2024-2025 Q2 AP World History PDF

2024-2025 Q2 AP World History Question Stem Answer Unit 1 Ottoman, Seljuk, Mamluk Explain the causes and effects of the rise of Islamic states over time. As the Abbasid...

2024-2025 Q2 AP World History Question Stem Answer Unit 1 Ottoman, Seljuk, Mamluk Explain the causes and effects of the rise of Islamic states over time. As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were dominated by Turkic peoples. These states demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity What is a way that major religious By creating syncretic belief systems. systems, such as Islam, shape society? Who is Kublai Khan? How did state’s practices help keep order Interstate agreements; agreements in their states? between states. How did various beliefs that were new in It gave them ways to shape their society S. and South East Asia affect society? Who is Marco Polo? What was his He was a Venetian merchant that traveled perspective of Asia? to Asia and other parts of the trade routes. To him Asia was a place with great diversity and an abundance of trade goods and markets. What is Sikhism? How did it develop? What is the caste system? Who was Timur? What were some of the difficulties he had in managing his vast empire? What technology was spread by the growth of Timur’s empire? How did the development of Confucianism affect China? Unit 2 Explain the effects of the growth of In key places along important trade networks of exchange after 1200. routes, merchants set up diasporic communities where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous cultures and, in turn, indigenous cultures influenced merchant cultures. Muslim Diaspora, Chinese diaspora, Japanese diaspora, Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers, including during Chinese maritime activity led by Ming Admiral Zheng He. Adm. Zheng He connected the Muslim states and China in the Indian Ocean Unit 2 Explain the causes of the growth of Improved transportation technologies and networks of exchange after 1200. commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes, including the Indian Ocean, promoting the growth of powerful new trading cities. Compass, astrolabe, junk, longboat, camel saddle Venice, Malaka, Novgorod, Baghdad, Timbuktu, Swahili city-states, Samarkand, Kashgar, etc. The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by significant innovations in previously existing  transportation and commercial technologies, including the use of the compass, the astrolabe, and larger ship designs. Compass, astrolabe, junk, longboat, camel saddle Unit 2 Explain the causes and effects of Improved commercial practices led to an growth of networks of exchange after increased volume of trade and expanded 1200. the geographical range of existing trade routes—including the Silk Roads—promoting the growth of powerful new trading cities. Venice, Malaka, Novgorod, Baghdad, Timbuktu, Swahili city-states, Samarkand, Kashgar, etc. Besides an increased volume of trade, there was also the spread of diseases The Black Death/Bubonic Plague Unit 2 Explain how the expansion of empires influenced trade and The expansion of empires—including the communication over time. Mongols—facilitated Afro-Eurasian trade and communication as new people were drawn into their conquerors’ economies and trade networks. Mediterranean Sea trade network, trans-Saharan trade network, Silk Rd., Indian Ocean trade network Unit 2 Explain the intellectual and cultural Increased cross-cultural interactions effects of the various networks of resulted in the diffusion of literary, artistic, exchange in Afro-Eurasia from c. 1200 to and cultural traditions, as well as scientific c. 1450. and technological innovations. Arab medicine, astronomy, cartography, algebra, hospitals, diagnoses, Greek  philosophy and medicine, Greek science, compass, astrolabe, gunpowder, printed money, printing, classical texts to Europe, Marco Polo, Ibn Battuta, Margery Kempe, etc. Unit 3 Why was Islam divided? Muslims disagreed on the leadership of Muslims; some wanted to follow the line of Ali but most wanted to have their new leader chosen by the community. How did different belief systems endure Islam suffered a schism that permanently or change during 1450-1750? divided the religion. Christianity also had a schism that permanently divided them. Who were the Janissaries? How did they Janissaries were usually young Christian support the Ottoman empire? boys forcibly collected/enlisted from their conquered region that were turned into faithful Muslim soldiers for the empire. They helped to legitimize and protect the empire. Explain how and why various land-based Imperial expansion relied on the empires developed and expanded from increased use of gunpowder, cannons, 1450 to 1750. and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres. European maritime empires, Russian Empire, Qing Dynasty, Muslim gunpowder empires Land empires included the Manchu in  Central and East Asia; the Mughal in South and Central Asia; the Ottoman in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa; and the Safavids in the Middle East. Qing Dynasty, Muslim gunpowder empires Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states. Battle of Lepanto, 30 Years War, Ottoman-Safavid Conflicts, Battle of Diu, Morocco Songhai Conflict, Siege of Vienna (both) Explain how rulers used a variety of Recruitment and use of bureaucratic methods to legitimize and consolidate elites, as well as the development of their power in land-based empires from military professionals, became more 1450 to 1750. common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources. Louis XIV of France, Peter the Great of Russia, Moghul zamindars Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule. Treaty of Versailles, Winter Palace, Qing life-size portraits, Ottoman miniature portraits, Taj Mahal, Incan sun temple of Cuzco, etc., Mexica practice of human sacrifice, European notions of divine right, Songhai promotion of Islam  Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion. Corvée labor, devshirme, jizya, cartaz, Ming silver only policy, Aztec tributes Explain continuity and change within the The Protestant Reformation marked a various belief systems during the period break with existing Christian traditions from 1450 to 1750. and both the Protestant and Catholic reformations contributed to the growth of Christianity. Martin Luther, 95 Theses, Protestant Reformation, Reformation Wars, English Reformation Political rivalries between the Ottoman and Safavid empires intensified the split within Islam between Sunni and Shi’a. Ottoman-Safavid Conflicts, Safavid first Shia state and Iranian identity Sikhism developed in South Asia in a context of interactions between Hinduism and Islam. Guru Nanak, monotheistic, egalitarian, reincarnation Compare the methods by which various The interconnection of the Eastern and empires increased their influence from Western Hemispheres made possible by 1450 to 1750. transoceanic voyaging, transformed trade and had a significant social impact on the  world. · In some cases, the increase and intensification of interactions between newly connected hemispheres expanded the reach and furthered development of existing religions, and contributed to religious conflicts and the development of syncretic belief systems and practices. Vodun, Sufism Unit 4 Unit 4 Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology and facilitated changes in technology from the Classical, Islamic, patterns of trade and travel from 1450 to and Asian worlds spread, facilitating 1750. European technological developments and innovation. Renaissance due to Crusades, Venetian merchants, Mongol trade The developments included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and currents patterns—all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible. caravel, sternpost rudder, portolan maps, astrolabe, compass, tradewinds, westerlies Unit 4 Describe the role of states in the expansion of maritime exploration from New state-supported transoceanic 1450 to 1750. maritime exploration occurred in this period. Spanish conquest of the Americas and encomienda system, Portuguese establishment of trade post Empire on African and Indian Ocean coasts, arrival  and expansion of British Dutch empires and the Americas, Africa, and Indian Ocean, as well as the French Unit 4 Explain the economic causes and Portuguese development of maritime effects of maritime exploration by the technology and navigational skills led to various European states. increased travel to and trade with Africa and Asia and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire. Portolan maps, Henry the Navigator, Vasco de Gama, gunboats, cartaz, slave trade in West Africa Spanish sponsorship of the voyages of Columbus and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade. Conquistadors, Columbus, New Spain, encomienda, Spanish silver Northern Atlantic crossings were undertaken under English, French, and Dutch sponsorship, often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia. New France, New England, New Amsterdam Unit 4 Explain the causes of the The new connections between the Columbian Exchange and its effects on Eastern and Western Hemispheres the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. resulted in the exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases, known as the Columbian Exchange. Columbian Exchange and impact on populations in the Old World and New World European colonization of the Americas led to the unintentional transfer of disease vectors, including mosquitoes and rats, and the spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere, including smallpox, measles, and malaria. Some of these diseases substantially reduced the indigenous populations, with catastrophic effects in many areas. Columbian Exchange and impact on populations in the Old World and New World - syphilis, smallpox, measles, malaria, destruction of the Native American population due to a lack of immunity American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East. Columbian Exchange and impact on populations in the Old World and New World - potatoes, sweet potatoes, corn mit’a system, indentured servants, West African slaves Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African slaves.  Columbian Exchange - rice, okra, horses, cattle, wheat, coffee, sugar Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefitted nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops. Columbian Exchange and impact on populations in the Old World and New World Unit 4 Explain the process of state Europeans established new trading posts building and expansion among various in Africa and Asia, which proved profitable empires and states in the period from for the rulers and merchants involved in 1450 to 1750. new global trade networks. Some Asian states sought to limit the disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominated long-distance trade by adopting restrictive or isolationist trade policies. Ming China (to an extent), Tokugawa Japan Driven largely by political, religious, and economic rivalries, European states established new maritime empires, including the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British. European maritime empires The expansion of maritime trading networks fostered the growth of states in Africa, including the Asante and the Kingdom of the Kongo, whose  participation in trading networks led to an increase in their influence. Contact with the Portuguese led to trade in gold, ivory, slaves, and other goods which gave rise to kingdoms such as the Ashanti. Contact with the Portuguese led to the increased purchase and sale of slaves within the Kingdom of the Kongo. Unit 4 Explain the continuities and Despite some disruption and restructuring changes in economic systems and labor due to the arrival of Portuguese, Spanish, systems from 1450 to 1750. and Dutch merchants, existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean continued to flourish and included intra-Asian trade and Asian merchants. Omanis (Arab), Gujaratis (west India), Javanese (Java), Swahili city-states Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture, utilized existing labor systems, including the Incan mit’a, and introduced new labor systems including chattel slavery, indentured servitude, and encomienda and hacienda systems. Plantations, encomienda system, mit’a system, indentured servitude, West African slave trade, trianglur trade Unit 4 Explain changes and continuities in Slavery in Africa continued in its systems of slavery in the period from traditional forms, including incorporation 1450 to 1750. of slaves into households and the export of slaves to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean regions. West African slave trade increased in the  Songhai, Asante, and Kongo kingdoms The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for slaves in the Americas, leading to significant demographic, social, and cultural changes. Large transfer West Africans via the Middle Passage to the Americas-- the vast majority of which went to Brazil and the Caribbean Unit 4 Explain how rulers employed Mercantilist policies and practices were economic strategies to consolidate and used by European rulers to expand and maintain power throughout the period control their economies and claim from 1450 to 1750. overseas territories. Joint-stock companies, influenced by these mercantilist principles, were used by rulers and merchants to finance exploration and were used by rulers to compete against one another in global trade. fixed wealth system, joint stock, charter companies, mercantilism, tariffs, guilds Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states. Muslim–European rivalry in the Indian Ocean, piracy and charter company competition in the Caribbean, Moroccan conflict with the Songhai Empire Unit 4 Explain the continuities and The Atlantic trading system involved the changes in networks of exchange from movement of goods, wealth, and labor, 1450 to 1750. including slaves. The Atlantic System, Triangular Trade,  colonialism, mercantilism The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by chartered European monopoly companies and the global flow of silver, especially from Spanish colonies in the Americas, which was used to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets and satisfy Chinese demand for silver. Regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic and regional shipping services developed by European merchants. Spanish silver inflation, Spanish foreign war patronage, Spanish tax policy, Ming defense spending the north, Ming silver only tax policy Peasant and artisan labor continued and intensified in many regions as the demand for food and consumer goods increased Western Europe— wool and linen, India—cotton, China—silk Unit 4 Explain how political, economic, Some notable gender and family and cultural factors affected society from restructuring occurred, including 1450 to 1750. demographic changes in Africa that resulted from the slave trades. Many sub-Saharan Africans were transported across the Sahara to the north – Social relations were restructured and traditional values were subverted.  The slave trade resulted in the development of predatory regimes, as well as stagnation or regression. Many communities relocated as far from the slavers' route as possible. The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of labor—including slaves—and the mixing of African, American, and European cultures and peoples, with all parties contributing to this cultural synthesis. Vodun, Sufism, creole identity, Spanish racial caste system Unit 4 Explain the similarities and In some cases, the increase and differences in how various belief systems intensification of interactions between affected societies from 1450 to 1750. newly connected hemispheres expanded the reach and furthered development of existing religions, and contributed to religious conflicts and the development of syncretic belief systems and practices. Christianity and the Americas, China, and Japan; Vodun, sufism Unit 4 Explain how social categories, Many states, such as the Mughal and roles, and practices have been Ottoman empires, adopted practices to maintained or have changed over time. accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects or to utilize the economic, political, and military contributions of different ethnic or religious groups. In other cases, states suppressed diversity or limited certain groups’ roles in society, politics, or the economy. Differential treatment of groups in society, politics, and the economy: Expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal; the acceptance of Jews in the Ottoman Empire, Restrictive policies against Han Chinese in Qing China, Varying status of different classes of women within the Ottoman Empire Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites, including in China with the transition to the Qing Dynasty and in the Americas with the rise of the Casta system. Queue hairstyle in Qing China, banning of intermarriage between Manchu and Han, Spanish caste system The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as the elites confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders. Ottoman timars, Russian boyars, European nobility in the Fronde and Catalan Revolts