US History Semester 1 Final Exam Review PDF

US HISTORY NAME: Semester 1 Final Exam Review BLOCK: DATE: UNIT 1: INDUSTRIALIZATION, IMMIGRATION, AND URBANIZATION (CHAPTERS 3-4) Each of the following terms provides a descript...

US HISTORY NAME: Semester 1 Final Exam Review BLOCK: DATE: UNIT 1: INDUSTRIALIZATION, IMMIGRATION, AND URBANIZATION (CHAPTERS 3-4) Each of the following terms provides a description, people/groups involved, and significance. A corporation is an organization owned by many people but treated by law as though it were a person who made big businesses possible stockholders owned corporations by shares selling stocks allows a corporation to raise money without any risk. Robber Baron: people who loot an industry and become rich unethically Laissez-Faire: A French phrase meaning let people do as they choose supporters of laissez-faire believed in a society where the government should not interfere in the economy other than to protect private property rights and to maintain peace they argued that if the government controlled the economy prices would go up and would eventually hurt the society Social Darwinism: Social Darwinists believe that the strong should see their wealth and power increase, while the weak should see their wealth and power decrease Nativism: Nativism is an extreme dislike of immigrants by native-born people. It had surfaced during the heavy wave of Irish immigration in the 1840s and 1850s. By the late 1800s, it was focused mainly on Asians, Jews, and Eastern Europeans. New Immigrants/2nd Wave Immigrants: Europeans immigrated to the United States for many reasons. Many came because they were poor and American industries had plenty of jobs available or because they had special skills. Europe’s industrial cities, however, also offered plenty of jobs, so economic factors do not entirely explain why people migrated. Many immigrants came to the United States not just to find work, but to escape the restrictions of social class in Europe that kept them trapped at the bottom of society. In some cases, as in Italy, high rents and a cholera epidemic encouraged people to leave. In Poland and Russia, land shortages, unemployment, high taxes, and a long military draft caused emigration. Others, especially Jews living in Russia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, fled to escape religious persecution. Inflation: inflation is when prices of consumer goods go up but the value of money goes down William Jennings Bryan: a nominee of the populist party who soon got nominated by the Democrats for his pro-silver speech Populist Party: Populists also adopted proposals that were designed to appeal to organized labor. Ideas such as an eight-hour workday and immigration restrictions were put forth as appealing options. In the end, however, populism held little appeal to urban voters, who continued their traditional party allegiances. Many workers continued to vote for the Democrats, whose candidate, Grover Cleveland, won the election. Pullman Strike: In 1894, the Pullman Palace Car Company slashed workers’ wages without lowering rents and prices in the company town. American Railway Union (ARU) workers refused to handle Pullman cars, and railroads ground to a near halt. Railroad managers arranged to have U.S. mail cars attached to the Pullman cars, and President Cleveland sent in federal troops to keep the mail running. A federal court then issued an injunction, or formal order, to halt the boycott Eugene V. Debs: Debs was instrumental in the founding of the American Railway Union (ARU), one of the nation's first industrial unions. After workers at the Pullman Palace Car Company organized a wildcat strike over pay cuts in the summer of 1894, Debs signed many into the ARU. Identify the 3 factors responsible for the rapid industrial growth in the late 1800s. 1. The Bessemer process which made steel cheap to make 2. The number of immigrants joining the workforce for low pay 3. Horizontal integration and vertical integration Explain laissez-faire and how the industrialists of the late 1800s were able to use this to their advantage. Evaluate the contributions of Carnegie and Rockefeller What economic innovations helped Describe negative Describe positive to the growth of America. US industry expand? consequences to contributions to American American society. society. The Bessemer process was one Since he was a Since steel could now be Andrew Carnegie innovation that helped the US monopoly he could produced cheaply the price industry expand. higher rates in steel of steel would go down He owned 90% of the oil industry Since he was a Since he was a monopoly in John D. Rockefeller through horizontal integration which monopoly he could America he would have to helped the US industry expand have higher rates in lower rates or new oil competition would rise Explain whether you consider Carnegie and Rockefeller to be “robber barons” or “industrial statesmen”? I would consider Carnegie and Rockefeller to be robber barons because of their unethical business practices and creation of monopolies. What is a nativist? A nativist is a supporter of nativism where they believe they are better than immigrants. Explain the economic concerns nativists had regarding immigrants. They believed that immigrants were undermining American citizens since they would hire them for a lower cost What social and religious resentments did nativists hold against immigrants? Some feared that the influx of Catholics from countries such as Ireland, Italy, and Poland would swamp the mostly Protestant United States. What role did racism play in the following events? Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882: The Chinese Exclusion Act barred Chinese immigration for 10 years, and prevented Chinese already in the United States from becoming citizens. The Chinese in the United States organized a letter-writing campaign, petitioned Arthur, and filed suit in federal court, all to no avail. The ban on Chinese immigration was renewed in 1892 and then made permanent in 1902. It was not repealed until 1943. Gentlemen Agreement of 1907: The Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 was an informal diplomatic arrangement between the United States and Japan that addressed Japanese immigration to America. Plessy v Ferguson, 1896: In 1892, an African American named Homer Plessy challenged a Louisiana law after he was arrested for riding in a “whites-only” car. In 1896, the Supreme Court, in Plessy v. Ferguson, upheld the Louisiana law and the doctrine of “separate but equal” facilities for African Americans. The ruling established the legal basis for discrimination in the South for more than 50 years. While public facilities for African Americans in the South were always separate, they were far from equal. Why was overproduction a problem for the American farmer in the 1890s? Overproduction was a significant problem for American farmers in the 1890s, leading to a cycle of economic hardship and debt. The main reason for this issue was Increased crop yields: Industrialization brought new farm tools that dramatically increased crop production15. Westward expansion: The growth of homestead farms in the West contributed to higher overall agricultural output 15.Price decline: As farmers produced more crops, prices dropped due to excess supply in the market 13.Debt cycle: Farmers, hoping to earn more money to pay off debts, increased production each year, further driving down prices What did William Jennings Bryan promise to do during the election campaign of 1896? Bryan advocated for the unlimited coinage of silver at a ratio of 16 to 1 with gold, which he believed would bring prosperity to the nation and help farmers and debtors. Identify the 3 main issues over which business owners and workers clash. 1.​ Wages 2.​ work conditions 3.​ Labor hours During the late 1800s, whom did the US government usually support in disputes between labor and management? Management because they believed union laborers disrupted trade UNIT 2: PROGRESSIVE ERA (CHAPTER 6) For each of the following terms provide a description, people/groups involved and significance. Trust: A trust is a relationship in which one person holds title to property, subject to an obligation to keep or use the property for the benefit of another. A trust is formed under state law. Suffrage: The rights that women were supposed to receive for their right to vote. The significance of this is women groups and the significance oft this is eventually got accepted as the 19th amendment. Referendum: Recall: Recall is a political process that allows voters to remove an elected official from office before their term is completed. This mechanism empowers citizens by giving them a direct way to hold officials accountable for their actions and decisions. Recall elections became prominent during the Progressive Era as part of a broader movement advocating for more democratic control and reform in government practices. Muckraker: this a journalist person who observed public housing of labor workers and deemed this unlivable and made sure they got better housing. Progressive Describe the Amendment. What social problem was it intended to reform? Amendments 16th Congress can issue and income tax Income equality and reform the federal tax system Without determining based on population 17th Voters can cast direct votes for Senators used to be chose by state legislatures and Senators now they are elected by direct vote of people 18th Prohibition of alcohol Prohibition the sale manufacture and produce of alcohol because of social issues with alcohol 19th Granting women rights Long struggle of women's rights List 3 factors that aided the passage of women’s suffrage amendment ww1 , political pressure, Long history of suffrage activism What factors led to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act? 1.​ Unsafe food and medicine 2.​ Growing public awareness Why were Presidents Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt considered Progressive Presidents? 1.Trust busting and regulation of big businesses 2.Conservation of natural resources Identify causes and/or issues that were supported by President Roosevelt during his presidency. 1.​ His New Deal policies 2.​ Labor Rights and Unions 3.​ Civil rights and racial equality Identify causes and/or issues that were supported by President Wilson during his presidency. 1.​ Domestic policy which is basically just progressive reform 2.​ Economic and financial reform 3.​ Immigration policy UNIT 3: IMPERIALISM (CHAPTER 5) For each of the following terms provide a description, people/groups involved and significance. Imperialism: countries power through military forces Yellow Journalism: biased news that did this more than facts Spanish-American War: s fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. It began with the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba, and resulted in the U.S. acquiring sovereignty over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, and a protectorate of Cuba. It represented U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence and Philippine Revolution, with the latter later leading to the Philippine–American War. The Spanish–American War brought an end to almost four centuries of Spanish presence in the Americas, Asia, and the Pacific; the United States meanwhile not only became a major world power, but also gained several island possessions spanning the globe, which provoked rancorous debate over the wisdom of expansionism Philippine Insurrections: merged following the conclusion of the Spanish–American War in December 1898 when the United States annexed the Philippine Islands under the Treaty of Paris. Philippine nationalists constituted the First Philippine Republic in January 1899, seven months after signing the Philippine Declaration of Independence. The United States did not recognize either event as legitimate, and tensions escalated until fighting commenced on February 4, 1899 in the Battle of Manila. Roosevelt Corollary: The Roosevelt Corollary of December 1904 stated that the United States would intervene as a last resort to ensure that other nations in the Western Hemisphere fulfilled their obligations to international creditors, and did not violate the rights of the United States or invite “foreign aggression to the detriment. Open Door Policy: It called for protection of equal privileges for all countries trading with China and for the support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity. Big Stick Diplomacy: The idea is negotiating peacefully but also having strength in case things go wrong. Simultaneously threatening with the "big stick", or the military, ties in heavily with the idea of Realpolitik, which implies a pursuit of political power that resembles Machiavellian ideals. Using the map below, locate and state the significance of the following: Cuba:3 Philippines: 6 Puerto Rico: 2 Panama: 5 Hawaii: 1 China: 4 UNIT 4: WORLD WAR I (CHAPTER 7) For each of the following terms provide a description, people/groups involved and significance. Nationalism:Nationalism leads to competition, antagonism between nations, Germany growing power, russia protector of slavic people Militarism: size of the nations military and how they use that to threat others germany against austria and serbia. Germany has strongest army on european continent, competes with britain for largest naval base in the seas. Alliances: made for one nation and another to never attack each other and support each other in the war Germany, austria hungary and ottoman empire and central powers, alliances give security and aid. What event led to the fighting of World War I, in 1914? How did the US respond at that time? The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. They responded by saying they are being neutral in this war and don’t want to be involved with european conflict What events led to the US entry into World War I, in 1917? U boats and then the zimmerman note, they realized they have no choice but to be in this war after germany joined alliance with mexico to take down US and if they don’t join this, they might lose all their land. Using the map below, locate and state the significance of the following Great Britain:1, They were leading the Allied Powers, and after Germany invaded belgium it has its colonies attack with its big and well structured armies. France:4, they were allies for britain and had to joni this war if they didn’t lose territory. Germany:2, This had the biggest army and lost the war and ww1 and pay to reparations and take full blame of the war. Austria-Hungary:5, This event led to fighting in world war 1 Serbia:6, this was that serbian nationalist that assassinated Archduke franz ferdinand. Russia:3, became under communist rule during this time, and won some battles against austria-hungary but lost to Germany. How did the US entry into World War I affect the following groups: African-Americans- they were in non combat roles and were in segregated units Immigrants- There was increased amount of nativism on immigrants with the emergence of ku klux clan, and german people faced prejudice and racism during entire time disabling their education and burning their books. Women- They mostly dominated the workforce and took more of male dominated jobs while they were serving. Why were the Espionage Act (1917) and the Sedition Act (1918) passed? To dissent criticism against the war effort from US in WW1 Why did the Supreme Court uphold these laws in the case of Schenck v US (1918)? During wartime, the government has the right to restrict speech that presents a "clear and present danger" to national security Explain what President Wilson’s Fourteen Points said about each of the following topics and what issues of WWI each addressed. Secret alliances and treaties: Wilson's Solution: Wilson called for the abolition of secret treaties and the promotion of open diplomacy. He believed that transparency in international relations would help prevent conflicts. His Fourteenth Point directly addressed this issue by advocating for "open covenants of peace, openly arrived at." Freedom of the seas: One of Wilson’s central goals in his Fourteen Points was the freedom of the seas. He argued that all nations, whether at war or peace, should have the right to navigate the world’s oceans without interference, except in the case of lawful blockade or under extraordinary circumstances. Arms reduction: Wilson advocated for arms reduction or disarmament to reduce the risk of future wars. His Fourteenth Point called for “general association of nations” and suggested that arms be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. Self-determination: Wilson strongly supported the principle of self-determination, which he defined as the right of peoples to determine their own political status and pursue their own economic, social, and cultural development. This meant that nations and ethnic groups should be allowed to form independent states, free from foreign control. League of Nations: The League of Nations was Wilson’s most ambitious post-war proposal. It was meant to be a forum where countries could discuss and resolve disputes diplomatically, rather than resorting to war. The League would also be responsible for overseeing the collective security of member nations, meaning that an attack on one member would be considered an attack on all, prompting a collective response. The Allies feared the rise of Germany and wished to punish her. How was this accomplished in the Treaty of Versailles? 1.​ Germany takes full responsibility of the war 2.​ Germany pay reparations and debt for causing this war Many Americans feared that the League of Nations would entangle the US in future foreign wars. Who led the opposition to passage of the Treaty of Versailles? Senator henry cabot lodge Did the US sign the Treaty of Versailles? No What was the final verdict regarding US support of the League of Nations? The US was not joining the League of Nations UNIT 5: THE ROARING 20’s (CHAPTER 8) For each of the following terms provide a description, people/groups involved and significance. Sacco-Vanzetti Trial: Sacco-Vanzetti case, Murder trial in Massachusetts (1920–27). After the robbery and murder of a paymaster and a guard at a shoe factory (1920), police arrested the Italian immigrant anarchists Nicola Sacco (1891–1927), a shoemaker, and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (1888–1927), a fish peddler. They were tried and found guilty. The people that were guilty are sacco and vanzetti case showed whole America autonomy life. Red Scare: A Red Scare is a form of moral panic provoked by fear of the rise, supposed or real, of left-wing ideologies in a society, especially communism and socialism. The people that were causing this that were communists in US supporting soviet union in the war with the US, and the significance of this lead to mass political persecution. Quota System: a method of setting a limit on how much of something a country or company is allowed to have, produce, import. Th people that were involved ninth eh quota system were immigrants that were coming into the US or first or second generation immigrants.The significance of the Quota system is provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States since 1890. Flappers: Flappers were a subculture of young Western women prominent after the First World War and through the 1920s who wore short skirts (knee height was considered short during that period), bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for prevailing codes of decent behavior. They were basically rule breakers. Scopes Trial: In 1925, John Scopes was convicted and fined $100 for teaching evolution in his Dayton, Tenn., classroom. The first highly publicized trial concerning the teaching of evolution, the Scopes trial also represents a dramatic clash between traditional and modern values in America of the 1920s. Lost Generation:The generation reaching maturity during and just after World War I, a high proportion of whose men were killed during those years. WW1 men that were killed during battle. The significance is the recognize people whos sacrifice their lives so their could be a better America for us to live in. Harlem Renaissance:The Harlem Renaissance was a period of rich cross-disciplinary artistic and cultural activity among African Americans between the end of World War I (1917) and the onset of the Great Depression and lead up to World War II (the 1930s). This involved african americans and cultural activity people were during from 1917-1930. The significance of the Harlem Renaissance is pride in how Black experience was represented in American Culture. Red Summer: a period in mid-1919 during which white supremacist terrorism and racial riots occurred in more than three dozen cities across the United States, and in one rural county in Arkansas. People of certain color were discriminate and this signifance is the mass terrosim torture they gave to them. Tulsa Race Massacre: This is where a black wall street was attacked by whites after they felt they had too much power and destroyed in the night and killed 30 people to destroy their town because they couldn’t see them be better. Describe the struggle between “traditional” and “modern” America during the 1920s. Traditional typically means looking at the past, how things were done in years gone by. Modern is looking to the future, how things could be, whether utopia or dystopia. There is some comfort in tradition, because you know how things are supposed to work, and it works for the majority UNIT 6: GREAT DEPRESSION/NEW DEAL (CHAPTERS 9 AND 10) For each of the following terms provide a description, people/groups involved and significance. Margin Buying: this is where the investment person who get loaned money for a broker to buy a margin of the stock when it is increasing and then give the money back. Buying on Credit: This is where there was increased consumerism and its where people would buy something and pay it over time in installment, this was a bad idea. Dust Bowl: This was caused by poor agricultural practices and affected most of the south damaging a lot of the crops in the end. Bonus Army: These are ww1 veterans that wanted the extra money and bonus money from the government to them so they can be in better living donations during the great depression and don’t want it during 1945. Hoovervilles: this was named after president hoover because of his belief of rugged individualism, this is what got them here as they were living on public land in bad housing conditions. New Deal: This is a new policy that was trying to end The Great Depression.What was it about or what did It give to the people, what did it do. 3 R’s: Reform, relief, recovery Describe each one. Why did the Stock Market Crash bring an end to the prosperity of the 1920s? New Deal Program Who was intended to be helped? What problem was to be overcome? National Industrial Recovery Act Agricultural Adjustment Act Securities Exchange Commission Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Civilian Conservation Corps Works Progress Administration National Labor Relations Act aka: Social Securities Act Describe how the New Deal permanently changed the government’s role in the US economy? The New Deal, implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1939 in response to the Great Depression, permanently transformed the role of the federal government in the U.S. economy in several significant ways: Because the Supreme Court declared several key New Deal programs to be unconstitutional, what did President Franklin D. Roosevelt ask Congress to do? In response to the Supreme Court striking down several key New Deal programs as unconstitutional, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress in 1937 to pass a court-packing plan, which would allow him to appoint additional justices to the U.S. Supreme Court. What was the outcome of this “separation of powers” struggle? The separation of powers struggle between President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the U.S. Supreme Court, particularly in the wake of Roosevelt’s court-packing plan in 1937, had significant political and institutional consequences, even though the court-packing proposal itself ultimately failed. Here’s a breakdown of the key outcomes: Critics charged that the New Deal often violated what important American values? Unnecessary and counterproductive and lassizez fair capitalism would hve ended suffering much sooner. UNIT 7: WORLD WAR II (CHAPTERS 11 AND 12) For each of the following terms provide a description, people/groups involved and significance. Rise of dictators: hitler stalin and japans leader al beleived that there country was the bestand should enslaved others Appeasement: a agreement with hitler beleiving that if they give hitler what they want they could avoid war. Kristallnacht: in 1938 anti semites like nazi supporters started to raid jewish cities destroying homes and busniesses Lend-Lease Act:the lend lease act allowed america to lend arms to to any country considered vital to the defense of the united states. Brittian and the soviet union could now receive weapons but would have to pay america after the war Blitzkrieg: A new type of war fare where mass tanks, waves of aircraft, and paratroopers break through and encircle a enemies position Island-hopping: a strategy used by america going for small islands owned by japan and working there way up Yalta Agreement: At Yalta, Roosevelt and Churchill discussed with Stalin the conditions under which the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan and all three agreed that, in exchange for potentially crucial Soviet participation in the Pacific theater, the Soviets would be granted a sphere of influence in Manchuria following Genocide: the deliberate killing of a large number of people from a particular nation or ethnic group with the aim of destroying that nation or group. Final Solution: In what ways were the German Nazis and the Japanese militarists similar? 1.​ Believed that there nation was better then others 2.​ Wanted to expand there nations 3.​ And strong anticommunists What was the League of Nations reaction to the military aggression of the Japanese and Germans in the late 1930s? They believed if they gave hitler what he wanted to they could avoid going into a war against germany What was the Munich Agreement in 1938? -It was an agreement between britain france and germany about the fate of czechoslovakia -How did it contribute to the starting of World War II? -It failed to preserve the fragile peace because germany attacked czechoslovakia and split it into two which led to aggression and outbreak of ww2 What event led to the starting of World War II, in 1939? The invasion of poland was the starting of ww2 in 1939 What was the US reaction in 1939? America decided to stay neutral due to still healing from the great depression What event led to the US entry into World War II, in 1941? Japanese attacks on pearl harbor Using the map below, locate and state the significance of the following North Africa Campaign:1 El-Alamein:3 Stalingrad: 5 D-Day: 2 Pearl Harbor:10 Midway:9 Iwo Jima: 8 Hiroshima:7 How did the US entry into World War II affect the following groups of Americans? Consumers: consumers rationed goods like food gas and clothing Women: women saw increased work opportunities African-Americans: Increased work opportunities and also could go through military service. Why were Japanese-Americans relocated from the West Coast to internment camps? It was due to widespread fear and suspicion of potential espionage and sabotage following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor Why did the Supreme Court uphold this Executive Order, in the case of Korematsu v US (1944)? The majority opinion deemed it a necessary "military necessity" to protect against potential espionage and sabotage on the West Coast, What principle did the Nuremberg Trials establish? The Nuremberg Trials established the principle of individual criminal responsibility under international law, meaning that high-ranking government officials and individuals could be held accountable for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace, even if they were acting on orders from their superiors, effectively removing the defense of "just following orders.".