Final Exam Review Topics 2024-25 PDF

HELLO FRIENDZ Final Exam Review Topics **Please Study all Key Terms** Chapter 1 Today’s Health Care System ​ History of Medicine --People who made important contributions to healthcare · ​ What important advances to...

HELLO FRIENDZ Final Exam Review Topics **Please Study all Key Terms** Chapter 1 Today’s Health Care System ​ History of Medicine --People who made important contributions to healthcare · ​ What important advances took place during these times? Hippocrates- created prognosis and denied the fact that supernatural things caused illnesses ​ William Harvey- blood flow from heart to body back to heart ​ Avicenna- wrote the canon of medicine Dolly the sheep- the first animal successfully cloned and made from a mammary cell Alexander Fleming- made penicillin Crick and Watson- found the double helix structure in DNA Sigman Freud- talking to patients Zacharias Janssen- microscope Andreas Vessilous- human anatomy through dissection Florence Nightingale- known as the mother of modern nursing Robert Koch- germ theory Rene Laennec- stethoscope Sir Humphry Davy- laughing gas/ anesthetic John Hopps- pacemaker Alex Jeffreys- DNA finger-printing Louis pasture- cleaning before surgery Edward Jenner- smallpox Christan Bernard- open heart surgery Sir Joseph Lister- created antiseptics Salk and Sabin- polio vaccine NASA- helped make the CT ( computed tomography)and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) Printing press- a machine to help mass produce medical writing MASH-Mobile Army Surgical Hospital was used in the Korean War for the first time Prehistoric times ​ Early people were spared from disease such as measles and smallpox as a result of small communities and nomadic lifestyles. ​ Trepanation ​ Medicine rooted in religious or spiritual beliefs Ancient Times: ​ Egyptians ○​ Leeches ○​ Blooding letting ○​ Tannic acid (bark of some tree) ○​ Kept health records  ​ Greeks ○​ Hippocrates - prognosis, hippocratic ○​ Dispelled the notion that religious and spiritual beliefs affect people’s health ​ Romans ○​ First public sanitation centers (public bathrooms and aqueducts carrying out clean water and feces) ​ Chinese ○​ Acupuncture ○​ Herbs ○​ Holistic medicine ○​ Complimentary = a mix of western and holistic medicine ○​ Homeopathy = just holistic medicine -- Medieval Times ​ After the fall of the roman empire ​ People stopped relying on medicine and prevention, instead falling towards religion for healing such as praying ​ Aviicena wrote canon of Medicine (THE FIRST COMPREHENSIVE BASIC MEDICINE) --The Renaissance ​ The bubonic plague (spread by rats, poor hygiene, and a lack of regard for medicine) --Modern Times ​ FOCUSED ON PREVENTION AND INNOVATION ​ Important machines and inventions ​ INCLUDE SOME PEOPLE’S INVENTIONS ​ Types of Healthcare Facilities ○​ Voluntary Nonprofit Institution ○​ For profit (Proprietary) Institution ○​ Government Institutions  ​ Health Care Trends ​ 5 types of healthcare professionals and their roles ​ --Patient Care professionals ​ --Laboratory and Pharmacy professionals ​ --Diagnostic and Imaging professionals ​ --Therapy and rehabilitation professional ​ --Health Information and Administration professionals ​ --Trends that influence healthcare ​ --Managed Care --Social determinants of health (SDOH) ​ Non medical factors that affect health outcomes ​ --ADLs Vs iADLS ​ BASIC EVERYDAY TASKS ​ MORE COMPLEX TASKS (EX: EATING VS DRIVING) --Area Agencies on Aging ​ Public OR Private nonprofit agency designated by a state to address the needs and concerns of all older people; on regional/local levels Chapter 11 Law, Ethics, Professionalism ​ Legal Terms ○​ Torts ​ A wrongful act, whether intentional or negligent, which causes an injury or damage for which restitution, or compensation, must be made. ○​ Litigation ​ a legal proceeding in a court. ○​ Civil Law ​ (private law) focuses on issues between private citizens ○​ Public Law ​ focuses on issues between a government and its citizens. ○​ Common Law ​ Traditional law. No set law, judge makes a decision based on the case. ○​ Statutory Law ​ laws made up by the government. ○​ Constitutional Right  ​ rights afforded to all citizens through the US Constitution. ○​ Human Rights ​ fundamental rights of all people regardless of citizenship status. ○​ Civil Rights ​ basic legal rights held by all US citizens. ​ Advanced Directives ○​ DNR(DO NOT RESUSCITATE ORDER ○​ LIVING WILL (Documents that indicate which medical steps, if any, are to be taken in order to save or prolong a person's life. ○​ DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY (legal form that allows a designated person to act on another's behalf in regard to health care choices). ○​ WILL​ ​ Ethical Principles for Health Care Professionals ○​ FIDELITY ​ Faithfulness ○​ VERACITY ​ To tell the truth ○​ NONMALEFICENCE ​ Do no harm ○​ BENEFICENCE ​ Do good ○​ JUSTICE ​ ○​ CONFIDENTIALITY ​ Keep patient information hidden and private ○​ COMPETENCE ​ Ability to do something successfully and efficiently ○​ PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS ​ A group of a people in the same profession that promote the interests to the public --Patient Care Partnership 1.​ - 2.​ - 3.​ -  --Patient advocacy - being a advocate for your patient ​ --Confidentiality and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability (HIPAA)- Act ​ Chapter 19 Health Care Economics ​ Health Care Cost Containment · ​ 3 categories of health care facilities (voluntary/nonprofit, proprietary, government) Funding for Health Care Facilities ​--Voluntary nonprofit institutions ​--Proprietary institutions ​ ​--Government institutions ​ FQHC- Federally Qualified Health Centers ​ Healthcare disparities ○​ Morality ○​ Life Expectancy ○​ Burden of disease ○​ Mental health ○​ Uninsured/Underinsured ○​ Lack of access to care ​ Managed Care ○​ Controlling health care costs ​ Saves money by providing preventative health care services ​ Save money by contracting with doctors and hospitals in the community ​ Health Care Payment Methods · ​ Common health care payment methods ​--Private insurance  ​ Given by the employer of external company that isn't the government ​ ​ ​ --EPO, POS, HMO, PPO ​ EPO (Exclusive Provider Organization) ​ POS ( Point of Service mix of PPO and HMO REFERRALS) ​ PPO (Preferred Provider Organization) ​ HMO ( HEALTH MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION REFERRALS). ​--Direct payment ​ Out of pocket payment ​--Medicare ​ Care for the elderly ​ 65 and older ​ It needs to be applied to --A,B,C, & D ​ Inpatient ​ Outpatient ​ Fills the gaps ​ Prescriptions ​--Medicaid ​ Care for the disabled ​--TRICARE ​ Provides care to military veterans ​ Private Insurance Terms Terms ​ --In-network ​ Within limits established by the provider ​--Out-of-network ​ Physician or provider that does not have a relation with your current insurance company --Deductible ​ money you pay out of pocket before benefits kick in. --Copayment ​ the percentage you pay along with the insurance( typically 80%-20%.  --Referral ​ is a written document given from a PCP which allows someone to see a specialist --Reimbursement - payment that is given back to you when you are refunded for a medical related cost --Health Care Cost containment - Designed to lower healthcare costs for all Americans ​--DRGs - Diagnostic related groups --Resource utilization ​ Making better use of health care resources to cut costs ​--Goals of health care reform Chapter 21 Advocacy ​ What is advocacy in the health field? ​ Autonomy - being independent for your care ​ Code of Ethics - a set of principles and standards that guide how people or organizations should behave. ​ Competency - is being able to do tasks successfully and efficiently ​ Competent - A person who can do tasks successfully and efficiently. ​ Empowerment - making someone empowered through comments ​ Incompetent - not being able to do tasks in efficient timing or quality. Chapter 10 Personal and Professional Skills ​ Altruism - concerned for the wellbeing of others ​ Autonomy - Respect for the right of self determination/a patient choosing their care ​ Competence - When someone is proficient in completing a task related to what they know ​ Dignity - to respect the uniqueness & worth of all individuals ​ Stress---eustress(GOOD STRESS), distress(BAD STRESS) ​ Time management - being able to manage work properly to work within specific time parameters. ​ Values - A belief about the worth/importance of something that acts as a standard to guide one's behavior ​ Chapter 16 Health Care Communication ​ Communication ​ Communication process (sender, message, receiver) -​ Sender - the giver of the information -​ Message - the information a sender has or conveys -​ Receiver - person who receives the information from the sender ​ Feedback - to make sure a message was understood and heard ​ Clarification - the act of making one’s message more understandable ​ 3 most common modes of communication (verbal, nonverbal, written) ​ Channels of communication ○​ Sight, Sound, and Touch ​ Verbal communication guidelines - ​ Non-language sounds - sighs, grunts, sobs, barks ​ Assertive communication - open honest and direct communication ​ Active listening - Direct, stern, respectful, but confident works/demeanor ​ Nonverbal communication ​ Body language ​ Eye contact - shows interest, lends sense of truthfulness ​ Kinesics - Body movement ​ Proxemics - Personal space ​ touch ​ Written communication / Medical Writing ​ Why should you avoid highly technical language? - to make sure that the patient understands all information provided. (try not to say you are a doctor because people will assume) ​ What does the tone of the speaker do for the patient? - it gives them a sense of understanding so they know how the other person is feeling ​ A patient’s sense of appropriate personal space differs on what factors? ​ Basic interview techniques (reflection, paraphrasing, clarification, open-ended questioning, summarizing) ​ Patient education ​ Recording and reporting ​ Communication Challenges ​ Telephone Manners ​ What are some barriers to good communication?  ​ Why can communication by telephone be more challenging than face-to-face communication? ​. During active listening, what should you pay full attention to? - body language and the proxemics ​ Medical charts and lab reports are what type of communication? Chapter 13 Diversity and Differences in Health Care ​ Ethnocentrism- the belief that a certain group is dominant and better ​ Culture- a shared system of beliefs, values, and behavioral expectations that provide social structure for daily living ​ Subculture- a group of people who are members of a larger culture group, but whose attitudes and behaviors reflect different beliefs from those of the larger culture ​ Ethnicity- a sense of identification with a group based on a common heritage ​ Race- a group of people unified by specific physical characteristics such as skin pigmentation, body stature, facial features, and hair texture ​ Dominant Group- the group within a society that tends to control that societies values ​ Minority Group- has some physical or cultural characteristics that identify the people within it as different from the dominant group ( race, religion, beliefs, customs or practices) ​ Assimilation- When an individual shifts his/her identity from the minority to the dominant group and adopts the values, attitudes and behaviors of the dominant culture ​ Culture Shock - Living in a dominant culture that differs from one’s own can produce feelings of psychological discomfort or disturbance is called ​ Inherited or genetic disorders- tay sachs, keloids, lactose intolerance ​ Gender and Dominant roles in a family -certain cultures have specific roles such as the malke being the money maker and the wife being the career. Additionally many cultures have older generations make the decisions. ​ Culture’s value on time and promptness- In U.S. ---punctuality is important ​ Other cultures ---punctuality may not be valued as highly ​ Family income’s influence on health care- affects individual health and access to health care. Studies show upper income groups tend to live longer. Chapters 14 TeamWork and Leadership ​ Team  ​ Multidisciplinary team ​ Team roles (team leader, recorder, spokesperson, resource, implementers, reflector, optimist, skeptic) ​ An effective group is one in which members… ​ Sources of conflict ​ 5 steps to manage conflict -​ identify problem -​ gather info/possible solutions -​ select best option -​ implement solution -​ evaluate results)Conflict management ​ Types of leadership (autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire) Chapter 15 Critical Thinking and Problem Solving ​ Critical thinking - ​ Characteristics of a critical thinker (fair-mindedness, autonomy, perseverance) ​ Studying and learning Life-long activity ​ Studying processes / Effective study methods (6 of them) ​ Learning Process ○​ Reception phase ○​ Selection phase ○​ Perception phase Chapter 17 ​ Electronic Medical Record/What is in an EMR/EHR ​ Clinical Decision Support Systems ​ Abbreviations - shortened version of words ​ Military Time - 00:00 to 23:59 gets rid of confusion ​ Progress notes; PROM, SOAP, Narrative ​ Characteristics of good documentation ​ Patient monitoring system ​ Telesurgery ​ CDSS =clinical decision support system ​ CPOE =Computerized provider order entry ​ Encryption ​ Telemedicine ​ Telehealth Chapter 18 Safety and Infection Control ​ Classification of Microorganisms - ​ Aerobic - needs oxygen to live ​ Anaerobic - does not need oxygen to live ill eat it ​ Conditions for growth - Warmth, Moisture, Darkness, Food Source ​ Pathogenic - can spread disease ​ non pathogenic - can not spread disease ​ Host - a person infect by a pathogen ​ Carrier - a person infected by a pathogen but does not have to show symptoms ​ Normal flora ○​ Stays in one part of the body ○​ Not bad for you ​ How pathogens cause disease ○​ Allergies ○​ Toxins ​ Infection define (most common in the world) ○​ URI ​ Chain of infection ○​ Infectious Agent ○​ Reservoir ○​ Portal of Exit ○​ Mode of Transmission ○​ Mode of Transmission ○​ Portal of Entry ○​ Susceptible Host ​ Incubation period ○​ Period of time when the disease develops before symptoms are shown ​ Period of communicability ○​ Period of time when the disease can be spread between peoples ​ Types of transmission ○​ When it is contagious and can spread ​ Fomites ○​ Inanimate objects that transmit diseases when contaminated ​ Nosocomial or HAI ○​ Hospital inherited diseases ​ Sepsis, asepsis, contaminated, sterile, spore  ○​ Sepsis: ○​ Asepsis ○​ Contaminated: ○​ Sterile: ○​ Spore: difficult to penetrate the cell wall ​ Aseptic techniques ​ Standard precautions ○​ Procedures that are made by the CDC to prevent the spread of disease and infection ​ PPE ○​ Personal protective equipment ○​ Needs to be put on before entering a hazardous patients room or a surgical sight ​ Biohazard ○​ Dangerous and hazardous humans so it has to be treated properly and put in a bin to prevent the spread of disease ​ Sterilization ○​ The highest level of infection control ○​ Kills off all bacteria ​ Bactericides or disinfectants ○​ Bactericides: ​ ​ Kill off all microorganisms ○​ Disinfectants: ​ Removes most of the bacteria ​ Antiseptics or bacteriostatic agents ○​ Does not kill all of the bacteria but sanitizes it well ​ OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration - regulates the safety of workers in their workplace environment, ensuring the safety of all employees. They use signs and papers with precautions to inform those in the workplace. ​ CDC - Center of Disease Control ​ Incident or exposure report ○​ An incident that must be reported Chapter 2 Overview of Health Care Careers ​ Continuing education - ensure that all healthcare providers know their stuff ​ License  ​ Accreditation - ​ Registration ​ Health Career Clusters and careers that fall under them (refer to the list of careers from your chart) ​ Credentials ​ Types of test and professionals that use the tests ​ Technologist/ technician ​ MRI - does NOT use radiation, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, gets a clearer view of the x-ray ​ CT - uses radiation ​ PET - uses radiation, focuses on one specific part of the body and creates a very detailed image ​ SPECT - Chapter 22 ​ Healthy People 2020 - national health objectives for the whole population through a series of efforts ​ Complementary / Alternative Medicine (CAM) categories ​ Public Health ​ Triage - valuing the person of need first (for example someone who is the most injured) ​ Levels of