Copy Blood 2.ppt

‫بسم الله‬ ‫الرحمن الرحيم‬ ‫‪Abu Ahmed‬‬ ‫‪2024‬‬  Mature red blood cells  The mature RBC has no nucleus  Biconcave flexible disc.  Contain hemoglobin.  Their life span is about 120 days.  Destructed in the reticuloendothelial system especially spleen. 1....

‫بسم الله‬ ‫الرحمن الرحيم‬ ‫‪Abu Ahmed‬‬ ‫‪2024‬‬  Mature red blood cells  The mature RBC has no nucleus  Biconcave flexible disc.  Contain hemoglobin.  Their life span is about 120 days.  Destructed in the reticuloendothelial system especially spleen. 1. Transport of oxygen& carbon dioxide. 2. Buffer (contain hemoglobin). 3. Contain antigens on its surface that determine the type of blood group.  Count is higher in males than females.  Normal RBCs count in male is:  4.5 - 5.8 millions/mm3.  Normal RBCs count in female is:  3.9 - 4.8 millions/mm3.  Controlled by hormone known as Erythropoietin.  Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone  Sources:-  Kidneys 85%.  Liver 15%.   Erythropoietinsecretion is stimulated by hypoxia.  hypoxia produced polycythemia. kidney erythropoietin Low oxygen Bone marrow oxygen Red blood cells  Hemoglobin (Hb)  Found inside the RBC.  Pigment red in color gives the red color to the blood  Main functions:- O2 &CO2 transport. Maintains PH (buffers). Structure  Consists of 2 parts:-  Haem  Globin The globin: A protein that consists of 4 polypeptide chains.  According to the type of polypeptide chains Hb is classified into: 1.Hemoglobin A:-  adult hemoglobin.  Consists of 2 and 2.  Constitute 98.5%. 2. Hemoglobin A2 :- Consists of 2 and 2. Forms about 1.5% of Hb in adults. 3.Haemoglobin F:-  the hemoglobin of the fetus.  Consists of 2 and 2. Hemoglobin F has higher affinity to O2 than Hb A. This facilitates the transfer of O2 from the mother to her baby. It contains iron & porphyrin ring. Hb molecule contains 4 haems ( four iron). The iron is in the reduced form (ferrous). O2 is transported by Hb bound to iron. Each Hb molecule carry four O2 molecules ( 8 atoms).  The reaction of O2 with Hb is oxygenation not oxidation of the iron.  Hb with oxidized iron is called Methemoglobin.  Methemoglobin is unable to carry oxygen.  Female: 12-16 gm/dl (14 ± 2gm/dl). Male: 14-18 gm/dl (16 ± 2gm/dl). Fate of hemoglobin: Hb destructed after 120days. Split into haem and globin. Globin degraded to amino acids that will be reused for synthesis of new proteins.  The haem:- Iron reused again in synthesis of new Hb porphyrin is converted to biliverdin which reduced to Bilirubin. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment excreted from the body in feces (strecobilinogen) and urine (urobilinogen). Normal bilirubin in plasma 0.5 -1mg/dl Accumulation of bilirubin leads to jaundice.  RBCs indices  Red blood cell indices are measurements that describe the size of RBCs and hemoglobin content of red blood cells.  The indices are used to help in the differential diagnosis of anemia. 1.Mean cell volume (MCV):- measure the size of RBCs.  Measured with fimtoliter (ft).  Calculated by:  MCV = PCV × 10 NO of RBCs.  Normal volume (80-95 fimtoliter).  Normal Red cells in size called Normocytic.  Less than normal called Microcytic.  Large than normal called Macrocytic. 2. Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH):-  The average concentration of hemoglobin in each red blood cell.  Calculated by :  MCH = Hb × 10 NO of RBCs.  Normal value (27-30 picogram).  Normal content of Hb called Normochromic.  Lessthan normal called hypochromic.  Higher than normal called hyperchromic.  The average concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells.  Calculated by :  MCHC = Hb × 100 PCV  Normal value (32-36 %).  Anemia  Definition:-decrease in hemoglobin concentration below the normal range.  Due to:- Decrease in the Number of RBC or/and their hemoglobin content.  (1) Disease of the bone marrow: e.g A plastic anemia.  Characterized by normocytic normochromic anemia. (2)Deficiency of erythropoeitin: e.g in Chronic renal failure.  Characterized by normocytic normochromic anemia.  Iron: lead to iron deficiency anemia Characterized by microcytic hypochromic anemia. (ii) folic acid, Vit B12& intrensic factor  Characterized by macrocytic normochromic anemia.  intrinsic factor released from the stomach and important for absorption of Vit B12  (4) Excessive breakdown of the RBCs: hemolytic anemia e.g:-  Abnormal shape: Spherocytosis.  Abnormal haemoglobin e.g HbS which leads to sickle cell anemia.  Parasites e.g malaria. (5) Chronic Loss of blood. Sickle cells