Culture Review PDF

CULTURE -notoriously difficult term to define -humans way of life -how we present ourselves our choices, and how are we related to one another -unified style off human knowledge beliefs, and behavior from which people learn -passed from one generation to the succeeding generations It manifest...

CULTURE -notoriously difficult term to define -humans way of life -how we present ourselves our choices, and how are we related to one another -unified style off human knowledge beliefs, and behavior from which people learn -passed from one generation to the succeeding generations It manifest the following: - Tangible Objects-everything we consume,create,and use -referred to as material culture - Intangible ideas-people hold dear such as beliefs,traditions,and other practices -referred to as non-material culture It is also articulated in: - Symbols -- illustrations or other characters that convey meanings. - Language -- a system of symbols that enables members of a society to communicate with one another. - Values -- what people deem good, desirable, and important. - Beliefs -- what people deem as true. - Practices -- how people do things. - Norms - rules, roles, and expectations that we and others have relative to our membership in a society. To further illustrate: Culture Wheel by Alana Levandoski & Ian Porteous **Humans as Carriers of Culture:** - **Cultural Socialization** -- culture is learned from homes and communities through direct instruction and participation in community affairs. - **Cultural Exchange** -- culture is learned when people go out and interact with people from other groups. - People tend to interpret other cultures using their own frames and negotiate which aspect of that culture aligns with us. This can be done through: - **Acculturation** -- the adoption of certain values and practices of the new culture. - **Accommodation** -- when people tend to adopt the new culture only when in public. - **Assimilation** -- when people begin to resemble people in the other group. **[Culture and Globalization:]** - How globalization facilitates the sharing of ideas, attitudes, and values across national borders. - This was due to the increased contact between people and their cultures. - **Cultural Flows** -- a term often used to refer to the dynamics of culture in the age of globalization (Ritzer and Dean, 2015). - **Cultural Differentialism** -- when it is recognized that cultures are inherently and strongly uniquely unique from one another. - Suggests that there are barriers that shield cultures from being penetrated by external inputs. - Example: Religious convictions and ideologies shared by members of a particular society, "clash of civilizations." - **Cultural Hybridization** -- views global flows as a creative process that yields combinations of global and local cultures. - Instead of conflicting and clashing, these global flows interpenetrate one another, resulting in a hybridized culture that is unique from its local and global origins. - The process is called glocalization. - **Cultural Convergence** -- views cultures across nation-states a little more similar and homogenous. - Leads to a more isomorphic or uniform culture as well as assimilation. - **Cultural convergence** -- when cultures consciously impose themselves on other cultures, and: - **Deterritorialization** -- when a culture is not anymore tied to the geographic space it originated. **[Global and Local Culture]** - **Local Culture** -- a cultural configuration that characterizes the experience of everyday life in specific, diverse, and identifiable localities. - **Global Culture** - Way of life that is governed by a set of ideas, beliefs and values that are based on the exposure and consumption of cultural products uniformly produced for everyone irrespective of their background. A set of shared experiences, norms, symbols, and ideas that unite people at the **global level.** - Based on the definitions stated above, we can see that the two are essentially polar opposites. - However, we should note that even though this is true, their existence is To better illustrate the point, here is a table that provides an overview of the respective characteristics of global and local culture:  RELIGION - has the most difficult relationship with globalism - Latin "religio" which means respect for the sacred, and, "religare" meaning to bind in the sense of an obligation or bond between God and man." - Is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems and world views that establishes symbols that **relate humanity to spirituality** and moral values. - Relates to almost all aspects of life, characterized by what we see as true or not, our fundamental interpretation of in reality - Representations that connect humanity to something higher than ourselves and what is good and worthwhile **Religion & Globalization are contrasting belief systems:** - Religion is concerned with **sacred** while globalism is concerned with **material** wealth. - Religion follows divine commandments while globalism follows human-made laws. - Religion judges human action in **moral** terms while globalism measures how human action leads to highest **material satisfaction** - Religion is concerned with **spreading the holy ideas** globally while globalism wishes to **spread goods and services** - The **main duty of religious person**: to live a virtuous, sin-less life such that when he/she dies, he/she is assured of a place in the other world - **Main duty of Globalist:** to seal trade deals, raise the profits of private entterprises, improve government collections, protect the elites from excessive taxes **Where does GLOBALIZATION comes in?** - Religious Nationalism - Turning of Religion into Public Life - Proliferation of Religious Fundamentalism and Extremism - Increase of Individual Religiosity **Isn't There Something More Concrete?** - Religion is concerned with the immaterial, the effects are very material and observable in nature - Even nationalism is tied to religious beliefs, there is an increasing tendency for religious beliefs to spread outside of traditional boundaries - Digitalization of information and globalization as major impacts that deserve attention - Information pertains to religion is readily available - Exposure to religious conflict and strife around the globe may lead to the conclusion, albeit a more negative one **Concluding Thoughts:** - Globalization is seen to have very little to do with religion - Religion is one of the last vestiges of traditional life - The contrasting elements of the old and the new make religion the most affected by the globalization - Increased rate of exchange of ideas through information technology GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY - Human population grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution, not because the birth rate increased, but because the [death rate began to fall.] - This mortality revolution began in the 1700s in Europe and spread to North America by the mid-1800s. - New technologies and increasing industrialization improved food production and preservation, public health, and living standards. This further lessened the death rates **Components of Population Change** - **Mortality** -- frequency of deaths in a given population - **Fertility** -- the product or output of reproduction; generally seen as a female quality in demography - **Migration** -- movement of people between places temporarily or permanently - **Age-sex structure:** The composition of a population as determined by the number or proportion of males and females in each age category. The age-sex structure of a population is the cumulative result of past trends in fertility, mortality, and migration. Information on age-sex composition is essential for the description and analysis of many other types of demographic data. - **Baby boom:** A dramatic increase in fertility rates and in the absolute number of births. In the United States this occurred during the period following World War II *(1946 to 1964)*. - **Birth rate** *(or crude birth rate)***:** The number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year. Not to be confused with the growth rate. - **Death rate** *(or crude death rate)*: The number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year. - **Fecundity:** The physiological ability to have children that is manifest roughly in the period between menarche and menopause in women. - **Growth rate:** The number of persons added to (or subtracted from) a population in a year due to natural increase and net migration; expressed as a percentage of the population at the beginning of the time period. - **Life expectancy:** The average number of additional years a person of a given age could expect to live if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of that person's life. Most commonly cited as life expectancy at birth. - **Morbidity rate:** rate that a disease or illness occurs within a population. - **Net migration:** The net effect of immigration and emigration on an area's population in a given time period, expressed as an increase or decrease. - **Population pyramid:** A bar chart, arranged vertically, that shows the distribution of a population by age and sex. By convention, the younger ages are at the bottom, with males on the left and females on the right. - **Rate of natural increase:** The rate at which a population is increasing (or decreasing) in a given year due to a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths, expressed as a percentage of the base population. - **Zero population growth:** A population in equilibrium, with a growth rate of zero, achieved when births plus immigration equal deaths plus emigration. Zero growth is not to be confused with replacement level fertility. - Geographic Location - Conflicts/Wars - Food production and supply - Access to healthcare - Pollution - Activity Levels (Exercise and non-Excersise) - Morbidities and co-morbidities - Status of woman/gender relations - Income - Changes in civil status - Religiosity - Occupation **Leading causes of death in the Philippines 2023** FERTILITY FACTORS (Lead to Increase) - Remaining traditional religiosity - Presence of traditional values - Maternal social support - Rural Residence - Lower income - Lower literacy rates (Lead to Decrease) - Female labor participation - Values and attitude change - Improvement of infant and/or maternal mortality - Infertility - Rising/increase income - Increased education **Population, Family Size and Poverty** **Thomas Malthus** - Food supply grows numerically while populations grow geometrically - In the long run, food and natural resources will be too scarce for us to sustain the demands of the population The essay gave birth to interests in policies that give population growth solutions in short and long term. - Gave concern on how to improve food supply and food distribution, as well as other resources - Currently, there are more than 7,800,000,000 people on planet Earth. - It took until the early of the 19th century for the world population to reach one billion. Now we add a billion every 12-15 years. - Biodiversity loss, climate change, world pollution, deforestation, water and food deficiency these are totally exacerbated by our enormous and ever-expanding numbers. Our impact on nature is a result of our consumption and our population. **IMPACTS OF GLOBAL MIGRATION** **MIGRATION** - is the movement of people across a specified boundary for the purpose of establishing a new or semi-permanent residence (Bogue 1969). -  movement of a person or people from one country, locality, place of residence, etc., to settle in another - **Immigration:** inflow of people into a country (immigrant) - **Emigration:** outflow of people from a country (emigrant) **Definition of Terms:** 1. **Country of destination -** a country where a migrant is going to; this may also be called a receiving country. 2. **Country of origin --** a country of nationality or of former habitual residence of a person or group of persons who have migrated abroad. 3. **Integration --** The two-way process of mutual adaptation between migrants and the societies in which they live, whereby migrants are incorporated into the social, economic, cultural and political life of the receiving community. 4. **International migration --** The movement of persons away from their place of usual residence and across an international border to a country of which they are not nationals. 5. **Irregular migration --** Movement of persons that takes place outside the laws, regulations, or international agreements governing the entry into or exit from the country of origin or destination. 6. **Labor migration --** Movement of persons from one country to another, or within their own country of residence, for the purpose of employment. 7. **Migrant stock --** For statistical purposes, the total number of international migrants present in a given country at a particular point in time. 8. **Migrant worker --** A person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a labor in a country of which he or she is not a national. 9. **Regular migration --** Migration that occurs in compliance with the laws of the country of origin, transit and destination. 10. **Reintegration --** A process which enables individuals to re-establish the economic, social and psychosocial relationships needed to maintain life, livelihood and dignity and inclusion in civic life upon return to their country of origin. 11. **Remittances --** Private international monetary transfers that migrants make, individually or collectively. 12. **Social remittances --** The transfer of ideas, skills, behaviors, identities and social capital from migrants to their communities of origin. **Factors that affect Migration** - **Push Factors -** are characteristics that make it difficult or impossible to live in countries of origin - political corruption, poverty, violence, gender inequality, inaccessibility of healthcare, substandard education, and climate change - **Pull Factors -** conditions that make living in destination countries a more attractive place to live - better economic opportunities, supportive institutions, possibility of family reunification, better healthcare, quality education and gender equity - **Demographic Factors -** differences among populations in terms of [age and sex] that affect migration and are being affected by it at the same time. - **Lower-income countries:** wider, younger base and narrower peak - **Higher-income countries:**narrower, older base and relatively wider peak **Motivations for Movement** Motivations are essentially [proximate causes or individual intentions] of a person for his/her actions. 1. **Marital status is** one of the most common motivations that drive individuals to migrate. People who marry opt to transfer to another place to live their new lives or to give their new family a better life. Conversely, being single could also encourage one to migrate, since he/she is not tied to family life. 2. **Life cycle** - are motivations that stem from or are related to a person's development. Health, age, retirement, parental ties or children's education may encourage a migrant to leave one's country of origin or return to it. 3. **Household** - is also a very significant motivation for people as they participate mainly in the decision making. The household may also decide on new living arrangements and tasking on the people who will be left behind, which in turn is a significant part of the potential migrant's decision. 4. **Networks** - social connections that facilitate the experiences of migrants. They can be in the form of a [family, relatives or migrant stocks]. The presence of family or friends at home and abroad also help the migrant in his/her decision-making, migration expenses, job seeking, place to stay abroad, how to adjust to a new culture overseas to make the integration process smoother, allocation of both financial and social remittances and many more. 1. Economic Power- foremost characteristic - market size - purchasing power of citizens - size of middle class - potential for growth 2. Centers of Authority 3. Centers of higher learning and culture - city's intellectual influence is seen through the influence of its publishing industry.