Concepts of Health, Illness, and Disability PDF

Concepts of health, illness and handicap/disability Dr Sarah Fraser HSS3103 A https://alzheimer.ca/en/take- action/change-minds/alzheimers- awareness-month https://www.marchofdimes.ca/en- ca/events/events/frevents/Pages/defa ult.aspx “Case” for group assignment  Need...

Concepts of health, illness and handicap/disability Dr Sarah Fraser HSS3103 A https://alzheimer.ca/en/take- action/change-minds/alzheimers- awareness-month https://www.marchofdimes.ca/en- ca/events/events/frevents/Pages/defa ult.aspx “Case” for group assignment  Needs to be a case that is or was in the media (news article – not peer reviewed article)  Can use a blog (i.e., a person with a disability sharing their experiences)  Can be from anywhere in the world and can be a recent case or an older case  Suggestion: google search news+disability+(something that is of interest to the group)  Other resource: uOttawa library; Factiva Database What percentage of the world’s population reports some form of disability?  A) 8%  B) 12%  C) 16%  D) 22% What percentage of the world’s population reports some form of disability?  A) 8%  B) 12%  C) 16%  D) 22% Today’s outline  Some History ◦ Moral/religious Model ◦ The infirm body and the person ◦ “Hand in cap”; and the progression of the use of the word handicap in everyday language  Concept definitions: ◦ Health ◦ Impairment ◦ Disability ◦ Handicap Today’s outline  History ◦ Moral/religious Model ◦ The infirm body and the person ◦ “Hand in cap”; and the progression of the use of the word handicap in everyday language  Concept definitions: ◦ Health ◦ Impairment ◦ Disability ◦ Handicap Moral/religious Model of health, illness and disability  Salient in most of the world’s cultures (Hughes 1998, Mackelprang & Salsgiver 2000)  Why do “bad things” happen?  Human need: to attribute a cause to a disability  Disability is a consequence of: evil spirits, sins committed, bad behaviors (result=punishment) A few examples…  Christianism: Jesus seems to have cured a paralysed man by telling him « Your sins are forgiven » (New Testament: Matthew 9:2)  Hinduism: Disabilities = faults or flaws that must be endured to acquit past sins. Associates deficiency to deceit, the sly and maliciousness (Ghai, 2001)  Buddhism: “educational rebirth” for bad conduct in a past incarnation (Miles, 2000)  A protective interpretation  Psychological safeguard against coincidence (Thompson, 1997a, p.36)  Qualitative research by McColl et al. (McColl 2000, McColl et coll., 2000) Individuals who have sustained a neurological lesion ◦ “This happened for a reason” ◦ “I was saved for a reason” ◦ “I take it as a form of punishment” These forms of explanations of impairment reflect moral/religious interpretations. Conceptualizing disability: Three models of disability (2022) Dr. Rhoda Olkin https://www.apa.org/ed/precollege/psychology-teacher-network/introductory- psychology/disability-models  The infirm body and the person  Infirmus comes from the latin « firmus »: firm, « in-firmus »: non- firm, weak, fragile  1: of poor or deteriorated vitality; 2: weak of mind, will, or character 3: not solid or stable (Merriam-Webster)  This designation has been Famous painting The Beggars by associated with degrading Brueghel (1568) representations of poverty (beggars) and dishonesty (thiefs). (Fougeyrollas, 2006) The Consequences: Moral/religious Model  Disabilities are deserved  Individuals with disabilities should be pitied  “Moral obligation” to help those that are less fortunate than us (Richardson, 1997)  Acts of charity reinforce relations of superiority and inferiority (Coleridge, 1999)  The Consequences: Moral/religious Model  If divine punishment = the presence of a family member with a disability is perceived as a taint on the whole family’s honor and reputation (Abu-Habib, 1997; Turmusani, 1999; Ravindran & Myers, 2012, Robert, 2014, Watts, 2017)  The clergy took care of sick and “handicapped” people ◦ In a place segregated from society ◦ Afterwards “the Hospital for Incurables”  (Fougeyrollas, 2006, http://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/hist/medicare/medic-1c02e.shtml)  Influence of this Model: informs and justifies discrimination of people with disabilities (Fougeyrollas, 2006) “Lamar Hardwick, author of “Disability and the Church” and pastor at Tri-Cities Church in East Point, Ga., is known online as the “Autism Pastor.” Other points of view…  In Cree the word kakanatisichek means “the gifted ones, the special people.”  “There is no word in our language for disability, impairment or abnormality…The Creator put these people here for a purpose so that we will learn from them; they are our teachers. No one is considered abnormal in our culture” –traditional Cree Woman Excerpt from About Canada: Disability Rights p.19 New view points… Moral/religious Model Questions??? Comments??? Today’s outline  History ◦ Moral/religious Model ◦ The infirm body and the person ◦ “Hand in cap”; and the progression of the use of the word handicap in everyday language  Concept definitions: ◦ Health ◦ Impairment ◦ Disability ◦ Handicap Today’s outline  History ◦ Moral/religious Model ◦ The infirm body and the person ◦ “Hand in cap”; and the progression of the use of the word handicap in everyday language  Concept definitions: ◦ Health ◦ Impairment ◦ Disability ◦ Handicap  History: “Hand in cap” – “in equal parts” Exchange practice Word Handicap: British origin, English chronicler Samuel Pepys (1660) Handicap in sports  Horse racing  Handicap = disadvantage imposed to a competitor to balance out the probabilities of victory  Year 1754  Golf: low numerical value indicates a good player  The word handicap and human capacities  Appearance of the expression “physical handicap” dates back to 1940 (Hamonet 2016, pp. 19)  Association: between handicap and disadvantage  Terms: Handicap and Handicapped make their way into everyday language  But today, in Canada, the term handicapped is considered pejorative  Person with a disability – person first language  History of Disability Rights in Canada: 1970s  Pre-1970s: many Canadians saw persons with disabilities as not able to contribute to society, dependent on charity, and not worthy of same rights and responsibilities as other citizens.  1970s: people with disabilities began to organize. They fought for the same basic human rights that other marginalized groups were demanding: that their rightful role in Canadian society was as equal and active participants. https://www.disabilitywithoutpoverty.ca/news/ Progression of the use of the word handicap/disability 1) Associations adopt the word disability 2) Becomes a judicial and political term 3) Recognized by international organizations 4) Becomes an object of scientific research and education Hamonet,, C. (2016) pp. 20-29 1) Associations adopt the word handicap/disability  The Canadian Association for Community Living (1958)  The Learning Disabilities Association of Canada (LDAC) founded in 1963  Coalition of Provincial Organizations of the Handicapped (COPOH) formed in 1976 ◦ Renamed: Council of Canadians with Disabilities (1994)  Disability community includes condition-specific organizations (i.e., Canadian National Institute for the Blind and Canadian Paraplegic Association) 2) Becomes a judicial and political term  Canadian Human Rights Act (1970): All Canadians have equal rights regardless of sex, race, nationality and disability  In 1975, the Ontario government created the disabled- led Ontario Advisory Council for the Physically Handicapped to consult with Ontarians with a disability  Obstacles : report of the Special Committee on the Disabled and the Handicapped (1981)  Charter of rights and freedoms (1982)  Federal Employment Act (1986) http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/disability-rights-movement/ 3) Recognized by international organizations  European Disability Forum  Disabled People’s International  The United Nations (UN): 1981 International Year of Disabled Persons  UN: (1994) Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities  CRPD (2006)= Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 4) Becomes an object of scientific research and education  Disability Studies (1980): US, UK, Canada  Difficulty: defining and measuring concepts  Consensus on “the process that leads to social exclusion” (Hamonet, C. , 2016, p.25)  Even if legislation is in place since 1957 to promote research – a report shows that efforts are insufficient (Hamonet, C. , 2016, p.26;)  People with disabilities are unjustly excluded from Randomized Control Trials (Plosky et al., 2022) Today’s outline  History ◦ Moral/religious Model ◦ The infirm body and the person ◦ “Hand in cap”; and the progression of the use of the word handicap in everyday language  Concept definitions: ◦ Health ◦ Impairment ◦ Disability ◦ Handicap  Health…  Gesondheid (Afrikaans)  kiwon lafiya (Hausa)  Geshundeit (German)  ा (Svāsthya, Hindi)  Shëndetësor (Albanese)  Υγεία (iyía, Greek)  ‫(ﺻ ﱠﺣﺔ‬siha, ِ Arab)  Salute (Italian)  健康 (Jiànkāng, simplified  Kesehatan (Javanese) Chinese)  ਦੀ ਿਸਹਤ (Dī sihata, Punjabi)  건강 (geon gang, Korean)  สุ ขภาพ (S̄uk̄hp̣hāph, Thai)  Salud (Spanish)  sức khỏe (Vietnamese)  Caafimaadka (Somali)  Santé (French)  காதார (Tamil)  Health: definition WHO  Health is “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”  The definition has not been modified since 1946 Citation: Preambule the Constitution of the World Health’s Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, June19-22, 1946; signed July 22nd 1946 by the representatives of 61 nations. 1946; (Official records of the of the World Health’s Organization, n. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on April 7th 1948.  Historically..these were the terms used… Impairment Disability Handicap (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps, WHO, Geneva, 1980)  Definitions: Historical  Impairment : “any loss or abnormality of a psychological, or anatomical structure or function”  Disability : “any restriction or lack of ability (resulting from impairment) to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being” (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps, WHO, Geneva, 1980) Handicap  “concerned with the disadvantages experienced by the individual as a result of impairments and disabilities; handicaps thus reflect interaction with and adaptation to the individual's surroundings.” WHO 1980: International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps: A manual of classification relating to the consequences of disease, pg.14 “Possible parallels between the impairment, disability & handicap triad, and the disease, illness and sickness triad” http://www.medicine.uottawa.ca/sim/Data/Vul Disability e.htm Can you describe a case of.. Impairment Disability Handicap Disability… Revised  “Umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations or participation restrictions. It denotes the negative aspects of the interaction between a person’s health condition(s) and that individual’s contextual factors (environmental and personal factors).” International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF); World Report on Disability, 2011, Chapter 1, p.4 International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps (1CIDH, 1980) Becomes ICF (2001) Impairment Disability Handicap Why do we need a word, model to describe a person with a disability? Why do we need a word, model to describe a person with a disability? 1. Medicine and Research 2. Social 3. Legal Questions?  Next class: Barriers and Consequences