrate on for the final examination. Your achievement in the exam will be determined for the most part on your effort and industry during the course of study. Also, bring a pencil with you to the examination for the scantron section. Goodluck. His...

This outline only serves as a guide on what to concentrate on for the final examination. Your achievement in the exam will be determined for the most part on your effort and industry during the course of study. Also, bring a pencil with you to the examination for the scantron section. Goodluck. History Grade 10 – Review Unit One – WW1 (4 weeks) Causes of War o​ Map of Europe o​ MAIN – Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism and Nationalism o​ Spark – Assassination of the archduke The Schlieffen Plan and the Weapons of War o​ Stalemate and Trench warfare o​ Weapons and technology Definition: Short form: CAUSES OF WAR: The causes of World : MAIN WW1 ACRONYM War I are often summarized by the MAIN Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism acronym , which stands for Nationalism. These factors created a +Archduke Franz Ferdinand of volatile environment in Europe, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Austria-Hungary in 1914 Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in 1914 served as the spark that ignited the conflict. Causes of War (MAIN) 1.​ Militarism: ○​ European powers engaged in an arms race, building up their military forces and developing advanced weapons. ○​ Nations like Germany and Britain competed to have the strongest navies, while others focused on expanding their armies. ○​ This created a sense of preparedness for war and increased tensions. 2.​ Alliances: ○​ Europe was divided into two major alliance systems: ​ Triple Entente : France, Russia, and Britain. ​ Triple Alliance : Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. ○​ These alliances meant that a conflict between two nations could quickly escalate into a wider war. 3.​ Imperialism :  ○​ European powers competed for colonies and resources around the world, leading to rivalries and conflicts. ○​ Disputes over territories in Africa and Asia heightened tensions between nations like Britain, France, and Germany. 4.​ Nationalism: ○​ Intense pride in one's nation or ethnic group fueled rivalries and desires for independence. ○​ In the Balkans, Slavic nationalism and the desire for independence from Austria-Hungary played a key role in the lead-up to the war. Spark: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ​ On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Serbian nationalist group Black Hand. ​ Austria-Hungary, backed by Germany, issued an ultimatum to Serbia. When Serbia refused some demands, Austria-Hungary declared war. ​ The alliance system dragged other nations into the conflict, leading to a full-scale world war. The Schlieffen Plan was Germany's The Schlieffen Plan and the Weapons of War pre-World War I strategy to avoid a two-front war by quickly defeating 1.​ The Schlieffen Plan: ○​ Germany's military France before turning to face Russia. strategy to avoid a two-front war against The plan involved invading France France and Russia. ○​ The plan involved quickly through neutral Belgium to encircle defeating France by invading through neutral Paris and force a swift victory. Belgium, then turning to face Russia. However, it failed due to Belgian ○​ The invasion of Belgium brought Britain into the resistance, British involvement, and war, as Britain had guaranteed Belgian faster-than-expected Russian neutrality. 2.​ Weapons and Technology : mobilization. The German advance was halted at the First Battle of the  ○​ World War I saw the Marne (1914), leading to a stalemate introduction of new and deadly weapons, including: and the onset of trench warfare on ​ Machine guns : Allowed for rapid the Western Front. The plan's failure fire and devastating forced Germany into a prolonged casualties. ​ Artillery: Heavy two-front war, contributing to its guns used for long-range eventual defeat in 1918. bombardment. ​ Poison gas : Chemical weapons like chlorine and mustard gas caused horrific injuries. ​ Tanks : Introduced later in the war to break through enemy lines. ​ Aircraft : Used for reconnaissance and later for combat. ​ Submarines (U-boats) : Germany used them to attack Allied ships. Stalemate and Trench Warfare stalemate ​ The Schlieffen Plan failed, leading to a on the Western Front. ​ Both sides dug elaborate trench systems stretching from the North Sea to Switzerland. ​ Life in the trenches was brutal, with soldiers facing mud, disease, rats, and constant shelling. ​ Attempts to break the stalemate, such as the Battle of the Somme and Battle of Verdun , resulted in massive casualties but little territorial gain. Conclusion  The combination of MAIN factors, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and the failure of the Schlieffen Plan led to a prolonged and devastating conflict. The introduction of new weapons and the horrors of trench warfare made World War I one of the deadliest wars in history up to that point. Battles o​ Vimy Ridge o​ Ypres o​ Somme o​ Paschendale Definition: Short form: ​ Vimy Ridge: A landmark victory 1. Vimy Ridge (April 9–12, 1917) for Canada, showcasing its military prowess and fostering ​ Location: Northern France, near Arras. national pride. ​ Combatants: Canada (as part of the British Empire) vs. Germany. ​ Objective: Capture the heavily fortified German position on Vimy Ridge, a key strategic high ground. ​ Key Features : ○​ Meticulous planning and preparation by Canadian forces, including extensive use of tunnels, artillery barrages, and rehearsals. ○​ All four divisions of the Canadian Corps fought together for the first time. ​ Outcome: ○​ The Canadians successfully captured the ridge, marking a significant victory and a defining moment for Canadian national identity. ○​ Casualties: Approximately 10,600 Canadians (3,600 killed, 7,000 wounded). ​ Ypres: A symbol of the horrors 2. Ypres (Multiple Battles) of war, particularly the use of ​ Location: Ypres, Belgium. poison gas and the devastation ​ Combatants: Allied forces (Britain, of trench warfare. France, Canada, etc.) vs. Germany. ​ ​ Key Battles: ○​ First Battle of Ypres (October–November 1914): ​ Marked the end of the "Race to the Sea" and the  beginning of trench warfare. ​ Heavy casualties on both sides. ○​ Second Battle of Ypres (April–May 1915): ​ Notable for the first large-scale use of poison gas (chlorine) by Germany. ​ Canadian troops played a key role in holding the line. ○​ Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) (July–November 1917): ​ Fought in horrific muddy conditions (see Passchendaele below). ​ Outcome : ○​ Ypres became a symbol of the futility and horror of trench warfare. ○​ The town was completely destroyed but remained in Allied hands throughout the war. ​ The Somme: A grueling battle of 3. The Somme (July 1–November 18, 1916) attrition with staggering ​ Location: Somme River, northern France. casualties, highlighting the ​ Combatants: British and French forces futility of trench warfare. vs. Germany. ​ Objective: Relieve pressure on the French at Verdun and break through German lines. ​ Key Features : ○​ First day of the battle: The British suffered 57,000 casualties (19,000 killed), the bloodiest day in British military history. ○​ Introduction of the tank by the British (September 1916), though its impact was limited. ○​ Massive artillery bombardments and trench warfare. ​ Outcome : ○​ The Allies advanced only about 6 miles (10 km) at a cost of over 1 million casualties (combined both sides). ○​ The battle became a symbol of the senseless slaughter of World War  I. ​ Passchendaele: A brutal 4. Passchendaele (Third Battle of Ypres, July struggle in appalling conditions, 31–November 10, 1917) epitomizing the suffering and sacrifice of soldiers. ​ Location: Near Ypres, Belgium. ​ Combatants: Allied forces (Britain, Canada, Australia, etc.) vs. Germany. ​ Objective: Break through German lines and capture the Passchendaele ridge. ​ Key Features: ○​ The battle was fought in horrific conditions, with heavy rain turning the battlefield into a quagmire of mud. ○​ Canadian forces were brought in to secure the final objective, capturing Passchendaele village in November 1917. ​ Outcome: ○​ The Allies gained minimal ground (about 5 miles) at a cost of over 500,000 casualties (combined both sides). ○​ The battle is remembered for its extreme suffering and futility. Homefront o​ Conscription o​ The Halifax explosion o​ Women at war Treaty of Versaillies o​ Terms of peace o​ Canada and the League of Nations Description: Short form: ​ What It Was:​ Conscription, or compulsory Conscription military service, was introduced in several ​ What: Mandatory military countries during World War I service introduced in Canada to bolster their armies as in 1917. volunteer numbers dwindled. ​ Impact : Deepened divisions, ​ Canada: especially in Quebec, and ○​ In 1917, Prime Minister caused the 1917 Conscription  Robert Borden Crisis. introduced the Military ​ Result: About 24,000 Service Act, requiring conscripted men reached the men aged 20–45 to front lines before the war serve. ended. ○​ The policy was highly controversial, 1917 Conscription Crisis was a especially in Quebec , conflict in Canada when PM Robert where many French Borden introduced mandatory Canadians opposed military service. It was unpopular, the war and especially in Quebec, causing conscription. protests and deepening ○​ The 1917 Conscription English-French divisions. Crisis deepened divisions between English and French Canada. ​ Impact: ○​ About 125,000 men were conscripted, but only 24,000 made it to the front lines before the war ended. ○​ The crisis left a lasting legacy of political and social tension in Canada. The Halifax Explosion (December 6, 1917) The Halifax Explosion (December 6, 1917) ​ What Happened: ​ What: A massive explosion in ○​ A collision between the Halifax Harbour caused by a French cargo ship SS collision between two ships. Mont-Blanc (carrying ​ Impact: Over 2,000 killed, 9,000 explosives) and the injured, and 25,000 left Norwegian vessel SS Imo homeless. in Halifax Harbour caused ​ Significance: One of Canada’s a massive explosion. worst disasters, highlighting ○​ The blast was the largest wartime dangers. human-made explosion before the atomic bomb, equivalent to about 2.9 kilotons of TNT. ​ Impact: ○​ Over 2,000 peoplewere killed, and9,000 were  injured. ○​ Much of Halifax was destroyed, leaving 25,000 people homeless. ○​ Relief efforts, including aid from the U.S. and Canada, helped rebuild the city. ​ Significance: ○​ The explosion highlighted the dangers of wartime logistics and remains one of Canada's worst disasters. Women at War Women at War ​ Roles Played: ​ Roles: Nurses, factory workers, ○​ Women contributed to the and volunteers. war effort in various ​ Impact: Women’s contributions ways, both at home and advanced their rights, leading abroad. to women gaining the federal ○​ Nurses : Over 3,000 vote in 1918 (except Indigenous Canadian women served women). as nurses in the Canadian Army Medical Corps. ○​ Factory Workers : Women took on jobs in munitions factories and other industries to replace men who had gone to war. ○​ Volunteers : Many women joined organizations like the Canadian Red Cross to support soldiers and their families. ​ Impact : ○​ Women's contributions during the war helped advance the cause of women's suffrage. ○​ In 1918, Canadian women (except Indigenous women) gained the right to vote in federal elections. Treaty of Versailles (1919) ​ What: Peace treaty ending WWI. ​ Key Terms: 1.​ War Guilt Clause: Germany accepted full blame. 2.​ Reparations: Germany paid huge fines. 3.​ Territorial Losses: Germany lost land to France, Poland, etc. 4.​ Military Restrictions: Germany’s army was limited. 5.​ League of Nations: Created to maintain peace. Canada and the Treaty ​ Role: Canada signed independently, showing growing autonomy. ​ Impact: Tied Canada to the treaty’s harsh terms, which later fueled global tensions. Canada and the League of Nations ​ Role: Founding member, advocated for fairer international policies. ​ Outcome: The League failed to prevent WWII, but Canada’s involvement marked its rise as a global player. Unit Two – 1920s and 1930s (4 weeks) Roaring 20s o​ Technology o​ Life and times – music, entertainment, fashion, flappers The Stock Market crash o​ Causes of the Great Depression - Speculation, boom, bust, o​ Adapting to the Great Depression - soup kitchens, riding the rails Bennett and King o​ The Winnipeg General Strike, The Famous Five o​ Ideology, parties and the solutions to the Great Depression The Roaring 20s: The 1920s were a time of economic prosperity and cultural change, especially in North America and Europe. ​ Technology: The 1920s saw rapid technological advancements that reshaped life. Innovations like the automobile, radio, and early airplanes became more accessible, changing the way people lived and interacted. ​ ​  ​ Music: Jazz became the defining musical genre of the decade. Artists like Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington gained popularity, and the "Jazz Age" symbolized the era's carefree spirit. ​ Entertainment:Hollywood's Golden Age began, with the rise of silent films and the emergence of movie stars like Charlie Chaplin. The first "talkie" (film with sound), The Jazz Singer (1927), revolutionized cinema. ​ Fashion: Fashion was marked by extravagant and bold styles, especially for women. The iconic "flapper" look emerged, characterized by short dresses, bobbed hair, and a rebellious attitude toward traditional norms. Men often wore tailored suits with wide lapels and fedoras. ​ Flappers: Flappers were young women who defied conventional norms, embracing new fashion styles and social freedoms. They were seen as symbols of women's liberation and the changing role of women in society. The Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression: In 1929, the stock market crash plunged the world into the Great Depression, a time of widespread economic hardship. ​ Causes of the Great Depression: ○​ Speculation: Many people invested heavily in the stock market, hoping for quick profits. When the market crashed, they lost their investments, which led to a collapse of financial institutions. ○​ Boom and Bust: The 1920s had seen a period of economic boom, but this unsustainable growth was followed by the "bust" of 1929. The economy couldn’t support the inflated values of stocks. ​ Adapting to the Great Depression: ○​ Soup Kitchens: Many people lost their jobs and homes, and soup kitchens became vital for survival, providing free meals to the hungry. ○​ Riding the Rails:Unemployed men, desperate for work, would hop on freight trains to travel across the country, looking for employment or simply a place to survive. Bennett and King: In Canada, two key political figures of the era were Prime Minister R.B. Bennett and William Lyon Mackenzie King. ​ Bennett and the Great Depression: R.B. Bennett, who became Prime Minister in 1930, faced the brunt of the Depression's economic challenges. His government tried various measures, including public works projects, tariffs, and financial relief. However, his responses were seen as inadequate, and his popularity declined. ​ William Lyon Mackenzie King: Mackenzie King was Prime Minister before and after Bennett. He took a more cautious approach to the Depression, focusing on programs like unemployment insurance and social welfare, though his government faced its own challenges. The Winnipeg General Strike and The Famous Five: Two significant events in Canada during this time were the Winnipeg General Strike and the Famous Five's legal battle for women's rights. ​ The Winnipeg General Strike (1919): This was one of the largest and most influential strikes in Canadian history, with workers protesting poor working conditions, low wages, and high unemployment. The strike eventually ended in failure, but it marked the beginning of a labor movement in Canada. ​ The Famous Five (1929):These five women—Nellie McClung, Emily Murphy, Irene Parlby, Louise McKinney, and Henrietta Muir Edwards—fought for women's rights in Canada, particularly the right to be recognized as "persons" under the law. Their efforts led to the 1929 decision in the Persons Case, which allowed women to be appointed to the Canadian Senate. Ideology, Parties, and Solutions to the Great Depression: During the Great Depression, different political ideologies emerged to try to address the crisis. ​ Ideology: Political parties had varying responses to the Depression. For example, the Conservative Party, led by Bennett, favored a more market-driven approach, while the Liberals, led by King, advocated for a more gradual, state-driven recovery. Socialists and Communists also gained traction, proposing more radical solutions like nationalization of industries or wealth redistribution. ​ Political Parties: ○​ The Conservative Party under Bennett faced criticism for not doing enough to combat the Depression. ○​ The Liberal Party under King took a more moderate stance but was still seen as too slow to respond. ○​ The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), which would later become the New Democratic Party (NDP), offered a more socialist solution, calling for government intervention in the economy and social welfare programs. The Great Depression deeply influenced Canadian politics, leading to the rise of social welfare programs and changing the landscape of Canadian government for years to come. Unit Three – WW2 (5 weeks) Rise of the Dictators o​ The road to war – Hitler, Socialism, Nazism o​ Failure of appeasement, Fighting the war o​ Notable battles – Dunkirk, Pearl harbour, Blitzkrieg, Dieppe, Hong Kong Canadians at war and on the homefront o​ Japanese Internment o​ Conscription Crisis o​ Women and the War  End of the war in Europe and Asia o​ Invasion of Italy, D-Day, o​ The atomic bomb The Holocaust -​ Ghettos -​ Anti-semitism -​ Kristallnacht -​ The Final Solution Rise of the Dictators: ​ The Road to War: Adolf Hitler’s rise to power in Germany was fueled by economic hardship, resentment from the Treaty of Versailles, and the appeal of Nazism. His aggressive expansionist policies, alongside other authoritarian regimes, set the stage for WWII. ​ Failure of Appeasement: European powers, particularly Britain and France, initially tried to avoid conflict with Hitler by allowing him to make territorial gains (e.g., annexing Austria and Sudetenland). This policy of appeasement failed to prevent war. ​ Fighting the War: WWII began in 1939 when Germany invaded Poland, prompting Britain and France to declare war. The war saw fierce battles and shifting alliances. Notable Battles: ​ Dunkirk: In 1940, Allied forces were evacuated from Dunkirk, France, after being surrounded by the German army. It was a remarkable escape despite heavy losses. ​ Pearl Harbor: In 1941, Japan’s surprise attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor led to the US entering the war. ​ Blitzkrieg: Germany’s "lightning war" tactic used fast, overwhelming attacks with tanks and air support to quickly conquer countries like Poland and France. ​ Dieppe: A disastrous 1942 Allied raid on Dieppe, France, resulted in heavy Canadian casualties and was a learning experience for the later D-Day invasion. ​ Hong Kong: In 1941, Canada’s troops were part of a failed defense against Japanese forces in Hong Kong, leading to many Canadian soldiers being captured. Canadians at War and on the Homefront: ​ Japanese Internment: Following Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, over 22,000 Japanese Canadians were forcibly relocated to internment camps, a controversial action that caused hardship and injustice. ​ Conscription Crisis: In both WWI and WWII, Canada faced divisions over conscription, with French Canadians particularly opposed to mandatory military service.  ​ Women and the War: Women played crucial roles in wartime, joining the workforce, serving in auxiliary military roles, and contributing to war production while their male counterparts fought abroad. End of the War: ​ Invasion of Italy: In 1943, Allied forces, including Canadians, invaded Italy to weaken Axis powers. It was a long and difficult campaign. ​ D-Day: On June 6, 1944, the Allies launched the Normandy invasion (D-Day), a turning point in the war in Europe, with thousands of Canadian soldiers storming Juno Beach. ​ The Atomic Bomb: In 1945, the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading to Japan’s surrender and the end of WWII in Asia. The Holocaust: ​ Ghettos: Nazis forced Jews into overcrowded, walled-off ghettos where they lived in harsh conditions. ​ Anti-Semitism: Deep-rooted hatred of Jews led to their persecution, discrimination, and eventual systematic genocide during the Holocaust. ​ Kristallnacht: In 1938, Nazi-led mobs destroyed Jewish businesses, homes, and synagogues in a violent night of anti-Semitic riots. ​ The Final Solution: The Nazis' plan to exterminate all Jews through mass murder, primarily in concentration and extermination camps, led to the deaths of six million Jews. Unit Four – The 1950s and the Cold war (4 weeks) Canada’s coming of age o​ Suburbia o​ Rock and Roll culture o​ International relations, Expo 67, o​ French-Canadian relations o​ The Quiet Revolution o​ Natural Resources boom Military Alliances in the Cold war o​ NATO, Warsaw Pact o​ Cuban Missile Crisis Trudeaumania o​ The age of possibilities and idealism o​ The FLQ Crisis Canada’s Coming of Age: ​ Suburbia: Post-WWII, many Canadians moved to suburban neighborhoods, reflecting economic growth and the rise of the middle class.  ​ Rock and Roll Culture: The 1950s and 1960s saw Canadian musicians like Neil Young and Leonard Cohen rise to fame, contributing to the global rock culture. ​ Expo 67: Montreal’s Expo 67 showcased Canada's modern identity and global role, drawing international attention. ​ French-Canadian Relations & The Quiet Revolution: Quebec underwent significant changes in the 1960s, modernizing its economy and pushing for more recognition of French language and culture. ​ Natural Resources Boom: Canada’s economy benefited from the exploitation of its natural resources, especially in the energy sector, but raised environmental and Indigenous concerns. Military Alliances in the Cold War: ​ NATO: Canada was a founding member of NATO, countering Soviet threats during the Cold War. ​ Warsaw Pact: The USSR created the Warsaw Pact to counter NATO, with Canada supporting the Western bloc. ​ Cuban Missile Crisis: Canada played a diplomatic role during the 1962 crisis, advocating for peace and avoiding nuclear conflict. Trudeaumania and Canadian Politics: ​ Trudeaumania: Pierre Trudeau became Prime Minister in 1968, bringing excitement, charisma, and progressive policies like bilingualism and multiculturalism. ​ The Age of Possibilities: Trudeau's leadership marked an era of idealism with social reforms, including the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. ​ The FLQ Crisis: In 1970, the FLQ’s kidnapping led to Trudeau invoking the War Measures Act, which intensified tensions between English and French Canadians. ​ EXAM FORMAT 25 multiple choice questions 4 of 6 photo identification (focus on the 1920s, the Battles, the Atomic bomb, women) 1 reading passage on propaganda with 3 questions 1 of 3 essay (400 words response) - women, Canadian achievements, the military