Consumer Chemistry Reviewer (Q1) PDF

CONSUMER CHEMISTRY REVIEWER (Q1) Lesson 1: Chemistry and Substances Chemistry The science that deals with the properties, composition, and structure of substances (defined as elements and compounds), and the transformations they undergo. Brief history of chemistry -The word "chemistry' in...

CONSUMER CHEMISTRY REVIEWER (Q1) Lesson 1: Chemistry and Substances Chemistry The science that deals with the properties, composition, and structure of substances (defined as elements and compounds), and the transformations they undergo. Brief history of chemistry -The word "chemistry' in arabic is 'kimia' (elixir, alchemy) with 'al'(the). Thus, al kemia = the chemistry or alchemy in old english. -Jabir Ibn hayyan (Geber)"Father of Chemistry" BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY 1\. Organic Chemistry - study of carbon compounds (such as fuels) and the chemicals in living organism. 2\. Inorganic Chemistry - the study of the production, reactions, and properties of all compounds that do not contain carbon-hydrogen atoms. 3\. Analytical Chemistry - is the study involving how we analyse the chemical components of a sample. \*Qualitative Analysis - it employs methods and measurements to help determine the components of substances. \*Quantitative Analysis - it helps determine how much of each component is present in a substance. 4\. Biochemistry - is the study of chemical processes that occur inside living organisms. \*Enzymology - study of enzymes \*Endocrinology - study of hormones \*Clinical Biochemistry - study of diseases \*Molecular Biochemistry - study of biomolecules and their functions 5\. Industrial Chemistry - is a branch of chemistry that uses chemical and physical processes to transform raw materials into products that are beneficial to mankind. 6\. Nuclear Chemistry - is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. Nuclear chemistry deals with nuclear reactions, or reactions that happen inside atoms 7\. Modern Nuclear Chemistry or Radiochemistry - ranging from the study of the formation of elements in the universe to the design of radioactive drugs or diagnostic medicine. Elements -An element is made up of atoms--- a chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions. Compounds -Chemical compound, a substance made from two or more different elements that have been chemically joined. Mixtures and States of Matter Mixtures -is a physical combination of two or more substances and can also be physically separated Types of mixture 1\. Heterogeneous mixture - unevenly distributed and non uniform 2.Homogenous mixture - evenly distributed and are uniform Matter -made from various particles, it occupies physical space and has inertia 3 Fundamental States of matter 1\. Solid - has definite shape and volume 2.Liquids - are able to flow 3.Gas - has the ability to expand, it\'s there everywhere but you can\'t see it States of matter 1\. Plasma - when one or more electrons are stripped from the atom due to heat 2.Bose-Einstein Condensate - happens when the temperature reaches absolute zero 3.Quark-Gluon Plasma - when the density and temperature are so high that protons and neutrons melt and it is 100,000× hotter than the sun 4.Degenerate matter - gas become compressed and super cold that it forms degenerate gas, this type of matter behaves more like a solid Lesson 2: Applying Scientific Attitude in the Scientific Method Hindi na raw kasali yung scientific attitude (correct me if I\'m wrong please) Scientific Method -This is not a formula but a process with several sequential steps designed to create an explainable outcome that increases our knowledge base. -It also involves a series of steps that are use to investigate a natural occurrence SEEPS Step 1: Making an Observation -Every researcher starts at the very beginning. Before diving and exploding something, one must determine what they will study. By making observations, researchers can establish an area of interests -You can use the 5 senses Gustatory - taste Olfactory - smell Visual - sight Auditory - hearing Tactile - touch Step 2: Ask a Question -Once a researcher has made observations and conducted background research, the next step is to asking a scientific questions like "What is the effect of\...?" or "How does x affect y?" Step 3: Form a Hypothesis -A hypothesis is an educated guess about the relationship between two or more variables. Educated guess based on your observation and background research. 2 Types of Hypothesis Alternative hypothesis - predicts that there\'s no relationship between the 2 variables Null hypothesis - predicts there\'s no relationship between 2 variables Step 4: Run an Experiment Variables to identify Independent variable - the variable you change or manipulate Dependent variable - the variable you measure or observe Control variable - variable that keep unchanged throughout the study Step 5: Collect and Analyze Data -Collect your measurements and analyze them to see if they support your hypothesis or not Step 6: Conclusion -Your conclusions will summarize whether or not your science fair project result supports or contradict your original hypothesis. Lesson 3: Scientific Notation Scientific Notation -A form of presenting very large numbers of very small ones in a simpler form. The numbers which are present at the millions place headed to be represented in a simpler form. Thus, it is difficult to represent a few numbers in their expanded form. Hence, we use scientific notation. History of Scientific Notation -The idea of scientific notation was developed by Archimedes in the 3^rd^ Century BC, where he outlined a system for calculating the number of grains of sand in the universe, which he found to be 1 followed by 63 zeroes. His work was based on place value, a novel concept at the time. Quantitative Chemistry -Is the branch of chemistry that allows chemists to apply maths to chemical equations to work out the amount of different substances present. Qualitative Chemistry -Is the branch of chemistry that deals with the identification of elements or grouping of elements present in a sample. The techniques employed in a qualitative analysis vary in complexity, depending in the nature of the sample. Powers and Exponents -Ways to represent very large or small numbers Exponents -An exponent of a number represents the number of specific number is multiplied to itself -If 8 is multiplied to itself for n times, then it is represented as 8×8×8×8×8\....n times = 8n History of Exponents -The first recorded use of scientific notation can be traced to the 154r book of Arithmetica Integra, written by English Mathematician Micheal Stifel (1487 -- 1567). It was Rene Descartes, however, who saw the true significance and mathematical implications of such notation. -Exponential notation not only saves space and lessens the mental energy required to process the relevant information. It is critical for writing large numbers. Importance of Zero -Zero helps us understand and explain concepts that do not have physical forms. The number zero is used as a placeholder in the place value system. For example, two zeros before a number indicate a hundred position, while a single zero before a digit indicates a tens position. Rules of Scientific Notation -The base should always be 10 -The exponents must be a non -- zero integer, that means it can be +/- -The absolute value of the coefficient is \>1 but it should be \