Zoology 11 Laboratory 1st Sem AY 2022-2023 (PDF)

Zoology 11 Laboratory 1st sem AY. 2022-2023 Exercise No. 3: Parazoans and Simplest Metazoans: (Phyla Porifera and Cnidaria) Introduction Have you been to the beach recently? Or did you have trips or travels that included a dip or a splash in the sea? What are the things that part...

Zoology 11 Laboratory 1st sem AY. 2022-2023 Exercise No. 3: Parazoans and Simplest Metazoans: (Phyla Porifera and Cnidaria) Introduction Have you been to the beach recently? Or did you have trips or travels that included a dip or a splash in the sea? What are the things that particularly interested you, especially on the living organisms that thrive on the ocean waters and floor? Kingdom Animalia is informally divided into vertebrate (with backbones) and invertebrate (without backbones) animals. Most of us are familiar with vertebrate animals, but 95 percent of animal species are invertebrates. One particular group of invertebrates are poriferans, and an example of this are sponges under Phylum Porifera. They are aquatic, and the majority of species are marine. A sponge’s body structure is adapted to filtering food from moving water, absorbing dissolved oxygen, and eliminating wastes. Another invertebrate animal common in marine environments is the cnidarians, which is under the Phylum Cnidaria. Like sponges, most cnidarians are also sessile (i.e., attached to the bottom substrate) like the corals. Jellyfish is an example of a cnidarian that is not attached to the substratum. Learning Outcomes At the end of the exercise, you will be able to: 1. Describe the organizational and structural features or animals under Phylum Porifera and Phylum Cnidaria. 2. Recognize members of the major classes of Poriferans and Cnidarians. 3. Enumerate the roles that they perform as well as the importance of sponges and corals in our environment. Materials Binocular dissecting microscope Preserved specimen of: Zoology 11 Laboratory 1st sem AY. 2022-2023 Different sponges Euplectella sp. – Venus’ flower basket corals, sea anemones jellyfish (if available) A. PHYLUM PORIFERA It has four classes based on the type of spicules or the support material they p+ossess. Calcarea has calcareous spicules, Hexactinellida with six-rayed siliceous spicules, Demospongiae have siliceous spicules, spongin or both and Sclerospongiae which are coraline sponges. Are you familiar with some of these organisms? Acquaint yourself with some sponges in the laboratory. I: Draw representative sponges in the worksheet provided. Anatomy of sponges Sponges’ parts include the following; an outer layer of flattened cells and an inner layer of cells called choanocytes, pores called ostia (singular: ostium) and consists of aggregates of cells supported by a framework of microscopic rods called spicules as well as collagen fibers called spongin in some species. Sponges reproduce both sexually and asexually (fragmentation, budding, or formation of gemmules (internal buds) and are hermaphroditic. Have you ever seen a porifera in your local community? What do you think of its physical appearance? II. Answer Activity 3A in the VSU E-learning portal. Canal system of the sponges Poriferans have a water canal system that enables water to move through the sponge allowing the exchange of gases, food and waste to nearly all body cells. There are three general types of canal systems in sponges namely: ascon, leucon and sycon. III. Answer Activity 3B in the VSU E-learning portal. You can use this video link as a reference. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=swKwTNn8Oz4&feature=emb_logo B. PHYLUM CNIDARIA To get a clearer view of animals included in this group, study the classes enumerated below. 1. Class Hydrozoa can be found in both marine and freshwater habitat and can have a polyp or medusa form. Examples include Hydra, Obelia, Physalia physalis or the Portuguese man-of-war. Zoology 11 Laboratory 1st sem AY. 2022-2023 Study the parts of a solitary hydroid Hydra where: basal disc (used for attachment to a substrate) hydranth (oral end of the polyp bearing the mouth and tentacles) hypostome (conical elevation containing the mouth part) tentacles (contains the cnidocytes), and bud (asexually produced outgrowth). Obelia: colonial hydroid. Here are the following external parts: perisarc (the transparent protective tube that encases the coenosarc), hydrotheca (bell-like perisarc surrounding the hydranth) coenosarc (living tissue surrounded by the perisarc) gastrozooid (polyp specialized for feeding), and gonozooid (polyp from where medusoids are derived) 2. Class Scyphozoa (“true-jellyfish”) are exclusively marine animals with a dominant medusa stage and are free-swimming organism. Did you know that marine jellies (Scyphozoans) have about 200 known species that range from 2 to 40 cm in length, and the largest can reach about 2 meters in diameter (Cyanea capillata)? Some species of jellies are known to have stinging tentacles that reportedly can cause skin rashes or irritations, while some others can even cause paralysis. Examine the bell or umbrella, tentacles, oral arms, mouth (oral opening) of a scyphozoan. IV. Answer Activity 3C in the E-learning portal. 3. Class Cubozoa (box jellyfish) are solitary with a reduced polyp stage and are all marine. Example is Chironex fleckeri or sea wasp. 4. Class Anthozoa: sea anemones and corals are the most familiar of all cnidarians. These organisms exhibit a sessile polyp body plan only, all marine dwelling and may be colonial or solitary. Have you ever seen a coral? Did you ever imagine them to be animals and not plants? The parts of a coral-like corallite (a cup-like structure that houses the polyp) and septa (inward extension of the body wall that divides the gastral cavity). Draw representatives of Phylum Cnidaria Instructions on how to prepare and submit the laboratory outputs. Answer the specified activities in the VSU E-learning portal. Draw representatives of Phylum Porifera and Cnidaria provided by your instructor. Zoology 11 Laboratory 1st sem AY. 2022-2023 References Cesar, S., Flandez, A.R., Mazo, A. Laboratory Manual in Fundamentals of Zoology (Zoology11). Visayas State University, ViSCA, Baybay City, Leyte. [unpublished material] Clark, M.A., Douglas, M., Choi, J. 2018. Biology 2e. OpenStax. Retrieved from Openstax: https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e Zoology 11 Laboratory 1st sem AY. 2022-2023 Score Name: Date performed: Course: Date submitted: Exercise No. 3: Parazoans and Simplest Metazoans (Phylum Porifera and Phylum Cnidaria) I. Drawings of the following: A. Phylum Porifera Class Calcarea Class Hexactinellida B. Phylum Cnidaria Corals, jellyfish (if available) Zoology 11 Laboratory 1st sem AY. 2022-2023 Class Anthozoa Corallite of reef-building coral Scientific name / common name of specimen: ___________________ Magnification: _______ x