Atom, Ion & Isotope Notes (Week 1) PDF

# Atomic Structure & Periodic Table ## AKS 1a & AKS 1b - Learning Target: I can develop and use models to draw neutral atoms and their subatomic particles. ## AKS: - 1a. develop and use models to compare and contrast the structure of atoms, ions, and isotopes (GSE SPS1a) - Clarification State...

# Atomic Structure & Periodic Table ## AKS 1a & AKS 1b - Learning Target: I can develop and use models to draw neutral atoms and their subatomic particles. ## AKS: - 1a. develop and use models to compare and contrast the structure of atoms, ions, and isotopes (GSE SPS1a) - Clarification Statement: Properties should be limited to atomic number, atomic mass, and the location and charge of electrons, protons, and neutrons. - 1b. use proton/atomic number to identify elements ## Learning Target: - I can develop and use models to draw neutral atoms and their subatomic particles. - Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. - All matter is made of atoms. - Atoms are the building blocks of matter, sort of how bricks are the building blocks of houses. - Building blocks of matter. - Make up everything around you. - Individual atoms are too small to be seen. - 1 penny is made up of 2 x 10^22 atoms. - 20,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms ## The ATOM - An atom consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons. - The number of protons determines the element. - A proton particle carries a positive charge. - A neutron particle carries no charge. - An electron particle carries a negative charge. - Nucleus - The nucleus is a group of protons and neutrons. ## Atom: smallest unit of matter ### Structure of Atom: - Diagram of a carbon atom with a nucleus containing six protons (+) and six neutrons (n). There are six electrons (-) orbiting the nucleus in two shells. - Neutral atoms have an even number of protons and electrons. ### Structure of the atom: #### Protons - particles that are positively charged - identify the atom; - have a mass of 1 amu (atomic mass unit) - one of the heavier particles of the atom, - found the nucleus of the atom #### Neutrons - particles that have no charge; - they are neutral, - found in the nucleus of the atom; - have a mass similar to the protons #### Electrons - particles that are negatively charged; - have a mass of less than 1 amu; - found in the electron cloud (out) of the atom, - they are in constant motion and are responsible for the atom's reactions ## Information provided in the periodic table: - In a NEUTRAL atom only - Atomic number = Protons = Electrons - Mass number - Atomic number = Neutrons - Diagram of a periodic table element box depicting a carbon atom (C). The number 6 is above the symbol C, and 12.011 is below. ## Practice time! | Atom | Atomic number | Mass number | #protons | #electrons | #neutrons | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | Scandium (Sc) | 21 | 44.96 | 21 | 21 | 24 | | Iodine (I) | 53 | 126.90 | 53 | 53 | 74 | ## Exit Ticket: How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in the image? - Diagram of an atom with 3 protons (+), 4 neutrons(n0), and 3 electrons(-) orbiting the nucleus. - #protons: 3 - #electrons: 3 - #neutrons: 4 - **Which two subatomic particles are equal in number?** - Protons and electrons. ## Explore: Notice and Wonder - Diagram of an atom with a nucleus containing 5 protons(+) and 6 neutrons(n0). There are 5 electrons(-) orbiting the nucleus in two shells. - Periodic table element box depicting Boron (B). The number 5 is above the symbol B, and 10.811 is below. ## Review - Diagram of a blackboard depicting a Boron (B) element box with the number 5 above the B and 10.81 below the B. The blackboard also says: - ATOMIC NUMBER- number of electrons, number of protons - SYMBOL/NAME - ATOMIC MASS- in AMU (atomic mass units) - Diagram of a monkey holding a blackboard. The blackboard says: - Atomic number - Mass number(AMU) - Protons: Atomic number - Electrons - Neutrons - Periodic table element box depicting carbon (C). The number 6 is above the symbol C, and 12.001 is below the C. ## How do we find numbers of subatomic particles from the periodic table? (neutral atom only) - Proton number = atomic number. - Electron number = atomic number. - Neutron number = atomic mass - atomic number. ## Rules for arranging electrons: - Bohr atomic model of a nitrogen atom depicting the nucleus containing 7 protons (+) and 7 neutrons(n0). The electrons (-) are in three shells orbiting the nucleus: two in the first shell, five in the second shell, and two in the third shell. - 1st energy level can hold up to 2 electrons. - 2nd energy level can hold up to 8 electrons. - 3rd energy level can hold up to 18 electrons. ## Draw an image of an atom with two electrons, two protons, and two neutrons, similar to the one below. This one should only have one “shell” (circle) for the electrons. - Diagram of an atom with a nucleus containing 6 protons (+) and 6 neutrons(n0). There are 6 electrons(-) orbiting the nucleus in two shells. ## In your notebooks, - CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING - 1. Sketch an atom with 5 protons, 6 neutrons. How many electrons should you draw? **5** - 2. Sketch an atom with 3 electrons and 4 neutrons. How many electrons should you draw? **3** - 3. Sketch an atom with 10 protons and 10 neutrons. How many electrons should you draw? **10** ## Ions ## AKS 1a and AKS 1b ## Atomic Structure ## AKS: - 1a. develop and use models to compare and contrast the structure of atoms, ions, and isotopes (GSE SPS1a) - Clarification Statement: Properties should be limited to atomic number, atomic mass, and the location and charge of electrons, protons, and neutrons. - 1b. use proton/atomic number to identify elements. - **Learning Target**: I can develop and use models to compare and contrast the structure of atoms, and ions. ## Engage: In math, if you have 4 positives and 3 negatives, what would the leftover charge be? What about if you have 3 negatives and 2 positives? - Diagram of two boxes containing + and - signs. The first box contains + signs in four cells and - signs in three cells. The second box contains + signs in two cells and - signs in three cells. ## Explore: Build an Atom Phet - 1. Experiment. Create a lithium atom with a charge of -1. - 2. Experiment. Create a lithium atom with a charge of +1. - Create each of the atoms below. Identify how many electrons will be needed, then draw the image as it appears. | Charge | Subatomic particle | Drawing | |---|---|---| | 2 | Protons: 4 Neutrons: 5 Electrons: 6| | | -1 | Protons: 9 Neutrons: 10 Electrons: 10 | | | +3 | Protons 5 Neutrons: 6 Electrons: 2 | | ## Explain - **Difference Between an Atom and an Ion** - Atom - Electrically neutral - Same number of protons and electrons - Number of protons defines its element - Diagram of a neutral atom with a nucleus containing 2 protons (+) and 2 neutrons. The atom is being orbited by 2 electrons (-). - Ion - Electrically charged - Different number of protons and electrons - May contain one or more atoms - Diagram of an ion with a nucleus containing 2 protons (+) and 2 neutrons. The ion is being orbited by 3 electrons (-). ## Explain: Ions - **This Atom is Neutral ** - Same number of protons and electrons - Diagram of a neutral atom with a nucleus containing 4 protons (+) and 4 neutrons. The atom is being orbited by 4 electrons (-). - **This Atom is Positively Charged ** - More protons than electrons - Diagram of a positively charged ion with a nucleus containing 4 protons (+) and 4 neutrons. The ion is being orbited by 3 electrons (-). - **This Atom is Negatively Charged ** - More electrons than protons - Diagram of a negatively charged ion with a nucleus containing 4 protons (+) and 4 neutrons. The ion is being orbited by 5 electrons (-). | Atom | Protons | Electrons | |---|---|---| | Neutral | 4 | 4 | | Cation | 4 | 3 | | Anion | 4 | 5 | ## Explain: How to write ions | Positive ions- cations | | Negative ions- anions | |---|---|---| | Ca+2 | Lost 2 electrons | CI-1 | Gained 1 electron | | Ba+2 | Lost 2 electrons | O-2 | Gained 2 electrons | | K+1 | Lost 1 electron | S-2 | Gained 2 electrons | ## Elaborate: Draw on your notebook | | | |---|---| | Li+1 | O-2 | | Be+2 | Br-1 | | F-1 | H+1 | ## Evaluate - **Determine the charges on the following using the diagram above as a guide:** - 1. An atom having lost two electrons: **+2** - 2. An atom having lost six electrons: **+6** - 3. An atom having gained one electron: **-1** - 4. An atom having gained three electrons: **-3** - 5. An atom having lost five electrons: **+5** - 6. An atom having gained two electrons: **-2** - 7. An atom having lost one electron: **+1** - 8. An atom having gained four electrons: **-4** ## For each of the positive ions listed in column 1, use the periodic table to find in column 2 the total number of electrons that ion contains. The same answer may be used more than once. | | | |---|---| | Al+3 | 10 | | Fe+3 | 23 | | Mg+2 | 10 | | Sn+2 | 48 | | Co+2 | 25 | | Co+3 | 24 | | Lit | 2 | | Rb+1 | 36 | | Pt+2 | 76 | | Cr+3 | 21 | ## Atomic Structure ## AKS: - 1a. develop and use models to compare and contrast the structure of atoms, ions, and isotopes (GSE SPS1a) - Clarification Statement: Properties should be limited to atomic number, atomic mass, and the location and charge of electrons, protons, and neutrons. - 1b. use proton/atomic number to identify elements - **Learning Target**: I can develop and use models to compare and contrast the structure of atoms, ions, and isotopes. ## Compare & Contrast: - How those isotopes of Lithium are similar? - How are they different? - Diagram of a periodic table element boxes depicting isotopes of Lithium (Li) with the number 3 below the Li. The numbers above the Li are 6, 7, and 8 - 6Li - Protons: 3, Neutrons: 3 - 7Li - Protons: 3, Neutrons: 4 - 8Li - Protons: 3, Neutrons: 5 - **In your own words, how can define “isotopes”?** - Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. - **As you can see, Lithium has different isotopes, each with the same number of protons, but different mass numbers because of the different numbers of neutrons.** ## Two ways to write isotopes * **Isotopic/Nuclear Notation** - Nuclear symbol: Mass# (top left) Atomic# (bottom left). - **Hyphen Notation** - Write the element name and the Mass# - Diagram of two boxes, separated by a vertical line down the middle, depicting the two ways to write isotopes: - Isotopes/Nuclear Notation: - Diagram of a circle with the symbol "C" inside. The number 12 is written in the upper left quadrant, and the number 6 is written in the lower left quadrant. - The number 12 is connected to the circle via an arrow and the words "Mass #" are written on the arrow. - The number 6 is connected to the circle via an arrow and the words "Atomic #" are written on the arrow. - Hyphen Notation: - The words "Hyphen Notation" are written in the upper part of the box with an arrow pointing down to the words "Hydrogen-1" below as if to say "Hydrogen-1" is an example of a Hyphen Notation. - An arrow is pointing from the word “Hydro” to the "1", with the words “Mass Number” written below the arrow. ## Elaborate: Draw the following isotopes. Write their hyphen notation. | | | |---|---| | ^6_3Li | Lithium-6 | | ^2_1H | Hydrogen-2 | | ^7_3Li | Lithium-7 | | ^3_1H | Hydrogen-3 | ## Evaluate: Let's practice! 1. **Here are three isotopes of an element:** - a. The element is: **Carbon** - b. The number 6 refers to the **atomic number**. - c. The numbers 12, 13, and 14 refer to the **mass number**. - d. How many protons and neutrons are in the first isotope? **6 protons and 6 neutrons** - e. How many protons and neutrons are in the second isotope? **6 protons and 7 neutrons** - f. How many protons and neutrons are in the third isotope? **6 protons and 8 neutrons** 2. **Complete the following charts:** - **Chart Number 1** | Hyphen Notation | atomic # | mass # | # of protons | # of neutrons | # of electrons | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | uranium-23 | 92 | 23 | 92 | 141 | 92 | | uranium-23 | 92 | 23 | 92 | 141 | 92 | | boron-10 | 5 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 5 | | boron-11 | 5 | 11 | 5 | 6 | 5 | - **Chart Number 2** | Element Symbol | Atomic Number | Number of electrons | Number of Neutrons | Mass number | Nuclear symbol | Atomic Mass | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | Helium | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | ^4_2He | 4.002602 | | Ti | 22 | 22 | 28 | 50 | ^50_22Ti | 47.867 | | Ga | 31 | 31 | 39 | 70 | ^70_31Ga | 69.723 | | | | 73 | 108 | | ^108_31Ga | | | | 83 | 83 | 127 | | ^127_83Bi | | | | | | | | ^13_6C | | | | | | | | ^226_88Ra | |