CONTINENTAL-DRIFT-THEORY.pptx

THE CONTINEN TAL DRIFT THEORY  Objectives:  Discover how shapes can fit together.  Form the original supercontinent from the shape of today’s individual continents. 1.1 Pieces of puzzle 3 The continents “fit” together. 4  1.2 pangaea and...

THE CONTINEN TAL DRIFT THEORY  Objectives:  Discover how shapes can fit together.  Form the original supercontinent from the shape of today’s individual continents. 1.1 Pieces of puzzle 3 The continents “fit” together. 4  1.2 pangaea and panthalassa ✗ A German geophysicist ✗ He noticed the same remarkable South-America fit in 1912 ✗ He made further examination of the shapes and orientations of the land masses and found that the 1880-1930 world’s present continents fit together 5  the idea that all continents were Theory of composed in one single mass, a continent supercontinent  parts of the al drift supercontinent gradually began to drift apart into separate continents 6  Objectives:  Describe how Pangaea looked like.  Discuss how Pangaea broke up into Laurasia and Gondwanaland.  Trace which continents split from Laurasia and Gondwanaland. 1.3 ALFRED WEGENER’S CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY ✗ Protocontinent – “the first continent” ✗ Pangaea – from Greek, pan meaning all and gaea meaning lands ✗ Panthalassa – from Greek, pan meaning all and thalassa meaning sea 8  Laurasia – northern Gondwanaland – part of Pangaea southern part of Pangaea ✗ An ancient continental mass ✗ An ancient continental that included what we know mass that included what today as Africa, South we know today as North America, Australia, Antartica, America, Europe, and the Indian subcontinent, and Northern Asia the Arabian Peninsula. ✗ Broke up about 66 to 30 ✗ Broke up about 180 million million years ago years ago 9 ✗ Tethys – ancient ocean between Laurasia and Gondwanaland 10 ✗ On Janauary 6, 1912, Alfred Wegener presented his ideas as the theory of Continental drift to the German Geological Society ✗ Wegener used the term continental drift for the first time ✗ He formally published the theory that the continents had drifted apart which was translated into English in 1922 11  *Wegener fo rm rmed his theory in independent was more ly and complle ete than tth hose of hi s is predecess ors. 12  Objective:  Identify early ideas about continental movement 1. Abraham Ortelius. He first noted the noticeable fit of the South American and African continents was three centuries earlier. 14 2. Eduard Suess. a) An Austrian geologist suggested that there may have been land bridges that connected today’s southern continents; b) He based on the idea on the fact that fossils of the same Glossopteris fern had been found in India, South America, Southern Africa, Australia and Antartica and; c) He called the large landmass Gondwanaland, named after Gondwana, a region of India where fossils were found in rock formations. 15 3. Roberto Mantovani. a) Noted the similarities in geological formations in the southern continents; b) He made maps of the former positions of the continents and; c) He theorized in 1889 and 1909 that all the continents were once joined together as a supercontinent, whose parts drifted away from each other. 16 4. Frank Bursley Taylor. a) Proposed continental movement, but without expansion and; b) He explained that the continents were dragged towards the equator by the gravitational pull of the moon, forming the Himalayas and Alps on the southern edges of the continents. 17 5. Alexander du Toit. a) a South African geologist who came up also with the idea of the past supercontinent in the southern hemisphere and; b) His idea was based on the fact that fossils of the Mesosaurus, a marine reptile even older than the dinosaurs were found in both South America and South Africa. 18  1.5 Evidences for continental drift  Objectives:  Distinguish evidence from a proof.  Enumerate Wegener’s evidences for continental drift.  Discuss how mountain building is associated with continental drift.  Explain how a hypothesis becomes a theory.  Discuss the weaknesses of the Continental drift theory.  A. EVIDENCES from fossils ✗ Fossils – preserved remnants, impressions, or traces of an organism of past geologic ages 21 22 Four species of fossils have been identified and discovered in several continents. a. Glossopteris (“tongue”) - an extinct seed fern with large tongue-shaped leaves - its tree grew to about 4 m - dominant plant of Gondwana - been found in South America, Africa, Madagascar, Antartica, and Australia 23 b. Mesosaurus (“middle lizard”) - freshwater lightly built lizard with four legs, long head and snout, with nostrils, near its eyes - had a flattened tail for swimming - was a carnivore that ate fish - found in South Africa and South America 24 c. Cynognathus (“dog jaw”) - warm-blooded, mammal-like the reptile - was a fast-moving carnivore with powerful jaws and dog-like teeth - found in Africa and Argentina (South America) 25 d. Lystrosaurus (“shovel reptile”) - was a mammal like the reptile about the size of a small dog - had a pair of tusks and a snout turned upward - was a herbivore - its nostrils and eye sockets were top of its head - found in Africa, India, and Antartica 26 ✗ Glossopteris – from 248 to 206 million years ago (mya) ✗ Mesosaurus – placed at 260 mya ✗ Cynognathus – between 245 to 230 mya ✗ Lystrosaurus – 27 dated 240 mya  B. EVIDENCE FROM CLIMATE MISMATCHES ✗ The discovery of fossils of tropical plants in the form of local deposits in Antartica is a mismatch. ✗ This frozen continent must have been situated closer to the equator, where the climate is warm enough for growth of lush and swampy vegetation. ✗ The presence of fossils of the Glossopteris in present-day polar regions, and the occurrence of glacial deposits in present-day arid of Africa, such as the Vaal River valley of South Africa 28  c. EVIDENCE FROM ✗ GLACIERS Glaciers – huge, extensive masses of ice that covered much of the Earth’s surface during the ice ages. ✗ Glacial grooves or striations – marks on the surface, especially as they slowly creep ✗ Today, glaciers are found nearer the poles, but these grooves and rock marks are now found on continents near the equator. ✗ Wegener believed that the glacial ice was centered on the southern continents. 29 ✗ Striations formed by the scraping of glaciers over the land surface indicated that Africa and South America had been close together at the time of this ancient ice age. 30  d. Evidence from rocks ✗ Found identical rocks of the same type and age on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. ✗ These rocks had formed in the same place but were separated when the land moved apart. 31  e. Evidence from mountain raNges ✗ The Appalachian Mountains in the eastern side of North America are similar to the mountain ranges in Greenland, Ireland, Scotland, and Norway. ✗ These mountains were one mountain range that had been split apart by the drifting continents. 32  1.6 mountain building as a consequence of the continental or0geny ✗ Formation of the mountains 34 ✗ As the continents moved, the leading edge of the continent would collide with another continent. ✗ The continents would compress and fold upwards forming mountains near the front edge of the drifting continents 35 ✗ Sierra Nevada Mountains on the Pacific coast of North America and the Andes on the coast of South America were formed by collisions 36 ✗ India drifted northward and bumped into the Asian continent, forming the Himalayas Mountain Ranges 37  1.7 the reaction to Wegener’s continental drift theory  scientists and geologists dismiss WEGENER’S CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY? ✗ In 1543, after observing and studying the movements of the planets, Copernicus concluded that the sun is the center of the solar system. ✗ Copernicus could not publish his work until near his death. 40 ✗ Galileo declared that it is the Earth that moves around the sun. ✗ In 1633, he was put on trial and later under house arrest for the rest of his life. 41 ✗ In 1912, Wegener presented his idea of continental drift, a time when scientists and geologists strongly believed in Permanentism, which states that the continents and ocean basins have always been permanent features on the earth’s surface. 42 ✗ Wegener’s evidence for moving continents were verifiable, but still his theory was not acceptable to scientists and geologists. ✗ He was not qualified in the field of geology being a meteorologist. ✗ He was often insulted and ridiculed. 43 ✗ By 1929, Wegener’s ideas began to be dismissed because his theory was highly controversial. ✗ Wegener died in 1930 during an expedition to Greenland, where he was searching for more evidence for his theory. 44  1.8 problem with the theory ✗ His theory contained evidences that were sound enough, but he could not provide a solid reason or cause for the continents to break up and move away from each other. ✗ Wegener could not give a satisfactory answer to the fundamental question posed by geologists. 46 ✗ If continents move, what kind of forces could be strong enough to move such large masses of solid rock to their present positions? ✗ The Continental drift theory lacked a driving mechanism that would generate forces strong enough to break the continents apart and set them into motion, drifting across the surface of the earth. 47 ✗ The broken continents then moved towards the equator, drawn by the centrifugal force of the earth. ✗ He therefore called this the “pole fleeing force.” ✗ We also suggested the precession of the earth and the gravitational forces of the sun and the moon. 48  1.9 Wegener’ s ideas rejected ✗ Lacking a geological mechanism for continental drift, Wegener’s idea was totally rejected by the scientific community. ✗ Many geologists eventually dismissed Wegener’s theory as a fairy tale or a mere “geopoetry.” 50  Stay curious! ^_^ Use diagrams to explain your ideas Lorem Ipsum Lorem Ipsum Lorem Ipsum Lorem Ipsum Lorem Ipsum Lorem Ipsum Lorem Ipsum 52 And tables to compare data A B C Yellow 10 20 7 Blue 30 15 10 Orange 5 24 16 53  Maps our office Find more maps at slidescarnival.com/extra-free-resources-icons-and-maps 54 89,526, 124 Whoa! That’s a big number, aren’t you proud? 55 89,526,124$ That’s a lot of money 185,244 users And a lot of users 100% Total success! 56 Our process is easy Lorem 1 Lorem 2 Lorem 3 Lorem ipsum dolor sit Lorem ipsum dolor sit Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur amet, consectetur amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Duis sit adipiscing elit. Duis sit adipiscing elit. Duis sit amet odio vel purus amet odio vel purus amet odio vel purus bibendum luctus. bibendum luctus. bibendum luctus. Morbi iaculis dapibus Morbi iaculis dapibus Morbi iaculis dapibus tristique. In hac tristique. In hac tristique. In hac habitasse platea habitasse platea habitasse platea dictumst. dictumst. dictumst. 57 Let’s review some concepts Yellow Blue Red Is the color of gold, butter Is the colour of the clear Is the color of blood, and and ripe lemons. In the sky and the deep sea. It is because of this it has spectrum of visible light, located between violet historically been yellow is found between and green on the optical associated with sacrifice, green and orange. spectrum. danger and courage. Yellow Blue Red Is the color of gold, butter Is the colour of the clear Is the color of blood, and and ripe lemons. In the sky and the deep sea. It is because of this it has spectrum of visible light, located between violet historically been yellow is found between and green on the optical associated with sacrifice, green and orange. spectrum. danger and courage. 58 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 You can insert graphs from Excel or Google Sheets 59 Mobile project Show and explain your web, app or software projects using these gadget templates. 60 Tablet project Show and explain your web, app or software projects using these gadget templates. 61 Desktop project Show and explain your web, app or software projects using these gadget templates. 62 Thank s! Any questions? You can find me at: ✗ @username ✗ [email protected] 63 Credits Special thanks to all the people who made and released these awesome resources for free: ✗ Presentation template by SlidesCarnival ✗ Photographs by Unsplash 64 Presentation design This presentation uses the following typographies: ✗ Titles: Amatic SC ✗ Body copy: Nunito Download for free at: https://www.fontsquirrel.com/fonts/amatic https://www.fontsquirrel.com/fonts/nunito You don’t need to keep this slide in your presentation. It’s only here to serve you as a design guide if you need to create new slides or download the fonts to edit the presentation in PowerPoint® 65 2 Extra Resources For Business Plans, Marketing Plans, Project Proposals, Lessons, etc  Timeline Blue is the colour of Black is the color of Yellow is the color of Blue is the colour of the clear sky and the Red is the colour of ebony and of outer gold, butter and ripe White is the color of the clear sky and the deep sea danger and courage space lemons milk and fresh snow deep sea JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Yellow is the color of White is the color of Blue is the colour of Red is the colour of Black is the color of Yellow is the color gold, butter and ripe milk and fresh snow the clear sky and the danger and courage ebony and of outer of gold, butter lemons deep sea space and ripe lemons 67 Roadmap Blue is the colour of Black is the color of the clear sky and the Red is the colour of ebony and of outer deep sea danger and courage space 1 3 5 2 4 6 Yellow is the color of White is the color of Blue is the colour of gold, butter and ripe milk and fresh snow the clear sky and the lemons deep sea 68 Gantt chart Week 1 Week 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Task 1 Task 2 ◆ Task 3 Task 4 ◆ Task 5 ◆ Task 6 Task 7 Task 8 69 SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Blue is the colour of Yellow is the color of the clear sky and the gold, butter and ripe deep sea lemons Black is the color of ebony and of outer White is the color of space milk and fresh snow OPPORTUNITIES THREATS 70 Business Model Canvas Key Partners Key Activities Value Propositions Customer Relationships Customer Segments Insert your content Insert your content Insert your content Insert your content Insert your content Key Resources Channels Insert your content Insert your content Cost Structure Revenue Streams Insert your content Insert your content 71 Funnel AWARENESS Insert your content DISCOVERY Insert your content EVALUATION Insert your content INTENT Insert your content PURCHASE Insert your content LOYALTY Insert your content 72 Team Presentation Imani Jackson Marcos Galán Ixchel Valdía Nils Årud JOB TITLE JOB TITLE JOB TITLE JOB TITLE Blue is the colour of the Blue is the colour of the Blue is the colour of the Blue is the colour of the clear sky and the deep clear sky and the deep clear sky and the deep clear sky and the deep sea sea sea sea 73  Competitor Matrix HIGH VALUE 2 Competi Com tor petit Our or company Competito r HIGH VALUE 1 LOW VALUE 1 Competi tor Competi Competito tor r LOW VALUE 2 74 Weekly Planner SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 09:00 - 09:45 Task Task Task Task Task Task Task 10:00 - 10:45 Task Task Task Task Task Task Task 11:00 - 11:45 Task Task Task Task Task Task Task 12:00 - 13:15 ✔ Free time ✔ Free time ✔ Free time ✔ Free time ✔ Free time ✔ Free time ✔ Free time 13:30 - 14:15 Task Task Task Task Task Task Task 14:30 - 15:15 Task Task Task Task Task Task Task 15:30 - 16:15 Task Task Task Task Task Task Task 75 Extra resources 76 SlidesCarnival icons are editable shapes. This means that you can: ✗ Resize them without losing quality. ✗ Change fill color and opacity. ✗ Change line color, width and style. Isn’t that nice? :) Examples: Find more icons at slidescarnival.com/extra-free-resources-icon s-and-maps 77 Diagrams and infographics 78 You can also use any emoji as an icon! And of course it resizes without losing quality. How? Follow Google instructions https://twitter.com/googledocs/status/730087240156643328 ✋👆👉👍👤👦👧👨👩👪💃🏃💑❤😂😉😋😒😭👶 😸🐟🍒🍔💣📌📖🔨🎃🎈🎨🏈🏰🌏🔌🔑 and many more... 79  Free templates for all your presentation needs For PowerPoint and 100% free for Ready to use, Blow your audience Google Slides personal or professional and away with attractive commercial use customizable visuals