Computing Revision.docx

**COMPUTING REVISION** Year 10 1. **MOORE'S LAW** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | ***Definition*** | ***Significance*** | ***Impact on | | | | performance and | |...

**COMPUTING REVISION** Year 10 1. **MOORE'S LAW** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | ***Definition*** | ***Significance*** | ***Impact on | | | | performance and | | | | capabilities*** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Moore's Law states | \- Has been a guiding | - Has fuelled | | that the number of | principle for the | exponential | | transistors in a | semiconductor | growth in | | dense integrated | industry and computer | computing power, | | circuit doubles | technology | allowing for | | approximately every | advancements. | complex | | two yea*rs.\ | | calculations and | | \ | | data processing | | (**formulated by | | at higher speeds. | | Gordon Moore -- | | | | Co-founder of Intel. | | - Has enabled the | | 1965)*** | | development of | | | | more advanced | | | | technologies such | | | | as AI, VR, and | | | | big data | | | | analytics. | | | | | | | | - The doubling of | | | | transistor count | | | | has facilitated | | | | improvements in | | | | energy | | | | efficiency, | | | | allowing for | | | | longer battery | | | | life in mobile | | | | devices. | | | | | | | | - However, as | | | | transistors reach | | | | their physical | | | | limits, | | | | sustaining | | | | Moore's Law's | | | | pace has become | | | | more challenging, | | | | leading to new | | | | approaches and | | | | innovations in | | | | computer | | | | architecture and | | | | chip design. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ 2. **PIONEERS IN COMPUTING** **Ada Lovelace (1815-1852)** Widely credited with creating the first computer program Worked with Charles Babbage on his Analytical Engine and wrote an algorithm for it, making her the first computer programmer. **\ ****Alan Turing (1912-1954)** Significant contributions to computer science and AI. Key role in cracking the Enigma code during WW2, using early computers and his concept of the Turing machine. **Steve Jobs (1955-2011)** Apple Inc. Co-founder, and played a pivotal role in the development of iconic products like the iPhone and Macintosh **&** **Bill Gates (1955-Now)** Microsoft Co-founder and played a crucial role in the development of the personal computer industry with products like MS-DOS and Windows **ARE NOTABLE FIGURES IN THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY.** 3. **COMPUTER COMPONENTS** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | CPU\ | - The CPU is the primary | | (Central Processing Unit) | component responsible for | | | processing data and executing | | | instructions in a computer | | | system. | | | | | | - It performs arithmetic, | | | logical, and input/output | | | operations. | +===================================+===================================+ | RAM | - RAM provides temporary | | | storage for data that the CPU | | (Random Access Memory) | needs\ | | | to access quickly. | | \[volatile memory\*\] | | | | - It allows for faster data | | | retrieval compared to other | | | storage devices like hard | | | drives. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | GPU | - The GPU is primarily | | | responsible for rendering and | | (Graphics Processing Unit) | processing graphics. | | | | | | - It is optimised for parallel | | | processing and handles | | | complex calculations required | | | for graphic-intensive | | | applications. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Motherboard | - The motherboard is a vital | | | component that connects | | | facilitates communication | | | between various hardware | | | components. | | | | | | - It houses the CPU, RAM, GPU, | | | and other essential | | | components. | | | | | | - It also provides expansion | | | slots, connectors, and | | | interfaces for connecting | | | peripherals. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ \*volatile: doesn't lose data even when it was ouput. 4. **DATA TYPES:** Determine the nature of data that can be stored and manipulated in a programming language. *[Common types]*: integers (int) floating-point numbers (float) strings +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Integers | Integers are | -5, 0, 10 | Integers are | | (int)** | whole number | | used for | | | without decimal | | counting, | | | points | | indexing, and | | | | | performing | | | (số nguyên) | | arithmetic | | | | | operations | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | **Float | Floats | 3.14, | Floats are used | | (Floating-point | represent real | | when precise | | numbers)** | numbers with | 2.73648 | decimal values | | | decimal points | | or calculations | | | or numbers in | | involving | | | scientific | | fractions are | | | notation | | required | | | | | | | | (số thập phân) | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Assignment in | The assignment | x=5 | The variable on | | Python** | operator (=) is | | the left side | | | used to assign | - X equals 5 | of the | | | values to | | assignment | | | variables | | operator | | | | | receives the | | | | | value on the | | | | | right side | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Comparing | The equality | x==5 | It returns a | | Value in | operator (==) | | Boolean value | | Python** | is used to | - Check the x | (True/False) | | | compare values | value if | based on the | | | in Python | that is | comparison | | | | equal to 5 | result | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ 5. **WEB DEVELOPMENT** - Are used to structure and present content on web pages - Are enclosed in angle brackets (\< \>) and come in pairs: opening tags and closing tags - Each tags serves a specific purpose and defines the structure or formatting of the content within. - is one of the heading tags in HTML, used to define the main heading of a webpage - represents the highest level of heading and is typically used once per page - visually indicates the most important heading on the page. - **CSS (*Cascading Style Sheets)*** - External stylesheets are separate CSS files linked to an HTML document using the \ tag - The href attribute withing the \ tag is used to specify the URL or file path of the external stylesheet. 6. **EXCEL FUNCTIONS** - Excel provides a wide range of functions to perform calculations and manipulate data efficiently - Common functions include MAX, MIN, SUM, and AVERAGE, among others: ***MAX***: highest value in a range of cells ***MIN:*** lowest value in a range of cells ***SUM:*** adds up the values in a range of cells ***AVERAGE:*** function calculates the average of the values in a range of cells. ***[Example of using the MAX function to find the highest value in a range of cells:]*** - An example code snippet can demonstrate the usage of the MAX function in Excel - For instance, the formula "=MAX (A1:A10)" finds the maximum value among cells A1 to A10 7. **PROGRAMMNG CONCEPTS** ***[Syntax: Grammar and rules of a programming language:]*** - Syntax refers to the set of rules that govern the structure and composition of a programming language. - It defines how statements, expressions, and instructions should be written in a valid and meaningful way. ***[Understanding the importance of proper syntax in programming:]*** - Proper syntax is essential in programming as it ensures that the code is written correctly and can be understood by the computer - Incorrect syntax can lead to syntax errors, which prevent the code from being executed successfully. ***[Differentiating syntax in programming languages from other forms of grammar:]*** - Programming language syntax is specific to the rules and conventions of the programming language being used. - It differs from natural language grammar, such as English grammar, which follows different rules for sentence structure and word usage. - Syntax in programming languages is designed to be precise and unambiguous to convey instructions to the computer accurately. 8. **COMPUTER COMPONENTS -- MOTHERBOARD** 9. **HTML AND ITS ROLE IN WEB DEVELOPMENT** 1. ***Define HTML*** - Stands for Hypertext Markup Language. - It is the standard markup language used for creating web pages and applications - HTML uses tags to structure the content and define the elements on a web page 2. ***Role of HTML in web development:*** - HTML is the backbone of web development and is responsible for creating the structure and layout of web pages - It defines the various elements such as headings, paragraphs, lists, images, links, tables, and forms. - HTML provides the foundation for adding text, multimedia, and interactivity to web pages. - It works in conjunction with other technologies like CSS and JavaScript to create visually appealing and interactive websites. 10. **Variables in Python** 1. Variables in Python are used to store and manipulate data. 2. They act as containers that hold values of different types such as numbers, strings, or Boolean values. 3. Variables allow us to store data temporarily or permanently for later use in our programs. 4. In Python, variables are dynamically typed, meaning their type can change during runtime. 11. **Indentation in Python** Importance of proper indentation in Python code: 1. Proper indentation is crucial in Python because it determines the structure and execution flow of the code. 2. Python uses indentation, typically four spaces or a tab, to define blocks of code. 3. Indentation helps in visually representing the code's hierarchy and nesting of statements 4. It improves code readability and makes it easier to identify logical blocks and control flow structures. 5. Proper indentation ensures that the code is correctly interpreted by the Python interpreter, avoiding syntax errors and unexpected program behaviour. 12. **Loops** 13. **Functions in Python** - Purpose and benefits of using functions in Python: 1. Functions are reusable blocks of code that perform specific tasks. 2. They promote code modularity, making programs easier to understand, debug, and maintain. 3. Functions improve code reusability by allowing the same logic to be used in different parts of the program. 4. They enable abstraction, allowing complex operations to be encapsulated into a single function call. - Example of a function that multiplies two numbers: