Estimation & Quantity Surveying (2024/2025) Past Paper PDF

University of Baghdad College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department ESTIMATION & QUANTITY SURVEYING Prof. Dr.Meervat Altaie Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie COURSE NAME: ESTIMATION & QUANTITY SURVEYING...

University of Baghdad College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department ESTIMATION & QUANTITY SURVEYING Prof. Dr.Meervat Altaie Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie COURSE NAME: ESTIMATION & QUANTITY SURVEYING COURSE CONTENTS Welcome to Estimation & Quantity Surveying, Annual course - 2024 / 2025. It is essential that you read the entire syllabus to become familiar with course expectations and policies. Annual System; There is only one mode of delivery, which is a “Day Program”. The students are full-time students and on campus. They attend full-day programs in face-to-face mode. The academic year is composed of 30-week regular subjects. Number of Credit Hours / Number of Units (Total) 60 hrs. / 2 hrs. per week / 4 Course administrator's name : Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie Phone: 07901150846 Email: [email protected], meervat.r@ coeng.uobaghdad.edu.iq 1- Course Objectives Students must have got a good knowledge to prepare an estimated cost of works. 2- Teaching and Learning Strategies 1. Preparing an Approximate estimate 2. Preparing an earthwork Estimate. 3. preparing an estimated cost of work. 4. preparing the bill for the quantity of the project. 5. Knowledge of types of contracts ‫ز‬ 6. Knowledge about Contract bid documents 3- Teaching and Learning Methods 2 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie 1. Lectures. 2. Tutorials. 3. Homework and Assignments. 4. Tests and Exams. 5. In-Class Questions and Discussions. 6. Connection between Theory and Application. 7. Field Trips. 8. Extracurricular Activities. 9. Seminars. 10. In- and Out-Class oral conservations. 11. Reports, Presentations, and Posters. 4- Assessment methods 1. Examinations, Tests, and Quizzes. 2. Extracurricular Activities. 3. Student Engagement during Lectures. 4. Responses Obtained from Students, Questionnaire about Curriculum and Faculty 5. Member (Instructor). 5 - Affective and value goals 1. Increasing student’s self-confidence to perform his (homework, classwork and assessment) within the corresponding time. 2. Encouraging the teamwork between the students. 3. Cooperating the universal activities. 3 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie 4. Supporting the extra-curricular university activities and urging students to participate in them. 6- Teaching and Learning Methods 1. Homework and Assignments. 2. In-Class Questions and Discussions. 3. Field Trips. 4. Extracurricular Activities. 5. Seminars. 6. In- and Out-Class oral conservations. 7. Reports, Presentations, and Posters. 7- Assessment methods 1. Extracurricular Activities. 2. Student Engagement during Lectures. 3. Responses Obtained from Students, Questionnaire about Curriculum and Faculty Member (Instructor). 4. General and rehabilitative transferred skills (other skills relevant to employability and personal development) 5. Improving site investigation skills 8- Course Structure 1. Estimation & Quantity Surveying 2. Duties of quantity surveyor ▪ Planning Stage ▪ Stage of preparing contracting documents ▪ Stage of construction and delivery project 3. Methods of preliminary estimation 4 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie 4. Steps of Quantity Surveying procedure 5. Methods of Taking off 6. Standard units used in Quantity Surveying 7. Activities and items of Quantity Surveying (Bill of Quantities details) 8. Construction Material Quantities in Building Units Bricks Cement Mortar in 1 m³ Gypsum Quantity in 1 m² of Plastering Quantity of Cement & Sand required for Finishing Quantity of Cement, Sand, and Gravel (Coarse aggregate) required to pour 1 m³ of Concrete Quantity of a mixture of Sand & Gravel 9- References Upadhyay, A. (2013). Civil Estimating & Costing, Kataria & Sons: New Delhi. Donald Towey,.(2012), Construction Quantity Surveying A Practical Guide for the Contractor’s QS. Martin Brook BEng(Tech) FCIOB ,(2004),Estimating and Tendering for Construction Work. Duncan Cartlidge FRICS ,(2009), Quantity Surveyor’s Pocket Book 5 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie TECHNICAL TERMS 1. ESTIMATE It is the anticipated or probable cost of work and is usually prepared before the construction is taken up. It is indeed calculations or computations of assorted items of engineering work. 2. QUANTITY SURVEY It is the schedule of all items of work in a building. These quantities are calculated from the drawing of the building. Thus, quantity survey gives quantities of work done in case of each item, when priced gives the total cost. In short, quantity survey means calculations of quantities of materials required to complete the work concerned. 3. SPECIFICATIONS Detailed specifications give the nature, quality and class of work, materials to be used in the various parts of work, quality of the material, their proportions, method of preparation, workmanship, and description of execution of work are required. 4. RATES The rates of various items of work, materials to be used in the construction and the wages of different categories of labor (skilled and unskilled) should be available for preparing an estimate. The cost of transportation charges should also be known. As far as possible sanctioned “Schedule of Rates” shall be followed, or the rates may be worked out by the “Analysis of Rates” method. 5. SITE PLAN It is the plan drawn for a particular construction showing its position with respect to approaching roads, main bazars, markets and other permanent features in a 6 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie populated area. It shows the location of the area under construction with respect to the other areas and on it the names of the owners of areas or property holders adjoining to it are also denoted. The North line is also clearly marked on it. 6. LINE PLAN Line plan can be defined as the plan of a particular construction simply showing major features with the help of the single lines of different portions of the constructions. Details of constructions are not generally shown on this plan. The inside and outside dimensions shown on this plan should necessarily correspond to actual dimensions. 7. INDEX PLAN This is the plan of a particular colony showing the positions of different houses in single lines their number if any position of roads, schools, market, hospitals and other features etc. This plan is generally fixed on the entrance, or at the exit, or in the central place of the colony, for the guidance of the inhabitants and outsiders. 8. DETAILED PLAN This plan indicates a plan of a construction drawn to a definite scale, showing all detailed information required for its execution. Various sections and elevations are clearly drawn on this plan. 9. CENTER LINE PLAN This is a layout plan drawn to facilitate the laying out of foundation lines and other features. It is generally fixed on the entrance or at exit in the central place of the colony for the guidance of the inhabitants and outsiders. 10. SUPPLEMENTARY ESTIMATE 7 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie When some additions are done in the original work, a fresh detailed estimate is prepared to supplement the original work. This estimate is called supplementary estimate. It is also accompanied by all the papers as required in through detailed estimate. 11. ADMINISTRATIVE APPROVAL For any project required by the department an approval so sanction of the competent authority with respect to the cost and work is necessary at the first instance. Thus, administrative aoorval denotes the formal acceptance by the administrative department concerned of the proposals for incurring expenditure. 12. TECHNICAL SANCTION It means the sanction and order by the competent authority of the department for the detailed estimate design calculations quantities of work rates and cost of word. After the technical sanction of the estimate is received the work is then taken up for construction. 13. COMPETENT AUTHORITY An officer or any other authority in the department to whom relevant powers are delegated by the government (Financial Department). 14. ORDINARY MEASUREMENT BOOK It is a measured book in which entries regarding the work done or supplies made, and services performed are recorded for the purpose of making payments to the contractors or the labor. Entries in the M.B are generally recorded by the sectional officers or by any other officers deputed for the purpose. 15. LUMPSUM ITEMS 8 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie Sometimes while preparing estimates for certain small items like front architecture or decoration work of a building it is not possible to try detailed quantities so far, such lump sum items a lump sum rate is provided. 16. PLINTH AREA The built-up covered area of a building measured at floor level of any Storey is called plinth area. 17. CIRCULATION AREA The total cost of construction including all expenditures incurred plus the cost of external services up to the end of the completion of the work is called capital cost. It also includes the cost of preliminary works, miscellaneous items and supervision charges etc. 9 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie 10 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie 11 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie 12 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie 13 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie 14 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION QUANTITY SURVEY 1.1 Introduction In a civil engineering activity, the owner promises to pay the contractor an amount for the work that he does; this would then require that the actual works done be somehow estimated or measured for payment purposes. Once a construction project is completed or depending on the form of contract upon completion of certain parts of the work, the contractor must be paid for appropriately completed works. To estimate how much a civil engineering project may cost, the actual quantities of materials, labor & equipment etc. that is needed for the construction work must be calculated at the beginning of the work. Such work of calculating the amount of materials and other incidentals necessary for the realization of the work is called quantity surveying. Quantity surveying is a term or processes used in the construction industry to take measurements of civil works, prepare specifications, and estimate the cost of works either for each trade of work or for the whole project. The term “surveying” means to inspect, study, review, investigate, asses, and hence “to measure” therefore the term “quantity surveying” means “quantity measuring” as applied to civil engineering projects. Quantity surveying is the application of standard methods of measurement to quantify the amount of various items in a construction project, for the undertaking of valuation, and certifying payments. 15 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie The following tasks are covered in quantity surveying: preparation of Specification Taking measurements of civil works (Taking off quantities and preparing BOQ) Preparation of approximate (preliminary) cost estimate at the very early stage of the project Preparation of detail cost estimate at different stages (taking as built measurements and preparing payment certificates or approval of payment certificates prepared by taking measurements) Valuation of property 1.2 Definition of Quantity Survey Quantity survey is a schedule of quantities of all the items of work in a building. It is an assessment of the cost based on certain rates of materials and labor. An estimate should be realistic assessment should be made on actual conditions of market. Estimation is undoubtedly one of the most important aspects of a construction project. A good estimation saves the expenditure to a great extent and ensures optimum use of materials. Estimation is very much technical. It requires good knowledge on structural design, properly of engineering materials and essentially practical experience. 1.3 Essentials in a good Quantity Surveyor What are the essentials in a good Quantity Surveyor? He must be able to describe clearly in proper unambiguous language the requirement of the Architect and so arrange his bill of quantities (BoQ) that the Builder can quickly, easily and accurately arrive at the estimated cost of the work. The Quantity Surveyor must have a sound 16 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie knowledge of building materials and construction and of customs prevailing in the trade. He must be accurate in his work and calculations. 1.4 The purpose of quantity surveying The purpose of quantity surveying or the preparation of Bill of quantities is: - To assist the client to have an accurate estimate of the volume of work as well as the required budget. - To assist in the accurate preparation of tenders, by providing uniform measurement of quantities. - To give an accurate checklist of work accomplished - To assist in the certification of payments - To give insight into the required variation work amount 1.5 Importance of Quantity Survey 1) Quantity survey is essential to estimate before the construction starts the probable cost of construction for the complete work. The construction cost includes cost of materials, cost of transportation, cost of labor, cost of scaffolding, cost of tools and plants, establishment and supervision charges, cost of water, taxes and reasonable profit of the contractor, etc. The estimate is required in inviting tenders for the works and to arrange contract for a complete project. 2) Quantity survey is required to estimate the quantities of the various materials required and the labor involved for satisfactory completion of a construction project. 17 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie 3) It is also useful to check the works done by contractors during and after the execution. Also, the payment to the contractor is done according to the actual measurements of the completed part of each item of work. 4) A complete quantity survey or estimate is useful to provide useful advice to clients on: ▫ Valuation of properties (land and building) for sale, purchase and mortgage etc. ▫ Fixation of standard rent. ▫ For insurance and claim for damages in a building. ▫ For the process of resolving disputes by referring to a third party. 1.6 Data Required for the Preparation of a Quantity Survey 1.6.1 Drawings Complete and fully dimensioned drawings (i.e. plans, elevations, sections and other details) of the building or work in question are required. It would be extremely premature if an attempt were to be made at the taking on: immediately on receipt of the drawings. Much has to be accomplished before proceeding to take out quantities from the drawings. Many errors can be avoided if the following steps are taken before entertaining any thought of taking off: 1) Look over the drawings and attempt to visualize the work entitled. 2) Study the, are in agreement with one another. 3) Check drawings carefully to see that plans, elevations, sections and details, if any the dimensions on the drawings to make sure that each overall dimension agrees with the total room dimensions. If serious errors arc discovered, the architect should be informed; but if the discrepancy is due to the result of slight arithmetical error, the drawings should be corrected. 18 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie 4) If the dimensions do not exist in some places, then it is always better to write them in. These missing dimensions should be worked out from other dimensions, as far as possible, scaling them from the drawing being the last resort. 1.6.1.1 Bill of Quantities (BoQ) When one wants to buy a table, he asks the cabinet maker as to what is would cost. The cabinet maker before giving the cost would like to know the detailed specification of the table, i.e., its size length, breadth, height, design, type of timber and the finish required. Once the specification is known the cabinet maker will give the value of the table by working out cost of materials and labor required and adding his overhead and profit. Similarly, a prospective building owner wants to know before placing the order that what the cost or his building would be. In order to work out the east of a building, detailed quantities have to be worked out in accordance with the requirement of the Standard Method of measurement and price by the Builder. These quantities when collected together into a bill, form a bill of quantities. The advantages of a bill of quantities are as follows: 1) It forms a common basis for competitive tendering which is necessary to obtain a reasonable value tor consideration. 2) It forms in itself a basis of rates for measured work which can be used in the contract for valuation of variations and final account. 3) It is used in building operations for the completion of interim payments. The following points are essential in the production of good bill of quantities: 19 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie 1. A good knowledge of building construction as without this the correct interpretation of the drawings would not be possible. 2. Accuracy and neatness in measuring and setting out. 3. A thorough knowledge of writing descriptions in concise and clear language which will translate the drawings into words. 1.6.2 Specifications Detailed specifications, giving the nature, quality and class of work, materials to be used, quality of the material, their proportions, and method of preparation are required. A Specification is a special description or a particular subject. An engineering specification contains detailed description or all workmanship and materials which are required to complete an engineering project in accordance with its drawings and details. The technical drawings of a structure will show, the proportions and relative positions of the various components of the structure. It is not often possible to furnish the information on the drawings, regarding the quality or materials to be used and the quality of workmanship to be achieved during construction, due to shortage of space. This data regarding the materials and workmanship is conveyed in a separate contract document, which is known as the "specifications" for the work. Thus, the drawings with the specifications “will completely define the structure”. The “specification” is furnished separately along with the drawings and is an essential part of all engineering contracts. 1.6.2.1 Necessity of Specifications The necessities of specifications are as follows: - 1) The cost of unit quantity of work is governed by its specification. 20 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie 2) Specifications of a work are required to describe the quality and quantity of different materials required for a construction work and is one of the essential contract documents. Thus, a contractor can make a Program to procure the materials required for a project and the owner can check the quality of materials conforming to the specification avoiding dispute with the contractor. 3) This also specifies the workmanship and the method of doing the work. Thus, specification of a work serves as a guide to the supervising staff of the contractor as well as to the owner to execute the work to their satisfaction. 4) A work is carried according to its specification and the contractor is paid for the same. Any change in specification changes the tendered rate. 5) As the rate or a work is based on specification, a contractor can calculate the rates of various items of works in a tender with his procurement rates of materials and labor. Thus, tender paper without specifications of works is baseless, incomplete and invalid. 6) Specification is necessary to specify equipment, tools and plants to be engaged for a work and thus enables to procure them beforehand. 7) The necessity of specification is to verify and check the strength of materials for a work involved in a project. 8) Specification is an essential contract document and required for arbitration of court cases 1.6.3 Rates The rates of various of work, materials to be used in the construction, wages of different categories of labor (skilled or unskilled) and cost of transportation charges should be available for preparing an estimate of work cost. 21 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie Rates or different items in the estimate are the current rates for the completion of the items of work which include supply of materials, transport, labor, scaffolding, overheads, contractor's profit, taxes, etc. The basis of arriving at a correct and reasonable rate per unit work or supply, for a particular item following its specification and detailed survey of materials, labor, equipment, etc. as required for the unit work and their prevailing rates may be called as an analysis of rate 1.6.3.1 Purpose of Rate Analysis Main purposes of rate analysis are the following: - 1. To determine the current rate per unit of an item at the locality. 2. To examine the viability of rates offered by contractors. 3. To calculate the quantity of materials and labor strength required for the project planning. 4. To fix up labor contracts rates. The price of an item of work is made up of the following components and a summation of these is the rate per unit of an item. 1. Cost of Materials 2. Cost of Labor 3. Cost of Equipment, Tools and Plants 4. Cost of Overheads or Establishment Charges (including incidental) 5. Profit 1.6.3.2 Factors affecting the Rate analysis The rate of an item of work mainly depends on the following factors: - 1. Specification of the item which indicates the quality and proportion of materials, the method of construction and protection of work. 2. The present art of materials for the item of work up to the worksite. 22 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie 3. Daily wages of different categories of laborer at the locality with their respective outputs. 4. The range of lead and lift required for deposition of materials to carry out the item of work. 5. Percentage charge of overheads which includes insurance and the possibility of theft or loss, etc. 6. The, range of profit and availability of water in connection with the construction work. Besides these the site condition, site organization and cost control during execution etc. should be considered as these factors affect the cost per unit of work done at site. 1.7 Measurement of civil works Measurement of civil works includes the billing of each trade of work either from drawings or the building itself for defining the extent of works under each trade. In order to avoid ambiguity in measuring quantities, there is now a recommended principle of measurement in construction activities. Many professional organizations publish recommendations on units of measurement, degree of accuracy etc. this assists in setting a common parameter so that dispute is avoided. 1.7.1 Principles of Measurement The following are list of the basic principles of quantity surveying, applicable to all items of work. 1) Each work section of a bill shall contain a brief description of the nature and location of work. 23 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie 2) Work shall be measured net as fixed in position. Measure the full work area and adjust deductions later. 3) Items which are to be measured by area shall state the thickness or such other information as may be appropriate. 4) Items which are to be measured by length or depth shall state the cross- sectional size and shape, girth or ranges of girths or such other information as may be appropriate. 5) Items which are to be measured by weight shall state the material thickness and unit weight if appropriate (Ex. Duct work) 6) Piece of work shall be taken in numbers. 7) For items of pipe work it shall be stated whether the diameter is internal or external. 8) Mass voluminous and thick works shall be measured in volume (cubic meter) 9) Thin, shallow and surface work shall be measured in area (meter square) specifying the thickness. 10) Long and thin work shall be measured in length (linear measure, running meter) 11) Bills are deemed to include labor, materials, goods and plant and all associated costs for fixing, assembling, etc. 1.7.2 Units of Measurement Depending on the prevailing system of measurement in any locality, quantities may be measured in the FPS system or the metric system. the most common unit of measurement is the International System of Units, or the metric system of units in which the various items are measured as follows: 1) For the measurement of length Meter (m) 24 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie 2) For the measurement of mass Kilogram (Kg) 3) For the measurement of time Second (s) 4) For the measurement of current Ampere (A) 5) For the measurement of temperature Degree Kelvin (K) 6) For the measurement of luminous intensity Candles (Cd) 7) 1.7.3 Degrees of accuracy in Measurement 1) All dimensions’ measure to the nearest 0.01m 2) Thickness of slab measure to the nearest 0.005m 3) Wood work measure to the nearest 0.002m 4) Steel work measure to the nearest 0.001m 5) Reinforcement measure to the nearest 0.005m 6) Road work measure to the nearest 0.005m 7) Areas measure to the nearest 0.01 meter square 8) Steel work areas measure to the nearest 0.001 meter square 9) Volume measure to the nearest 0.01 meter cube 10) Wood work volume measure to the nearest 0.001 meter cubes 11) Weights measure to the nearest 1 kg 1.8 The Process of Quantity Surveying There are four clearly defined steps in preparation of Bill of Quantities: 1. Taking off 2. Squaring 3. Abstracting 4. Writing the final Bill of Quantity 25 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie 1.8.1 Taking Off This is a process of measuring or scaling dimensions from drawings and recording all dimensions in an easily understood format. This is coupled with the descriptions in the drawings and specification. In this task the quantity surveyor “take off” the quantities from the drawings and determines the volume of work to be done for the various components. These quantities are calculated in a specially prepared format, as to aid accurate preparation and enable checking/rechecking or adjusting of amounts and correcting errors if any. These special formats are called “Take off sheets” or “Dimension Paper”. The dimension paper used for taking off is usually double-ruled as shown (A4 size) Sample Take off Sheets ♦ Column 1: Timesing column ♦ Column 2: Dimension column ♦ Column 3: Squaring column ♦ Column 4: Description Colum. 26 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie ♦ Column 1: is used for stating the number of times an item occurs and is called the timesing column. ♦ Column 2: is called dimension column as it is used to enter the dimensions of the items of works. The dimensions are entered in the order indicated below: Length, Width, Height or thickness. ♦ Column 3: is called squaring column. The stated dimensions in column 2 are multiplied to determine the quantity of the work either in m, m2 , m3 or in Pcs. or No. ♦ Column 4: is called description column and description of the work item is briefly stated. A separate sheet (Bar Schedule) is used to prepare reinforcement quantities. 27 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie 1.8.2 Squaring This is the process of multiplying, adding, subtracting or dividing the recorded dimensions for the purpose of obtaining linear measures, areas, volumes etc 28 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie The dimensions entered in Column 2 are squared or cubed as the case may be, multiplied by the timising factor, and the result entered in Column 3. All squared dimensions should be carefully checked by another person before abstracting. Use two decimal places. 1.8.3 Abstracting The squared dimensions are transferred to abstract sheets and all similar dimensions are collected in the same category to obtain the total quantity of each item. 1.8.4 Writing the Final Bill of Quantities After the abstract sheets have been completed and checked, the final bill of quantity is written. The dimensions are copied from the abstracts, and as each item is transferred it should be ticked by a vertical line from the abstract sheets. The description of each item in the final BoQ should be short, precise and descriptive as per the specification. Billing is the process of collecting and entering to an accepted format all the measured quantities, by trade and work type, and filling in the total amount by multiplying with the unit rates. 1.9 Actual Finished Work Quantities can be calculated from the actual work done in the project site. - The quantities mainly can be calculated as: Quantity = Length × Width × (Height or Thickness), Quantity = Area of cross-section × Length, Quantity = Length × Width, Quantity = Length. Quantity = Number of Units. 29 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie Quantity = Weight. 1.9.1 Main Items of Works of Building As per ASTM UNIFORMAT II Classification for Building Elements (ASTM E1557-09, 2015), the main items of works of building are: 1. Earthwork: Earthwork in excavation and earthwork taken out accurately under different items. 2. Concrete in Foundation: Foundation concrete consists of lime concrete or weak/lean cement concrete. The proportion of cement concrete in foundation may be 1: 4: 8 or 1: 5: 10. 3. Brick Flat Soling: one layer of dry brick or stone soling is applied below the foundation concrete. This soling layer is computed in square units specifying the thickness. 4. Damp Proof Course: DPC usually of 2.5 cm (1 inch) thick rich cement concrete 1: 1.5:3 or 2 cm (.75 inch) thick rich cement mortar 1 :2, mixed with standard water proofing material, is provided at the plinth level to full width of plinth wall and the quantities are computed in square units. It is not provided at veranda openings. 5. Masonry: Foundation and plinth masonry is taken under one item, and masonry in superstructure is taken under a separate item. In storied building, the masonry in each story is tabulated separately. Proper deductions arc made for openings as doors, windows, lintels etc. Arch masonry work is taken out separately. 6. Arch Masonry Works: Masonry work in arches is calculated in cubic units separately by multiplying the mean length of the arch by the thickness of the: arch and by the breadth of the wall. 7. Lintels over Openings: Length of lintel is equal to the clear span plus two i hearings. If the dimension of bearing is not given, the bearing may be taken as 1 same as the thickness of lintel with a minimum of 12 cm. (4.50 inch). 30 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie 8. RCC & RB Work: The quantities in roof or floor slab, in beams, lintels, columns, foundations are calculated in cubic units exclusive of steel: reinforcements and its bending but inclusive of centering and shuttering and fixing and binding reinforcement in position. The reinforcement including its bending is taken up separately under steel works. For this purpose, 0.6% to 1 % of RCC by volume may be taken for Steel. 9. Flooring and Roofing: Ground Floor: The base lime concrete and floor finishing of CC or stone or marble or mosaic etc. are usually taken as one job or one item and the quantity is 'calculated in square units. The length and breadth are the inside dimensions from wall to wall of superstructure. lst floor, 2nd floor etc.: Supporting structure is taken separately in cubic units as RCC and the nom finishing is taken separately in sq units as 2.5 cm or 4 cm (1 inch) or 1.5 inch) CC or marble, mosaic etc. 10. Plastering and Pointing: Plastering usually 0.5-inch-thick s calculated in square meters. While deducting, the following rules are generally followed: For small openings up to 0.5 sq. m (5 sq. ft) no deduction is made and at the same time no additions are made for jambs, soffits and of sills of these openings. For opening exceeding 0.5 sq. m (5 sq. ft) but not exceeding 3 sq m (30 sq. ft) deduction is made for one face only and the other lace is allowed for jambs, soffits and sills which are not considered separately. For opening above 3 sq. m (30 sq. It) deduction is made for both faces of the opening, and the jambs, soffits and sills are considered and added. Plastering in ceiling usually of 12 mm (1/2 inch) thick and is computed in sq. m units under a separate head. 11. Doors and Windows: 31 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie Frame Door and Window Shutters 12. Iron Work: Computed in Kg. or Quintal 13. Painting: Painting or varnishing of doors and windows are computed in square meters, the dimension should be taken for outer dimensions of the chow khat i.e. the outer dimensions of doors and windows. Painting is usually done in two or three coats, usually over a coat of priming. Electrification and Sanitary and Water Supply Works: For Sanitary and Water Supply Works 8% and for electrification 8% of the estimated cost of the building works is usually provided in the estimate. 1.10 Work Breakdown Structure 1.10.1 What is Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)? Work Breakdown Structure Means Breaking work into smaller tasks is a common productivity technique used to make the work more manageable and approachable. For projects, the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is the tool that utilizes this technique and is one of the most important project management documents. It singlehandedly integrates scope, cost and schedule baselines ensuring that project plans are in alignment. 1.10.2 Types of WBS The Project Management Institute (PMI) Project Management Book of Knowledge (PMBOK) defines the Work Breakdown Structure as a “deliverable oriented hierarchical decomposition of the work to be executed by the project team.” There are two types of WBS: 1. DeliverableBased and 2. Phase-Based. 32 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie The most common and preferred approach is the Deliverable-Based approach. The main difference between the two approaches are the Elements identified in the first Level of the WBS. 1) Deliverable-Based Work Breakdown Structure clearly demonstrates the relationship between the project deliverables (i.e., products, services or results) and the scope (i.e., work to be executed). Figure 2 is an example of a Deliverable-Based WBS for building a house. 2)In Figure 3, a Phase-Based WBS, the Level 1 has five Elements. Each of these Elements are typical phases of a project. The Level 2 Elements are the unique deliverables in each phase. Regardless of the type of WBS, the lower-Level Elements are all deliverables. Notice that Elements in different Legs have the same name. A Phase-Based WBS requires work associated with multiple elements be divided into the work unique to each Level 1 Element. A WBS Dictionary is created to describe the work in each Element. 33 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie 1.10.3 How to make a WBS? A good Work Breakdown Structure is created using an iterative process by following these steps and meeting these guidelines: 1. Define the Level 1 Elements. Level 1 Elements are summary deliverable descriptions that must capture 100% of the project scope. 2. Begin the process of breaking the Level 1 deliverables into unique lower-Level deliverables. This “breaking down” technique is called Decomposition. 3. Continue breaking down the work until the work covered in each Element is managed by a single individual or organization. Ensure that all Elements are mutually exclusive. 4. Ask the question, would any additional decomposition make the project more manageable? If the answer is “no”, the WBS is done. 1.11 Duties of Quantity Surveyor the Quantity Surveyors is a key member of the construction team-the essential link between the client who commissions the building, Architects and Engineer who design it and the builders who builds it. He is the expert on construction costs and 34 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie communication and his services are used from the inception of a project its completion. The Quantity Surveyor’s major skill is in the analysis of design cost relationship. He also advice’s on, and controls, the budget as well as dealing with contract procedures and documentation and the financial administration of construction contracts. A quantity surveyor plays a crucial range of roles in almost every construction process. Whether it is a large infrastructure project or small building construction work, the QS has a broad scope of duties and responsibilities in the construction phases. The following are the roles of the quantity surveyor in each of these stages as follows. 1- Pre-construction stage The QS examines the architect and engineers’ plans, analyze site conditions, distinguishes the expenses involved, and then sets a general assessed budget plan for each task in the project. 2- Design Phase In the design stage, the quantity surveyor involves the design team and suggests practical solutions for turning the project economical within the project’s allotted budget, which is called value engineering. 3- Tendering Stage In this stage, the QS advises on tendering and contractual plans considering the client’s needs and other data accessible from the designers. The QS also reports on the insurance and liabilities with client’s insurance advisers. The 35 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie detailed and final tender estimate is prepared by the quantity surveyor with the project architect. 4- Tender Selection & Appraisal At this phase, the QS advises shortlisting bidders and looking into the tender’s financial standing and experiences. He also advises on errors and negotiates offers—the final review of bid documents and recommendations for the best tender. 5- Construction Stage During the construction phase, the QS monitors the project’s progress. He will get ready with suggestions and prepare bills for payments to contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers as per the agreement prerequisites. Also, QS evaluates expenses impacts when changes are happening in the project, i.e. design alteration, delays, and variations with contractors. Resolve disputes between clients, designers, contractors, subcontractors, and other related parties with projects. 6- Post Construction Stage The QS prepares the statements for final accounts, which records the actual expenses that occurred in all areas of the employment in the project. Also, the documents required for the technical auditing are made available. Tax deduction policies and laws are considered and applied wherever needed 1.12 Contracts Contract is an agreement between two or more parties creating obligations that are law at recognizable or enforceable. It establishes an obligation of each party to fulfill what it is agreed to perform. 1.11.1 Obligations of the employer 36 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie 1. Appointing of the engineer to administer the contract 2. Provision of the site 3. Provision of information, permits, and approvals 4. Providing funds and making payments in accordance with the contract 5. Participation in consultations with the engineer to agree matters on claims or conflicts between Parties. 1.11.2 Obligations of the Contractor 1. Execution and completion of the works and remedying any defects therein: 2. Provision of: a. Labor, materials, plant, and equipment needed b. Preparation of progress report c. Works program for execution, and updating it whenever required d. Setting out of the works e. Measurement and/or assisting the engineer to do so f. Records of his personnel and equipment g. Sample of materials specified h. Testing and re-testing i. Temporary works j. Facilities for other contractors working on the site k. Keeping the site clean, and remove rubbish 3. The contractor is required to: a. Sign the contract when he is called to do so b. Obtain and submit securities, guarantees, and insurance policies c. Ensure that his representatives will always be available on site. 37 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie d. Prepare and submit the contractor’s document, including “as built drawings” and manuals of operation and maintenance e. Attend to the engineer’s instructions f. Provide access to the employer’s personnel to enter the site g. Prepare and submit payment statement and documentation h. To uncover works for inspection when required i. Rectify (Correct) defective works j. Secure or compensate the employer against any claims k. Submit notices to the engineer whenever he encounters circumstances that may cause future claims l. Getting approval before assigning sub-contractors or partners of the works m. Respond for consultation with the engineer 4. Comply with the applicable laws, labor law and other local regulations. 1.11.3 Role of the Engineer Usually, the employer will enter into a consultancy agreement with the engineer to design and/or supervise the works. The engineer shall have no authority to amend the contract. Engineer role can be: 1. As the employer’s agent: a. Administration of the contract – dealing with the procedures, provision of information and interpretations, issuance of variations, approval of samples, etc. b. Cost accountancy and payments 2. As a supervisor: 38 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie The engineer must ensure that the work is being performed to fulfill the contract documents. 3. As a certifier: The engineer is required to certify or approve the payments that should be paid by the employer to the contractor. Those payments should be made periodically, mostly on monthly basis, and should depend on the quantity of works finished by the contractor. 4. As a determiner: The engineer must act as a mediator to help the parties towards agreement in issues such as claims for reimbursement of costs or extension of time. 5. Issuance of instructions and variations Include: issuance of additional or modified drawings, actions in relation to defective works, issuance of clarifications, giving approval, and ordering Variations. 1.12 Types of Contracts 1.12.1 Measured or Unit rate Contract In this type of contract, the price is computed by multiplying quantities of work executed by the unit rate offered by the contractor in his tender. The rates are usually set out in the Bill of Quantities (BOQ). Such contracts often used where there are significant changes in the quantities or working conditions. So, when there are certain reasonable differences of the quantities accepted by all the parties, then the contract can be paid for by multiplying the actual measured quantities by the unit rates. 39 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie Advantages: 1- Suitability: This type of contract is widely used in the execution of large projects financed by public bodies or governments. It also suits the works which can be split into separate items and the quantity of each item could be estimated with reasonable accuracy. 2- The employer pays for the actual work executed. 3- The contractor usually allows for a certain margin of variation, with a clear mechanism for valuation of such variations. 4- The engineer / employer has liberty to provide some drawings during the execution of the project, after award. Disadvantages: 1- The employer cannot be sure of the total cost of the project until the whole work is completed. In case the quantities in the BOQ are inaccurate or roughly approximated, the value of the work may vary considerably. The contractor may try to offer an unbalanced tender based on his anticipation of the uncertainty of quantities of certain items. 2- Both the engineer and the contractor must do considerable computations and book-keeping during the progress of work. 3- Extra works or varied items of work are often a source of conflict. The contractor may press for higher rates than he would have tendered for in the beginning. 1.12.2 Lumpsum contract In a lumpsum contract, the contractor agrees to carry out the entire work as indicated in the drawings and described in the specifications, for a specified fixed lumpsum amount. 40 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie Sometimes, the contract makes provisions to adjust the “lump sum” allowing for extra work and limited variations. Normally, a bill of quantities is not usually included, and if included it does not form part of the "Contract Documents" but may be used just for guidance. Instead, a schedule of rates may be of value to evaluate the cost of extras or omissions. Advantages: 1- From the employer's standpoint, and if no extras are contemplated, the tender sum tells him the exact cost of the project. Sometimes the employer will be working within a tight margin of budget. 2- From the contractor's standpoint, because the design will often be prepared by him, the contractor can gain through proper planning and efficient management to increase his margin of profit and/or to control timing. 3- Both parties need a smaller number of staff for book-keeping accounting and measurement. Disadvantages: 1- In lumpsum contracts, there should be a complete set of plans and specifications, or what is called "Employer's Requirements" which should be sufficiently detailed. 2- Variations in lumpsum contract may trigger conflicts about whether a particular item of work falls within the agreed scope of work, and whether there has been a variation to such scope. 3- This type of contract will not be suitable for works with scope and nature that cannot be predicted accurately in advance. The outcome will be unfair for the 41 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie contractor to assume all risks and uncertainties, or for the employer to pay a higher cost. 1.12.3 Cost-plus contract This type of contract differs from both the measured and the lumpsum contract in that the employer agrees to pay the contractor for the actual cost of the work plus an agreed percentage of this actual cost to cover overhead and profit. The contractor agrees to execute the works based on the drawings and specifications and any other information that will be provided to him from time to time during progress of the works. The percentage to be paid should not be applied on the costs of salaries of the contractor’s staff, whether on-site or off-site. Advantages: 1- Early completion of the work - The work can be started even before the design and estimates are prepared. Decisions can be taken speedily, and flexibility allows adoption of alternates for construction to suit the Employer's Requirements. 2- The quality of the work can be assured. The contractor is induced to perform the work in the best interest of the employer. 3- No conflicts will be anticipated as to extras or omissions. Disadvantages: 1- The final cost to the employer cannot be foretold. 2- Both parties must do a lot of accounting and book-keeping regarding labour; purchase of materials and plant and use of equipment. 3- The contractor has no incentive to economize or finish the work speedily. 42 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie Suitability: Despite some drawbacks in certain cases, this form of contract can be used suitably for: A- Emergency works that require speedy construction and where no time is available to prepare drawings for it. B- Construction of special or expensive projects, such as palaces, where the cost of the work is of no consequence but the materials and workmanship to be purchased are just to suit the choice and taste of the employer. Remark: An alternate to the cost-plus contract is the cost-plus fixed fee contract, where the contractor will be paid for the actual cost of construction plus a fixed amount of fees for his overhead and profit. The fee does not fluctuate with the actual cost of the project. This factor may overcome the possible drawback of the cost-plus contract. 1.12.4 Construction Management Contract (CM) In this type of contract, the employer engages a specialized construction manager (CM) to provide administrative service for him and manage the work on his behalf. The (CM) has full control on (Cost and Time), on the budget and programming, and is usually paid on a staff-reimbursement basis. The (CM) assists in choosing the design consultant and the various contractors for a project divided into packages (structural, finishes, electro-mechanical, etc.). The technical role is kept with the design-professional, but as to control, coordination, certification and dispute resolution, the (CM) normally possess the major role. 43 Quantity Surveying / 4th Civil Dep./ Baghdad University Prof. Dr. Meervat Altaie 44