Cosmetics Chemicals HIRAYA G9 PDF

HIRAYA CONCHEM Q3 Lecturer: Chanel Belicario, Kezia Acub, Jerline Timbas & JD Cunanan CHEMICALS FOUND IN. -​ Mehndi: an art form in which intricate designs were painted on the hands and feet...

HIRAYA CONCHEM Q3 Lecturer: Chanel Belicario, Kezia Acub, Jerline Timbas & JD Cunanan CHEMICALS FOUND IN. -​ Mehndi: an art form in which intricate designs were painted on the hands and feet COSMETICS (M1). using a paste made from the henna plant, Cosmetics especially before a Hindu wedding. -​ can be defined as a substance or preparation intended for placement in contact with only Society women the external part of the human body. -​ wore egg whites over their faces to create the -​ Cleanse, protect, and change the body’s appearance of a pale complexion. appearance. European women Shivangi Gupta -​ used white lead paint to lighten their -​ a consumer analyst at Global Data complexion. -​ made a report that states: “The increase of -​ Queen Elizabeth I does this, thus the reason why population and declining unemployment rates are she was called “The Mask of Youth”. driving the growth of the cosmetic industry due to image-conscious consumers.” In Edwardian society -​ pressure increased on middle-aged women to L'Oréal Paris = the biggest cosmetic industry appear youthful while acting as hostesses. -​ Beauty salons rose in popularity: the hostesses MAJOR CATEGORIES OF COSMETICS: entered through the back door ​ Skin Care - Cleanser, Toner, Moisturizer, Serums, and Sunscreen COSMETIC PRODUCT FORMS ​ Makeup - Foundation, Concealer, Blush, Product forms are an essential part of quality control in Eyeshadow, Mascara, Eyeliner, Lip, etc. the cosmetic industry. Some cosmetics must have ​ Hair Care - Shampoos, Conditioners, Hair certain forms to prove useful for their designed purpose. Styling Products, and Hair Color ​ Fragrance - Perfumes, colognes, and body mist * Viscosity - the resistance to flow. (very vital in ​ Personal Care - Deodorants, Body Lotions, and cosmetic product forms) Shower; Hygiene The viscosity and product form is vital because of the ffg.: a.​ To make it easy to apply BRIEF HISTORY OF COSMETICS: b.​ To make it easy to dispense and use its right amount Ancient Egyptians c.​ To suit customer's perception -​ use scented oils and ointments: to clean and soften their skin, mask body odor, and protect their skin against the hot Egyptian sun and dry DIFFERENT COSMETIC PRODUCT FORMS DEPENDING winds. ON THEIR VISCOSITY: -​ They use myrrh, thyme, marjoram, cedar, rose, aloe, olive oil, sesame oil, and almond oil as raw 1. Liquid - It can flow freely from runny like water to runny ingredients of most perfumes; used in like honey. religious rituals. - Water-based liquid can only contain a small amount of -​ Galena Mesdemet > made of copper and lead oils appropriately solubilized. ore. - Examples: perfume, body mist, skin toner -​ Malachite > bright green paste of copper minerals. 2. Gel - Thicker than liquid and has limited flow properties. *These two were used for their faces color and definition - It is formed through the use of gum or thickening which will eventually darken their skin. agents. - Examples: water-based (hair-styling gel); oil-based ( The Chinese viscous hair oils) -​ stained their fingernails with gum arabic, gelatin, beeswax, and egg; Nail polish 3. Foaming Gel - It is used to describe foaming products -​ The colors were used to represent social class; with honey-like viscosity. Chou dynasty - It has limited flow capacity and prevents the product from ​ ROYALS - Gold and Silver running out of the hand since it foams up. ​ MIDDLE CLASS - Black or Red - Examples: shampoo, liquid body wash, mousse, and ​ LOWER CLASS - Forbidden to wear bright foaming facial cleanser colors = brown or nothing 4. Serum - It varies from low viscosity gel to almost Henna lotion-like. Penetrate deeply into the skin -​ Used in India both as a hair dye - It is used to deliver critical ingredients in a light product form. HIRAYA CONCHEM Q3 Lecturer: Chanel Belicario, Kezia Acub, Jerline Timbas & JD Cunanan - It is made up of smaller molecules that can penetrate FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES: deeply into the skin and deliver a high concentration of 1. Functional ingredients - the main ingredient(s), active ingredients. chosen to perform the primary function of the product. - Examples: Vitamin C serum, hair serum, and facial serum 2. Structural ingredients - provides the structure and form of the product 5. Lotion - It contains low viscosity emulsions. > Emulsion – is a mixture of two naturally not soluble 3. Supportive ingredients - improve the stability and substances (like oil and water) by use of a material to shelf life hold them together (emulsifier) - It can readily be pumped or squeezed from packaging 4. Added extra - to add consumer acceptance and to with a little effort or may run semi freely. make it more marketable. - The viscosity of lotions can be altered by using different emulsifying agents, consistency factors (beeswax or other waxes), or gums or thickening COSMETIC INGREDIENTS USED TO MAKE A PRODUCT: agents. - Examples: hand and body lotion, medicated lotion A. Abrasives - Used to remove skin cells or plaque from the teeth through friction. 6. Cream - It contains medium to high viscosity ex. Body exfoliants, oat kernel meal, salt, sugar. walnut emulsions. shell powder, hydrogenated jojoba wax, toothpaste, - It is suitable to be put in jars or small bottles with a abrasives– silica, sodium bicarbonate wide mouth or bigger pump nozzles. - Examples: Anti-aging creams, skincare creams B. Antioxidants - They reduce oxidation and rancidity from occurring over time. Creams can be in the form of: ex. Vitamins- tocopherol (Vitamin E), Plant extracts a.​ Oil in water emulsions (o/w) - droplets of oil in a continuous water phase. C. Chelating Agents - other names = sequestrants. - tends to have a light-after feel on the skin being Improves the product’s stability by binding metal ions water-based. that may be present in raw materials. b.​ Water in oil emulsions (w/o) Ex. Citric Acid, Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic - droplets of water in a continuous oil phase. (EDTA) and Tetrasodium - has a greasier-after feel since it is oil-based. - It has higher viscosity because of its high oil D. Colorants - Used to give color to a product or the skin. content. Synthetically made ex. Acid Green, Basic Yellow, Iron oxide red, and 7. Powder - It is utilized readily in the color cosmetics chromium oxide green industry like eye shadow, blushes, pressed, loose powder, and mineral make-up. E. Cosmetic Astringents - Inducing a tightening or - Examples: baby powder, talc, blusher, most of the toning effect on the skin. make-up products Ex. Alcohols and Witch hazel extract 8. Balm - It is mostly or entirely oil-based with semi-solid F. Emulsion Stabilizer - stabilizes emulsions, prevents consistency. separation of oil and water. Thickening agents. - Examples: Hair and lip balm, lipstick Ex. Xanthan gum, Cellulose gum, Hydroxyethylcellulose, Acrylates, alkyl acrylate cross polymer, and carbomer 9. Mud - It is often presented as a semi-solid product with the use of different clay and with the presence of oils G. Exfoliants - Removes the dead skin cells by - Examples: Mud clay mask dissolving intercellular “cement”. Ex. Glycolic acid, Lactic acid, and Salicylic acid 10. Scrub - It contains various sized particles to exfoliate skin mechanically. H. Fragrance - Smell or to mask undesirable odor. - Examples: Salt or sugar exfoliating body scrub Ex. Essential Oils COSMETIC INGREDIENTS. I. Hair Conditioning Agents - conditions and improves the hair’s glass, appearance and shine. IN THEIR FORMULATION (M2). Ex. Guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride, Behentrimonium methosulfate, Amodimethicone, FUNCTIONS AND INGREDIENTS (M2) Cetrimonium chloride, Polyquaternium-7, and Any cosmetic products are required by the FDA (Food Quaternium-22 and Drug Administration) to have its INCI Label (International Nomenclature Of Cosmetic Ingredient) J. Hair Fixative - Holds the hair in styles in place. Ex. Acrylic Acid/VP CrossPolymer, and VP/VA copolymer HIRAYA CONCHEM Q3 Lecturer: Chanel Belicario, Kezia Acub, Jerline Timbas & JD Cunanan K. Opacifying Agents - Shampoos and shower gels to Ex. Agar, Xanthan gum, Guar hydroxypropyltrimonium make them appear pearlescent. chloride, Hydroxyethylcellulose, Acrylates, alkyl Ex. Glycol Stearate, Propylene glycol stearate, and acrylate cross polymer, and carbomer stearamide monoethanolamine (MEA) stearate S. Viscosity Increasing Agents - Non-aqueous, These L. pH Adjusters - Adjusts the pH. thicken the oil-soluble components of the product. Ex. Acids Ex. Beeswax, Candelilla wax, Stearalkonium bentonite, Microcrystalline wax, and Silica dimethyl silylate. M. Preservatives - Prevents or retards microbial growth in cosmetics. SOAPS & DETERGENTS (M3). Ex. Diazolidinyl urea, Methylparaben, Phenoxyethanol, Regular house cleaning can give lists of benefits for the whole Prophlparaben, and Sodium hydroxymethylglycinate family like killing microorganisms that may cause sickness to everyone in the house. It can also improve the quality of indoor N. Skin conditioning Agents air; maintain stress-free and healthy hygiene. 1.​ Emollients - impart softness to the skin by remaining on the upper layer of the skin and BRIEF HISTORY OF SOAP AND DETERGENTS reduce in flaking. Since water is essential for life, the earliest people who Ex. Cocoglycerides, caprylic/capric triglycerides, lived near water knew something about cleanliness – Isopropyl myristate, Dimethicone, and mineral oil rinsed mud off their hands. 2.​ Humectants - Retard the moistures lose by — A soap-like material was found in a clay cylinder in holding water within the surface layers of the ancient Babylon is evidence that soap making was skin and drawing in moistures. known as early as 2800 B.C. Inscriptions in the cylinder Ex. Glycerin, Propylene glycol, and Sodium hyaluronate say that fat wax boiled with ashes, which is a method of soap making. 3.​ Occlusives - Blocks the evaporation of water — An Egyptian medical document describes combining from the surface of the skin, keeping it moist animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts to form and increase the water content. soap-like material used to treat skin diseases as well as Ex. Shea butter, Jojoba seed oil, Caprylic/Capric for washing. triglycerides, and Propylene glycol dioleate — Soap got its name, according to an Ancient Roman legend, from Mount Sapo, where animals were O. Solvents - liquids used to dissolve constituents or act sacrificed. as carriers in cosmetic products. — By the second century, a Greek physician, Galen, Ex. Water, Alcohol, Butylated glycol, glycerine, and recommended soap for both medicinal and cleansing propylene glycol purposes. ! Soap making was an established craft in P. Sunscreen Agents - Protect the skin from UV Europe in the 7th century. Radiation. ! Italy, Spain and France were the early Ex. Benzophenone-3, Butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane, centers for soap manufacturing due to their readily Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, titanium dioxide, supply of raw materials. and zinc oxide ! Soap used to be luxury ! Manufactured soap began in the late 18th Q. Surfactants - surface active agents and can modify century in Europe and the US for hygiene and health. the surface of the substance — In 1791, Nicholas Leblanc patented the process of 1.​ Cleansing Agents - produce foam and clean making soda ash or sodium carbonate from common the surface of the skin and hair. salt. Ex. Cocoyl glucoside, Decyl glucoside, Cocamidopropyl — In mid 1800s, Ernest Solvay invented betaine, Sodium lauryl sulfate, Sodium methyl cocoyl another soap technology, the ammonia process to taurate, and Sodium C14-16 olefin sulfonate make soda ash out of common table salt. — In 1916, Germany created the first synthetic 2.​ Emulsifying Agents - mix oils and water detergent. Ex. Cetearyl alcohol, stearic acid, Ceteareth-20, and — By the 1950s, detergents had overtaken traditional PEG100 stearate soap products in homes across America. 3.​ Solubilizers - dissolve substances that are The Chemistry of Soap and Detergent usually insoluble in a continuous medium. Soap and detergent are two of the most common Ex. : Laureth-20, PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil, and cleaning products used in households. They are used in Polysorbate 80 laundering, dishwashing, bathing, hand washing and other types of cleaning. R. Viscosity Increasing Agents - Aqueous, Thickens the water-soluble components of the product. PROPERTIES SOAP DETERGENT  HIRAYA CONCHEM Q3 Lecturer: Chanel Belicario, Kezia Acub, Jerline Timbas & JD Cunanan Raw material Natural materials Synthetic materials B.​ Other chemicals like sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid (animal fats (hydrocarbon from /vegetable oils) petroleum or crude or ethylene oxide oil the source of hydrophilic end of detergent Formation Alkali and fatty acid Alkali and C.​ Alkali (Sodium or potassium sulphuric acid sodium or potassium hydroxide salt of long chain of (Sodium or carboxylic potassium salt The chemicals like sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid react acid/fatty acids) of benzene with the hydrocarbon from petrochemical or sulphonic acid or alkyl sulfate) oleochemical. It produces a new acid. The new acid then reacts with the alkali to produce the anionic Effectiveness Not effective due to the Effective and no surfactant molecule. in hard water formation of scum formation of scum Another way to produce detergent is when the (unprocessed hydrocarbon chain is converted to fatty alcohol and then water) reacting it with ethylene oxide. It produces a nonionic surfactant. This nonionic surfactant can further react to Environment Biodegradable and can Most are sulfur containing acids to form the anionic surfactant al Impact easily be broken down non-biodegradable (negative), the active ingredient of detergents. by bacteria. form thick foam that can kill aquatic life. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF DETERGENT Examples Sodium palmitate and Deoxycholic acid How soap and detergent works sodium stearate and sodium lauryl 1. Chemical energy – provided by the soap and detergent. stearate sulphate The hydrophilic end (water-loving) mixes up the water and the hydrophobic end (water-hating) removes the Preparation of Soap grease and oils of the soil. A.​ Fatty acid from animal fats and vegetable oils -​ source of the hydrocarbon chain – hydrophobic 2. Thermal energy – change in water temperature. Warm (water-hating end) but attracted to grease and water or hot temperature helps to dissolve the grease oils and oil of the soil. -​ Carboxylate end – hydrophilic (water-loving end) 3. Mechanical energy – Machine, hand rubbing, and other ways of agitation help pull the soil free. B.​ Alkali -​ Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or caustic soda – Surface Tension – a property of water that is created as produces hard soap like bath and bar soap the water molecules at the surface are pulled into the -​ Potassium hydroxide (KOH) or caustic body of water. This slows down the wetting of the surface potash – produces soft soap like in liquid hand and inhibits the cleaning process. soap Surfactant - also called as surface-active agents, CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF SOAP Chemicals change the properties of water by lowering Saponification - This process involves heating plant oils the surface tension, and enables the cleaning solution to and animal fats reacting them with a liquid alkali to wet a surface more quickly so soil can easily be loosened produce soap plus water plus glycerine (for consistency). or removed, and emulsifies the oily soils and keeps them — Another way of soap making is hydrolysis of oils and dispersed and suspended. fats in high pressure steam to yield crude fatty acids and glycerine. Preparation of Detergent A.​ Petrochemicals (derived from petroleum) and oleochemical (derived from fats and oils ) the source of hydrocarbon chain, the hydrophobic end of detergent but attracted to grease and oils CLASSIFICATIONS OF SURFACTANTS CHARGE PROPERTIES EXAMPLES CLEANING PRODUCT Anionic Negative Excellent cleaning, Linear alkylbenzene Laundry and hand High sudsing sulfonate, dishwashing Alcohol ethoxysulfates, detergents HIRAYA CONCHEM Q3 Lecturer: Chanel Belicario, Kezia Acub, Jerline Timbas & JD Cunanan Soap Nonionic No charge Low sudsing, Alcohol ethoxylates Laundry and Resistant to hard automatic water, clean most dishwasher soils detergents Cationic Positive Disinfecting and Quaternary, Fabric softeners and sanitizing ingredient Ammonium compounds fabric-softening laundry detergents Amphoteric or Can be positive, Mild sudsing and Imidazolines and Personal cleansing Zwitterionic negative or no stability betaines and household change cleaning products depending on the pH of water Chemical Structure of the Different Types of Surfactants Builders Enhance the cleaning effectiveness of surfactants Reduce water hardness (possible formation of scum or film) Supply and maintain alkalinity This is done either by: 1. Sequestration or chelation – holding hard materials in the solution B.​ They have at least one chromophore. Examples: complex phosphates and sodium citrate (color-bearing group) 2. Precipitation – forming an insoluble substance Examples: sodium carbonate and sodium silicate 3. Ion exchange – trading electrically charged particles Examples: sodium aluminosilicate (zeolite) CHEMICALS FOUND IN DYES. (M4). DYES - organic compounds which are widely used for C.​ They have a conjugated system - a structure imparting color to textiles. They are produced either from with alternating double single bonds. natural or synthetic resources. Absorbed in the pores of fibers. *Pigments (paint) - build up on the surface of the material. a. The dye molecules are smaller than the size of the pores of the fibers. The planar shape of its molecules with a little thickness assists to slip into the polymer system of the fiber. b. There is the affinity between the dye and the fiber due D.​ They exhibit resonance of electrons, the to the force of attraction. stabilizing force in organic compounds. THE UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF DYES: (If one these is lacking, color will be lost) A.​ Dyes absorb light in the visible spectrum. (400-700 nm) It is Wavelength of light absorption and the colors in organic dyes. very important that the chromophore must be a part of the conjugated system. Just like the figure below: The first example shows a colorless compound because the chromophore – azo group is HIRAYA CONCHEM Q3 Lecturer: Chanel Belicario, Kezia Acub, Jerline Timbas & JD Cunanan attached in between two methyl group (not conjugated o Red Lac dye – extracted from lac, a resinous protective system) secretion of a tiny insect The second example obtained an orange o Iron oxide – gives brown color color because the chromophore – azo group is attached o Buff – derived from ferrous sulphate between two benzene rings (a conjugated system) 2.​ SYNTHETIC DYES a. Acid Dyes (Anionic Dyes) - Suitable substrates: polyamides like nylon, and proteins like wool, silk, and leather - Acid dyes carry negative charge (anionic) are used to polyamides and proteins that carry positive charge (cationic) during the dyeing process Auxochromes (color helpers) - Applied in acidic conditions Can shift the color of the dye -Inexpensive, light fast but not wet fast Attach the dyes to the fibers Example: Acid Black 1 Most often used to influence the dye solubility Examples : carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, amino (NH2) b. Basic Dyes (Cationic Dyes) and hydroxyl (OH) groups - Suitable substrates: polyacrylics - Basic dyes that carry positive charge Bathochromic shift (red shift) (cationic) are used to polyacrylics that The position shift of a peak or signal to longer carry negative charge (anionic) during the wavelength (lower energy) dyeing process. Increases absorption and intensity (darker) of the color - The basic dyes derived its name from the fact that they possess cationic Hypsochromic shift (blue shift) groups. The position shift of a peak or signal to shorter - Good fastness and bright shades. wavelength (high energy) Example: Mauveine (first synthetic dye), Basic Red 18 Decreases absorption and intensity of the color c. Disperse Dyes Factors that can intensify color of the Dye - Suitable substrates: Hydrophobic a.​ Doubling the length of the conjugated system substrates like polyesters and acetate causes a bathochromic effect. - Involve dissolving the dye in polymer b.​ Adding groups of electron-donating matrix to form solid-solid solution (auxochromes) has a bathochromic effect. - They are dispersed in water rather that c.​ Electron-donating (NH2) and fully dissolved to carry out dyeing process electron-accepting (NO2) provide a - Since polyesters are hydrophobic and have crystalline bathochromic effect. content, the assistance of high temperature, pressure d.​ Increasing the number of electron-attracting and carrier lead to satisfactory dyeing. groups (chromophores) conjugated with Example: Disperse Blue 165 electron-donor (auxochromes) has a bathochromic effect. 3.​ DYES FOR CELLULOSIC POLYMERS e.​ The electron-donating effect of an amino group a. Direct Dyes is enhanced by adding alkyl groups to the N- - Suitable substrates: cellulosic polymer like atom. cotton, viscose rayon and vegetable fibers - Water-soluble and applied in the absence of DIFFERENT TYPES OF DYES binding agent, mordant (solubilizer). A dye should also have greater affinity to the substrate (type - Water soluble and low fastness. of fabric) than its medium (acid, base, water). Different dyes - Gain close proximity to the cellulose chain to also have degree of permanence under the end-use application maximize the effects of intermolecular like stability to fading upon exposure to water (water fast) interactions such as H-bonding. and/or sunlight (light fast). - Cheap, easy to apply but poor fastness quality. - Add sodium chloride to accelerate absorption rate, 1.​ NATURAL DYES - Obtained from natural sodium bicarbonate to warm colors and copper sulfate sources like vegetable matter, minerals, to cool colors. insects or are manufactured in the factory Example: Benzidine-based direct dyes from petrochemical feedstock. Examples: b. Vat Dyes and Sulfur Dyes o Mauveine – first synthetic dye made from coal tar - Suitable substrates: cotton, o Indigo – brilliant blue color made from fermented linen, rayon. leaves of a plant - Used to enhance wet fastness of cellulosic substrates (prevent HIRAYA CONCHEM Q3 Lecturer: Chanel Belicario, Kezia Acub, Jerline Timbas & JD Cunanan color removal upon water exposure. -​ A traditional way that is still used today. - Water-insoluble dye, but made soluble by the use of 1. SRI LANKA: Waste plant materials are frequently burned as sodium hydrosulfite dissolved in sodium hydroxide. mosquito repellant o Vat dyes: Name derived from vatting process during 2. SOLOMON ISLANDS: fire with coconut husks and papaya application. leaves is a form of personal protection from mosquitoes o Sulfur dyes: Name derived from the essential use of 3. SOUTH EAST ASIA: Smoke is used to drive away biting insects sulfur in their synthesis. 4. MYANMAR: Wood fires and smudge pots o Expensive and also called as hot water dyes 5. CHINA: Herbs are thrown in fire Example: Vat dye - Natural dye indigo (dye for denim 6. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Burning local wood and leaves (mango fabric) wood, coconut husks, wild ginger leaves and betel nut leaves) can repel mosquitoes c. Azoic Dyes (Naphthol dye) 7. EAST AFRICA: Smoke also reduced sand fly density - Suitable substrates: cotton and nylon - The color development takes place in coupling reaction B.​ Pyrethrum between naphthol and diazo component -​ Natural plant oil from 2 species of the pyrethrum - Wet fast but poor light fast daisy - Bright and high intensity colors - Six Esters (Pyrethrins) is the insecticidal component, found - Also called as cold water dyes in tiny oil-containing glands on surface of seed cases in flower Example: Tie-dye (Fast dye or jobus) heads - Incorporated in Mosquito Oils, derived from incense used in d. Reactive Dyes Religious acts of Hindus and Buddhists - Suitable substrates: natural and synthetic cellulosic - Powder was used by armies from the time of Napoleon to fibers undergo chemical reaction with cellulose to form World War II to fight head and body lice a covalent bond. - Affects the central nervous system of all types of flying and - Excellent and bright wet-fast shades on cellulosic crawling insects, blocking sodium-gated nerve junctions so fibers. that nerve impulses fail, and the insect is knocked down and Example: Reactive Blue 19 then eventually dies. MODERN SYNTHETIC INSECT REPELLANTS A.​ DMP -​ dimethyl phthalate - Patented in 1929 as fly repellant - Significant protection against scrub chiggers - Resulted to hot and restricted vision on head nets of troops B.​ Indalone CHEMICALS FOUND IN. -​ dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-2H-pyran-6-carboxyl REPELLANTS (M5). ate FORMS OF INSECT REPELLANTS - Patented in 1937 1.​ Aerosol - Significant protection against scrub chiggers 2.​ Pump-spray - Resulted to hot and restricted vision on head nets of troops 3.​ Liquid 4.​ Cream C.​ Rutgers 612 5.​ Spray -​ 2-ethyl-1,3-hexadiol 6.​ Lotion - Available on 1939 7.​ Stick - Voluntarily removed in USA and Canada markets showing poor lung expansion in thE offspring of exposed mammal WHAT CAN INSECT REPELLANTS PREVENT? -​ Malaria D.​ 6-2-2 / M-250 -​ Dengue -​ 6 parts DMP, 2 parts Indalone, and 2 parts -​ Japanese encephalitis Rutgers 612 - Mild developmental toxicity after cutaneous administration WHAT ATTRACTS INSECTS? to pregnant rats 1-octen-3-ol -​ Is the chemical present in human sweat and breath -​ Attracting biting insects NATURAL INSECT REPELLANTS like mosquitoes A.​ Citriodiol -​ Often used in combination with CO2 in mosquito - Extracted from the leaves of lemon traps eucalyptus oil from the leaves of the lemon eucalyptus tree TRADITIONAL INSECT REPELLANTS - Para-menthane-3,8-diol known as PMD is A.​ Smoke/Smoking the natural occurring substance HIRAYA CONCHEM Q3 Lecturer: Chanel Belicario, Kezia Acub, Jerline Timbas & JD Cunanan - 20%-26% of PMD is as effective as 15%-20% of DEET against - WHO designated it as “repellant of choice for malaria mosquitoes and ticks prevention” - Can cause allergic skin reactions - Effective against mosquitoes, flies and gnat MOLE RELATIONSHIP AND STOICHIOMETRY - And also as miticide against insects and mites MOLE -​ Unit of measurement that describes the amount of B.​ Citronellol and Geraniol a compound - Extracted from Citronella oil (– from a natural plant -​ Has a very small size obtained from the species of Cymbopogon lemongrass), -​ Concentration; precise measurement/amount of CITRONELLOL - 1 double bond the substance > compounds (2 or more molecules GERANIOL - 2 double bonds that consist of 2 or more atoms/elements) - 3,7-dimethyl-6-en-1-ol - Available as lotion, oil, solid wax and components of AVOGADRO’S NUMBER citronella candles and flame pots -​ 6.02x1023 atoms/particles/molecules - Has a short duration of action -​ Uses scientific notation/formula units - 4.2% concentration provides 1 hour mosquito and ticks -​ 1-9 numbers that are significant protection numbers for coefficient (RNLP) - Ineffective against Asian tiger mosquitoes, flies, fleas -​ Integer (exponent) can be positive or - Mildly irritating to the eyes and skin negative (RPLN) SYNTHETIC INSECT REPELLANTS LAW OF CHEMICAL REACTION A.​ DEET -​ Law of conservation of mass and law of definite -​ N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide proportions also listed as N, -​ Utilizes balanced chemical equations N-diethyl-m-toluamide - Principal and most effective repellent use STOICHIOMETRY today -​ The quantitative relationship between the amount - “Gold-standard” repellant of reactants used and the amount of products - A broad spectrum repellant that is highly effective against all formed mosquitoes, sand flies, black flies, chiggers, hard and soft -​ Based on the law of conservation of mass ticks, bedbugs and fleas. -​ The law states that matter is neither - Proven to reduce malaria in areas greatly affected created nor destroyed in a chemical - Currently available to public in the form of liquid, lotion, reaction. spray and impregnated materials (wrist bands) -​ Meaning that the mass of the reactants - Designed to direct application to human skin to repel insects, MUST equal the mass of the products. rather than killing them -​ MASS-MASS RELATIONSHIP - Use lower concentration (