EGAR4180 Architectural Conservation 1 Past Paper PDF - AY 2024-2025

Sultanate of Oman University of Technology and Applied Sciences Higher College of Technology Department of Engineering CAE EGAR4180 ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 1 Semester 1 AY 2024-2025 Course lecturer- Ashmita Roy...

Sultanate of Oman University of Technology and Applied Sciences Higher College of Technology Department of Engineering CAE EGAR4180 ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 1 Semester 1 AY 2024-2025 Course lecturer- Ashmita Roy EGAR4180 ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 1  Course Overview / Contents 1. To introduce the student the history, need , importance and scope of conservation in architectural context and also new studies and concepts of conservation. 2. To bring in confidence how to conserve and create and redesign/ redevelopment of historic sites in Oman. Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 -CULTURE AND HERITAGE 1.1 CULTURE 1.2 HERITAGE 1.2.1. Understanding different types of Heritage and Heritage Cycle. 1.3. HERITAGE AND CULTURE IN ARCHITECTURAL CONTEXT 1.3.1.Cultural Heritage 1.3.2. Physical or “Tangible cultural heritage “ 1.3.3. “Intangible cultural heritage" 1.3.4. “Natural Heritage “ 1.4. VALUE 1.4.1. The Different types of Values References EGAR 4180 ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 1 CHAPTER 2 –ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 2.1.Architectural Conservation 2.2. Why to adopt conservation 2.3. Conservation Goals 2.4. Conservation Ethics 2.5. History of the Architectural Conservation movement 2.6. Why Preservation :- 2.7. Restoration, Adaptation and Consolidation 2.7.1.Restoration 2.7.2. Adaptation 2.7.3. Consolidation References CHAPTER 3 Introduction to Historic Site, Historic building , Monument. 3.1. Historic Site 3.2. Historic Building 3.3. Monument 3.4. World Heritage Site 3.4.1.To be included on the World Heritage List, sites must be of outstanding universal value 3.5. The architecture of Oman 3.6. WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN OMAN 3.6.1. Bahla Fort (1987) 3.6.2. Land of Frankincense (2000) 3.6.3. Aflaj Irrigation Systems of Oman (2006) 3.6.4.Archaeological Sites of Bat, Al-Khutm and Al-Ayn (1988) References CHAPTER 4-Techniques , Materials and Methods of Conservation 4.1. Problems in Heritage Structures 4.2. Materials decay for a variety of reasons including (on a non-exhaustive list basis) the following: 4.3. REPAIR PROBLEMS 4.3.1.The major repair problems : 4.3.2. Chemical Problems: 4.3.3. Water and Frost Problems: 4.3.4. Structural problems: 4.4. Repair Practices : 4.4.1. Pointing 4.4.2.Moisture Protection in Preservation and Restoration 4.4.3. Structural repairs: References CHAPTER 5 -Documentation of cultural heritage 5.1. Conservation documentation 5.1.1. DOCUMENTATION TEAM WORK 5.1.2. The Importance of Documentation 5.1.3. Categories types Components of Documentaion 5.2.New ways of documenting the architectural and archaeological sites:- 5.2.1.3D Laser Scanning 5.2.2.Geographic information system – GIS 5.2.3.Remote-sensing. References  Course Description Course Objectives Learning Outcomes At the end of the semester, this course should At the end of the semester, the student who enable the students to: satisfactorily completes the course should be able to study: 1. Understand the history, need , importance and 1.Definition and Principles of Conservation, scope of conservation in architectural context Heritage and culture in Architectural context and and also new studies and concepts of various stages of conservation such as conservation Preservation, Restoration, Adaptation and consolidation. 2. Introduction to Oman heritage buildings, including building styles. 2. Understand how to conserve and create and 3.History, need and importance of conservation redesign/ redevelop historic sites in Oman. in modern context. 4.New studies and concepts in Conservation field. 5. Techniques of conservation/materials/methods of conservation. 6. Factors affecting the Architectural aspects of historic cities in Oman-geographical, social, cultural and religious. 7. Detailed research and case study of historic sites with planning guidelines for historic cities in Oman.  Graduate Attributes After successfully completing this course, students should be able to manifest the following College Graduate Attributes (GAs) which are mapped against the learning outcomes. Graduate Attributes Learning Outcomes Effective 1, 2, 3 ,4 Communications Scholastic Rigor and 1, 2, 3 ,4 Practical Competence Team Work 1, 2, 3 ,4 Lifelong Learning 1, 2, 3 ,4 Autonomy and Accountability Innovation 1, 2, 3 ,4 Entrepreneurship 1,4  Assessment Assessment Plan* Theory Course Work Type of Course Test 1 MID Assignment Total Final and SEM test2 THEORITICAL 30 20 10 40 100 ARCH4111 ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 1  Chapter 1 CULTURE AND HERITAGE Objectives and Learning Outcomes of Chapter 1 Course Objectives Learning Outcomes At the end of the semester, this course At the end of the semester, the student should enable the students to: who satisfactorily completes the course should be able to study: 1. Understand the history, need , 1.Definition and Principles of importance and scope of conservation Conservation, Heritage and culture in in architectural context Architectural context and various stages of conservation such as Preservation, Restoration, Adaptation and consolidation. EGAR4180 ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 1  CHAPTER 1 -CULTURE AND HERITAGE 1.1 CULTURE The word Culture has many different meanings. For some it refers to an aspect of good literature ,music ,art and food Culture is the full range of learned human behaviour patterns. Culture is a powerful human tool for survival. It is constantly changing and easily lost because it exists only in our minds. EGAR 4180 Architectural Conservation 1. 9 Course Lecturer- Ashmita Roy  Our written languages, governments, buildings and other man-made things are merely the products of culture. For this reason, archaeologists cannot dig up culture directly in their excavations. The broken pots and other artifacts of ancient people that they uncover are only material remains that reflect cultural patterns. They are things that were made and used through cultural knowledge and skills. Culture is the product of human activity. It is an expression of the human mind in a material sense ( eg monuments) or in an immaterial sense (eg music or literature). It is a system of values , beliefs and aspirations that distinguishes one group from another group. Culture is learned and shared human patterns or models for living : day-to-day living patterns. Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguished the members of one category of people from another.. 10 So by Culture, we mean all those historically created designs for living, rational or irrational , which exist at any given time as potential guides for the behaviour of men Figure 1 Representing Cultural patterns 11 1.2 HERITAGE Heritage is defined as the human-made things of value that have been inherited from older generations , and needs to be saved for the future ones. It is based on aspects of our past that we want to keep, appreciate and pass onto our future generations. These elements reflect our history and can evoke special meaning for us as individuals or as members of a community. Figure 2 Heritage from the past 12  1.2.1. Understanding different types of Heritage and Heritage Cycle. Heritage can be distinguished in: Built Environment (Buildings, Townscapes, Archaeological remains) Natural Environment (Rural landscapes, Coasts and shorelines, Agricultural heritage) Figure 3 Understanding Heritage Artefacts (Books & Documents, Objects, Pictures) 13  Figure 4 Heritage cycle By understanding (heritage),people value it. By valuing it, people want to care for it By caring for it, it will help people enjoy it. From enjoying it, comes a thirst to understand 14 1.3. HERITAGE AND CULTURE IN ARCHITECTURAL CONTEXT 1.3.1.Cultural Heritage – This is based on aspects of our past that we want to keep, appreciate and pass on to future generations. These elements reflect our history, and can evoke special meaning for us as individuals or as members of a community. Cultural Heritage (“National Heritage or just “Heritage”) is the legacy of Tangible and Figure 5 The artistic cultural Intangible attributes of a group or society that heritage of the Roman Empire are inherited from past generations, served as a foundation for later maintained in the present and bestowed for Western culture particularly via the Renaissance and Neo the benefit of future generations classicism 15  1.3.2. Physical or “Tangible cultural heritage “ : This includes buildings and historic places, monuments , artifacts, etc., that are considered worthy of preservation for the future. These include objects significant to the archaeology, architecture , science or technology of a specific culture Figure 6 Physical or Tangible Cultural Heritage 1.3.3. “Intangible cultural heritage" consists of non-physical aspects of a particular culture, more often maintained by social customs during a specific period in history. The concept includes the ways and means of behavior in a society, and the often formal rules for operating in a particular cultural climate. These include social values and traditions, customs and practices, aesthetics and spiritual beliefs, artistic expression, language and other aspects of human activity 16 1.3.4. “Natural Heritage “ – is also an important part of a culture, encompassing the countryside and natural environment including flora and fauna, scientifically known as biodiversity. These kind of heritage sites often serve as an important component in a country’s tourist industry, attracting many visitors from visitors from abroad as well as locally. Figure 7 Natural Heritage 17  1.4. VALUE Value is defined as the relative social attribution of quality to a thing that makes it useful or desirable :- 1.4.1. The Different types of Values Identity value – This value is an emotional value that ties a society to its sites and building. It includes many other terms describing emotions such as wonder, religious, spiritual, memorial and symbolic value. Figure 8 Identity value Artistic value – This kind of value is by research. It comes of evaluation and assessment of the relative artistic importance of the design of a building and the significance of its structure and concept. 18 Figure 9 Artistic Rarity value –it defines the rarity and uniqueness of each site or building according to features such as type, style, structure, region, materials, and period. This value also affects the quality and the level of intervention and attention given to a building Figure10 Rarity value – This Nabatean site in Petra , Jordan is listed as World Heritage site because of its Rarity value Figure 11 Bahla fort listed as World Heritage site because of its Rarity value 19 Economic value – It can be understood as the benefit outcome of saving the built heritage through its use for tourism. This is exact promotion of the intervention and conservation of heritage to maintain direct and Indirect economic profit. Functional value - Continuity of the traditional function of a historic building strengthens its values in terms of reading and interpreting its history. It also has an effect on the economic value of the building or the site. Educational value - Historic buildings are a document of history that could be a source of information for future generations. As historic buildings are part of the past, it is essential to give liberty for everyone to read and understand their history , enjoy and refresh their memory. Social and Political value – Traditional skills of craftsman can be kept alive with training for local people by specialists to deal with conservation problems. This could create integration between present day societies and traditional social activities. Political value usually is related to specific events in the history of the heritage building with respect to its region, country and EGAR4180 -Architectural Conservation 1. period Course Lecturer- Ashmita Roy 20