Conchem Rev - Q1 PDF

Lesson 1 Compound have more than one type of atoms connected by chemical bonds. Chemical reactions can break compounds into simpler substances. Organic Compounds (Carbon Compounds) Also referred to as carbon compounds, are made up of carbon and hydrogen, Carbon has four valence elect...

Lesson 1 Compound have more than one type of atoms connected by chemical bonds. Chemical reactions can break compounds into simpler substances. Organic Compounds (Carbon Compounds) Also referred to as carbon compounds, are made up of carbon and hydrogen, Carbon has four valence electrons, and to be stable these four electrons are shared with another carbon atom and hydrogen, forming covalent bond. Carbon can also share the valence electron with other elements with higher electronegativity like oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and the halogens. Examples of Halogens - fluorine, chlorine, bromine and lodine. Inorganic Compounds are formed by two or more elements, a metal and a nonmetal They do not have a C-C bond or C-H bond. Lesson 2 Organic Compound any of a large class of chemical compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen The few carbon-containing compounds not classified as organic, it include carbides, carbonates and cyanides. Sources of Organic Compound could be derived from plants or animal sources may also come from petroleum, coal and natural gas. Chemists have found ways of preparing important organic compounds in the laboratory, thus, producing fertilizer, medicine, pesticides and polymers for human use. Inorganic Compounds any substance in which two or more chemical elements (usually other than carbon) combined, nearly always in definite proportions. Carbon compounds such as carbides (e.g., silicon carbide (SiC), some carbonates (e.g calcium carbonate (CaCO,]), some cyanides [e.g., sodium cyanide (NaCN]), graphite, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide are classified as Inorganic Sources of Inorganic Compounds Those of mineral origin. These include metals, rocks like marble and granite, gemstones like diamonds and ruby. among others. Lesson 3 DEFINITION OF TERMS Chemical Bond is a link between atoms in molecules or compounds and between ions and molecules in crystals. A bond represents a lasting attraction between different atoms, molecules or lonic bond an electron from one atom spends more time associated with the nucleus and electron orbitals of the other atom (essentially donated). Covalent bond is where atoms share electrons more or less equally between each other. Metallic bond electrons are donated to an "electron sea" between a group of atoms. Metallic bonding is very strong, but the fluid nature of the electrons allows for a high degree of electrical and thermal conductivity Combustion is a chemical process in which a substance reacts rapidly with oxygen and gives off heat. Volatile evaporating rapidly; passing off readily in the form of vapor Lesson 4 1. Properties: Composition Organic Compound: Contain carbon and Hydrogen and any like O,N,S,P, and more elements halogens. Ex. CH4, methane, CH3OH methanol, C12H22O11 table sugar Inorganic Compound: May form with any two or one or more elements that do not have C-C bond or C-H bond. Ex. NaCl table salt, H₂O water 2. Properties: Bonding Organic Compound: Most organic compounds have covalent bond. Ex: Methane Inorganic Compound: Forms both ionic and covalent bond. Ex: Sodium chloride, water 3. Properties: Structural Units Organic Compound: Molecules Inorganic Compound: Ions 4. Properties: Forces of Attraction Organic Compound: Intermolecular (weak bond) intermolecular forces are forces that exist between molecules Inorganic Compound: Interionic 5. Properties: Electrical Conductivity Organic Compound: Organic compounds do not form ions when molten or in solution. So they do not conduct electricity. Inorganic Compound: Inorganic Compounds like NaCl in molten state and in solution form opposite lons and conduct electricity. 6. Properties: Melting and Boiling Points Organic Compound: Low melting and boiling points Inorganic Compound: High melting and boiling point Sugar when heated melts at 186°C then it is decomposed into water vapor and carbon Salt when heated only dries up, NaCl remains NaCl and does not decompose by heating. Its melting point is 801°C 7. Properties: Solubility Organic Compound: Organic compounds are non-polar and are insoluble in polar solvent, like water. Soluble in organic solvent like ether and benzene. Inorganic Compound: Inorganic compound is ionic or polar and are soluble in polar solvent, like water but insoluble in organic solvent. 8. Properties: Combustibility Organic Compound: Burn in air Inorganic Compound: Do not burn 9. Properties: Volatility Organic Compound: More volatile Inorganic Compound: Less volatile Lesson 5 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY -the study of compounds containing carbon -was first defined as a branch of modern science in the early 1800’s by Jon Jacob Berzelius JON JACOB BERZELIUS - He classified chemical compounds into two main groups: - organic if they originated in living/once-living matter - inorganic if they came from “mineral” or non-living matter - Believed in VITALISM - the idea that organic compounds could only originate from living organisms through the action of some vital force. YEAR/SCIENTIST AND THE DISCOVERIES 1. 8000 BC - Production of ethanol by fermentation was the first organic reaction - FERMENTATION - involves the breakdown of complex organic compounds in the presence of microorganisms, such as yeast, molds, and bacteria. The evolution of gas or effervescence accompanies the process. 2. 340 BC- ARISTOTLE (GREEK PHILOSOPHER) - Believed in the concept of vitalism 3. 1250- TADDEO ALDEROTTI (ITALIAN ALCHEMIST) - Development of fractional distillation - FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION: the process used by oil refineries to separate crude oil into different fractions of different boiling points. 4. 1540- VALERIUS CORDUS (GERMANY) - Synthesized diethyl ether by the action of sulfuric acid on ethanol - -DIETHYL ETHER - used as an anesthetic agent (replaced by Halthane in 1956, by 2005 the most common volatile anesthetics used were isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane). 5. 1806 LOUIS NICHOLAS VAUQUELIN & PIERRE- JEAN ROBIQUET VAUQUELIN (FRANCE) - Isolated the first known amino acid - AMINO ACIDS: organic compounds composed of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. There are 20 amino acids for us to function properly. Amino acids break down food, grow and repair body tissue, make hormones and brain chemicals, provide an energy source, and maintain healthy skin, hair, and nails, build muscle, boost your immune system, and sustain a normal digestive system. 6. 1900- EMIFIL FISCHER & HOFMEISTER - Showed that proteins are polymers made from amino acids. - POLYMERS: made of long repeating chains of molecules. 7. 1920- 1932 HEINRICH OTTO WIELAND & ADOLF WINDAUS - Determined the structure of cholesterol and bile acids. - CHOLESTEROL: a major component of all cell membranes and is used to make essential molecules such as hormones, fat-soluble vitamins, and bile acids to help you digest your food. 8. 1828- FRIEDRICH WOHLER (GERMANY) - Synthesize urea from the “inorganics” ammonium cyanate. - UREA: 90% produced is used as a fertilizer, forms important resins, reduces air pollution from diesel engines in cars and buses 9. 1856- WILLIAM HENRY PERKIN (ENGLAND) - Attempting to synthesize quinine, serendipitously synthesized mauveine and had a successful career in dye synthesis. - - QUININE: bitter compound that comes from the bark of the cinchona tree, developed as a medicine to fight malaria.  10. 1862- EMIL ERLENMEYER (GERMANY) - Developed the Erlenmeyer rule - First to suggest the possibility of double and triple bonds between two carbons. - In 1880, the Erlenmeyer rule indicated that all alcohols in which the hydroxyl group was attached directly to a double-bonded carbon atom became aldehydes or ketones. 11. 1865- AUGUST KEKULE (GEMANY) - First to draw structures of organic compounds using lines for bonds Lesson 6 Ionization Energy - the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom or molecule Electronegativity - is a measure of an atom's ability to attract shared electrons to itself. Carbon has the highest ionization energy and highest electronegativity compared with other members of the group These characteristic suggest that carbon's valence electrons are very hard to remove and have more tendencies to attract electrons. Catenation - the ability of carbon to form long chains. catenate and catenation reflect the Latin root catena, "chain” TYPES OF ORGANIC FORMULAS 1. Molecular Formula - It gives the actual number of each different atoms present in a molecule. It does not give you information about the bonds in the molecule as well as the functional groups present. EXAMPLE: Acetic acid C2H4O2, Butene C4H8 2. Empirical Formula - It is the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms present in the compound. It is mostly used in ionic compounds. EXAMPLE: Butene, C4H8 can be written as CH₂ 3. Structural Formula - It displays all the atoms and the lines representing the bonds between atoms. 4. Condensed Structural Formula - The symbols of atoms are listed in order as they appear in the structural formula with bond dashes. omitted or limited. - A true condensed formula can be written on a single line without any branching above or below it. 5. Skeletal Formula - In a skeletal formula the hydrogen atoms are not written. The line ends or vertices represent carbons. Functional group and atoms other than C and hydrogen are listed. Lesson 7 Hydrocarbons - is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Alkane - if there is a single bond between carbon bonded to other carbon atom and hydrogen. Alkene - if there is one double bond between two carbon atoms. Alkyne - if there is one triple bond between two carbon atoms. Alkyl or R When one of the hydrogen atoms in an alkane is removed. The element or a group that replaces that hydrogen in the alkane changes the organic compound. It is now called substituted hydrocarbon. The active group that replaces hydrogen is called the functional group. Alkyl Halide - X Alcohol - OH Ether - OR Aldehyde - CHO Ketone - CO Carboxylic Acid - COOH Ester - COOR (COOCH3) Lesson 8 This skeleton can consist of chains, branches or rings of bonded atoms 1. Aliphatic Compound - can be straight or branched. 2. Alicyclic Compound - has closed or ring structure 3. Aromatic Compound - has the benzene ring structure. - A benzene ring has six carbon in a ring with alternate single and double bond 4. Heterocyclic Compound - has ring or closed arrangement of carbon and other atoms like sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen with single or multiple bonds. What holds the atom together is the bond. Bond between two carbon atoms may be single, double or triple bond. 1. Saturated Compounds - contain a carbon-carbon single bond. - The hydrocarbon contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom. 2. Unsaturated Compounds - have one or more double or triple bond in the organic compound. It means more hydrogen may be added to make it saturated, that is, if the double and triple bond breaks. Lesson 9 Hydrocarbon - A common organic compound These of energy the compounds present in fossil fuels, the world's major source major raw materials for the synthesis of more complex carbon compounds. IUPAC Nomenclature - The systematic way of naming is based on the rules set by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). - Alkanes are named based on the number of carbon atoms. - There is a corresponding prefix for the number of carbon atoms present plus the suffix -ane Most compounds in crude oil are alkanes. These hydrocarbons contain single bonds. They are saturated since they cannot add any more hydrogen atoms. Each carbon atom in the formula contains the maximum number of hydrogen atom a carbon have. Formula: Cn H2n + 2 Number of Carbons & Prefix 1. Meth- 2. Eth- 3. Prop- 4. But- 5. Pent- 6. Hex- 7. Hept- 8. Oct- 9. Non- 10. Dec- Isomers - are compounds having the molecular formula but different structures. Other groups attached to the parent chain are called substituents. RULES IN NAMING ALKANES 1. Name the longest continuous carbon chain. This is called the Parent Chain 2. Name the alkyl group attached to the parent chain. An alkyl group is an organic group derived from alkane. 3. Indicate the number of the carbon atom to which the alkyl group is attached. The number with the smallest value is used. 4. The position of the alkyl group is indicated by the number of the lower numbered carbon atom. The number is placed before the name of a compound, with a hyphen between the number and the name.